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WATER RESOURCES QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Mirjalol Mirzaakhmedov
Lecturer
Rakhmonova Khabiba
Student of Group 22-157A
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15486836
Abstract.
The article provides information on water-resources quality management in
the Republic of Uzbekistan. It also discusses water-quality issues, including environmental
requirements for water, as well as ensuring the sustainability of investment in the water-
management sector. Improving the quality of water resources cannot be separated from
regional water-resources management. The management of irrigation facilities likewise plays
a major role in water-resources governance. Reservoir and water-control infrastructure in the
basin has been created to meet the needs of the entire basin.
Keywords:
resources, quality, management, water management, environment, sector,
assessment, ecology.
For regional-level water-management planning, it is essential to adopt water-allocation
agreements that will create a stable foundation for guaranteed water availability. Reliable
access to water will underpin the development of national water strategies and secure
sustainable investment in the water-management sector, including the assessment of
environmental water requirements. Although an allocation framework now exists, it remains
unofficial in several key respects (for example, water-quality issues are not considered;
formal dispute-resolution mechanisms are absent; and environmental flows are allocated on a
residual basis, meaning they are not guaranteed). Consequently, it is uncertain whether the
current system would hold up in the event of conflict, a request to change any state’s quota, or
even full use of each country’s share. Regional agreement is maintained by a degree of
uncertainty at the boundaries of enforcement. This uncertainty over water availability raises
the risk of under-investment in the water-management sector and undermines national
efforts to improve water-resources governance [1].
To regulate water relations in the basins of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers, an
Interstate Agreement was signed in Almaty on 18 February 1992 by the Republics of
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan entitled “On Cooperation in
the Sphere of Joint Management, Use and Protection of Water Resources of Interstate
Sources.” This agreement provides the legal basis for allocating water in transboundary
watercourses, and the parties are obliged to follow the established rules of interstate water
allocation.
The principal documents governing the allocation of water resources in the Amu Darya
and Syr Darya river basins are:
The Nukus Declaration of the Central Asian states and international organizations on the
issues of sustainable development of the Aral Sea basin, signed by the five Heads of State of
the Central Asian republics on 20 September 1995.
The Statement by the Heads of State of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic
and the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Use of Water and Energy Resources, signed in Bishkek
on 6 May 1996.
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Improving the quality of water resources cannot be separated from regional water-
resources management. This is clear for several reasons:
The core salt-management strategy should aim to reduce the mobilization of salts from
the soil and to identify methods for disposing of the mobilized salts. While reducing salt
mobilization can be achieved locally—for example, by improving water-use practices and
developing effective drainage systems—strategic salt disposal requires a broader, regional
outlook. At present, salts are being disposed of on irrigated lands that lack drainage, in desert
depressions whose capacity is nearing exhaustion, and in the Aral Sea itself. Optimizing future
salt-disposal strategies will therefore demand a regional perspective.
The rise in groundwater levels observed over recent decades is expected to flood low-
lying areas and introduce additional saline groundwater into the rivers, further degrading
fluvial water quality. Because groundwater moves slowly, the full impact of many changes
that have occurred in the past decades has not yet been felt in the rivers and in the low-lying
irrigated lands [2-4].
In such a situation, infrastructure located in one country has often proved most
advantageous to other countries. Reservoir operations lack a solid financial footing, and
responsibility for their management is somewhat ambiguous. One partial solution adopted
since the basin countries became independent is for ownership of the infrastructure to rest
with the state in which it is located, while operating costs are shared between that state and
the relevant basin organization. However, duties are not always clearly apportioned, and this
provisional arrangement causes long-term problems.
For instance, several upstream dams are considered structurally deficient; if a dam were
to fail, the catastrophic flood would seriously affect downstream states. Local ownership and
operation of reservoirs also hampers acceptable coordination of regional water demands.
Conflicts between irrigation and hydropower needs remain unresolved: peak irrigation
demand occurs in summer and requires a fairly even daily flow, whereas peak electricity
demand arises in winter and follows a pronounced diurnal cycle. The use of reservoirs for
environmental purposes likewise needs improvement. According to IFAS, the World Bank and
UNDP, these conflicts can be settled only after the economic and ecological consequences of
alternative management strategies are assessed and compensation mechanisms are put in
place [5-9].
Effective water-resources quality management hinges on treating rivers, aquifers and
built infrastructure as parts of one interconnected system rather than as isolated assets. The
Central Asian experience shows that piecemeal, country-by-country approaches—whether to
salt disposal, reservoir operations, or groundwater control—inevitably leave gaps that erode
downstream water quality, undermine ecological flows and suppress investment in the sector.
Lasting progress therefore depends on three mutually reinforcing pillars:
Legally robust regional compacts. Clear, enforceable allocation and dispute-resolution
mechanisms give every riparian state confidence that its entitlements and obligations are
secure, which in turn encourages long-term investment.
Integrated, basin-wide planning tools. Shared data platforms and joint modelling of
hydropower, irrigation, environmental and climate scenarios allow planners to optimise
releases and salt-management strategies for the whole basin, not just one reach or reservoir.
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Equitable benefit-sharing and compensation schemes. When upstream infrastructure
provides downstream benefits—or vice versa—transparent financial arrangements align
incentives, fund maintenance and create political resilience in the face of droughts, floods or
shifting demand patterns.
Only by advancing all three pillars together can countries shift from reactive water-
quality fixes to preventive, ecosystem-based stewardship—securing reliable supplies for
people, economies and the environment throughout the basin.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that only through joint efforts in integrated
water-resources management and rational water use will the problem of transboundary
water allocation be resolved.
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