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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
20-26
10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue05-06
Assessing the Economic Injury Level of Pests in
Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage)
Khudaykulov A’zamjon Mirzoqulovich
PhD in Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Norova Malika Nurullayevna
PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Kholmuradov Nuriddin Khudoyberdiyevich
PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Gaziyeva Dilnoza Komiljonovna
PhD student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Bobokulov Akobir
Master’s student, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Received:
31 March 2025;
Accepted:
29 April 2025;
Published:
31 May 2025
Abstract:
This article presents the results of research conducted to assess the Economic Injury Level (EIL) of key
pests affecting vegetable crops, specifically tomatoes and cabbage. During the study, the damage caused by each
pest to the yield was determined, and their Economic Threshold (ET) was established. Furthermore, effective
control measures were substantiated through monitoring, pest population counting, and analyzing their impact
on yield. Based on the obtained results, recommendations were developed to improve the biological and
integrated pest management systems for vegetable crops. This work holds significant importance in increasing
economic efficiency in agriculture and ensuring the rational use of chemical agents.
Keywords:
Vegetable, potato, trap crop, natural enemy, pest, parasitoid, predator, agrobiocenosis, moths,
phytophages, entomofauna.
Introduction:
our country, special attention is being
paid to the production of organic products free from
synthetic chemical compounds. Particular emphasis is
placed on creating and applying environmentally
friendly, biologically harmless technologies instead of
artificial fertilizers that pollute the environment and
soil. A glance at the organic agriculture market shows
that in 2019, the international market turnover for
organic agriculture reached 96.7 billion Euros.
Worldwide, 2.8 million producers were engaged in this
activity across 71.5 million hectares of land. Experts
state that the global organic products market has been
growing at an average rate of 15% annually since 2016.
By the end of 2022, its turnover had reached 183.35
billion dollars.
It should be specifically noted that our country has
abundant fertile land suitable for organic fruit
production. However, the mere availability of land is
not sufficient for producing organic products. Today, a
crucial issue in global practice is the application of
technologies for plant protection that are free from
harmful chemicals, which could otherwise transfer to
the human div through nature and agricultural
products. One such technology is the use of "trap
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
crops" to protect fruit and vegetable products from
insect pests in agriculture.For pest control in organic
product cultivation, the primary reliance is on
landscaping around the cultivated area and applying
other biological control methods (Zehnder et al., 2007).
In certain regions, planting diverse crops (polyculture)
has been found to result in less pest damage compared
to monoculture (Andow, 1991; Letourneau et al.,
2011). Polycultures can enhance biological control by
attracting natural enemies and simultaneously
complicate the living environment for pests (Root,
1973).
Geographical Description of Research Sites
Tashkent Province was established on January 15,
1938, and is located in the northeastern part of
Uzbekistan. The province borders Kazakhstan's
Shymkent Province to the north and northwest,
Kyrgyzstan's Osh Province to the northeast, Namangan
Province to the east, and Syrdarya Province to the
south. Tashkent Province, situated in the northeastern
part of Uzbekistan, includes the Western Tian Shan
mountains and foothills, as well as the Angren and
Chirchik river valleys. The northeastern and eastern
parts are occupied by the Chatkal, Kurama, Pskem, and
Ugam mountain ranges, while the area sloping down
towards the Syrdarya River to the south and southwest
consists of piedmont plains.
Samarkand Region was established on January 15,
1938. It borders Navoiy Region to the north and west,
Qashqadarya Region to the south, and Jizzakh Region
to the southeast. The Qarnobcho'l desert occupies its
southwest, while its north adjoins the fringes of the
Kyzylkum Desert. The central part of the region is
dominated by oases and foothills stretching from east
to west between the Zarafshan and Turkestan
mountain ranges. A significant portion of the region's
irrigated lands is located in this central area.
Andijan Region was established on March 6, 1941. The
region borders the Kyrgyz Republic to the northeast
and south, Fergana Region to the west, and Namangan
Region to the northwest.
The surface of Andijan Region is primarily flat. Its
current relief and surface geological formations were
created by the activity of large and small rivers and
their tributaries during the Quaternary geological
period. The western part of the region consists of a hilly
plain (elevation 400-500 m), while the eastern part
(east of Andijan city) is composed of branches of the
Fergana and Alay mountain ranges.
METHODS
The primary methods for applying trap crops in our
research were classified based on plant characteristics
and their placement in the field. According to plant
characteristics, they are categorized as conventional,
genetically engineered, and "Dead-end" trap crops.
Based on field placement, they are classified into
strategies such as complex, perimeter, sequential, and
two-tactic ("push-pull") strategies [Shelton, Badenes-
Peres, 2006].
To determine the species composition, distribution,
and damage of pests in vegetable crops (tomatoes and
cabbage), and for sample collection, the methods of
G.M. Yaroslavtsev, S.G. Boinskaya, V.F. Paliy, B.P. E.S.
Shyiko, G.S. Posypanov, G.Ya. Bey-Bienko, S.M. Volkov,
and L.M. Kopaneva were utilized. For studying the
bioecological characteristics of subterranean pests of
potatoes planted as a second crop after cereals and for
compiling phenological tables of insects, the methods
of K.K. Fasulati and A.N. Kozhchanov were employed [8;
p.238, 9; p.286, 10; p.269, 11; p.189, 12; p.177, 13;
p.175, 14; pp.120-300, 15; pp.47-59, 16; p.76, 17;
pp.40-42, 18; 19; pp.26-27].
RESULTS
The research was conducted in vegetable-cultivated
areas of Tashkent, Samarkand, and Andijan regions.
According to our observations carried out in the fields
of the Tashkent State Agrarian University's educational-
experimental farm in Kibray district, Tashkent region,
the Economic Injury Level (EIL) for representatives of
the Lepidoptera order, Noctuidae family, specifically
the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff) and
the heart and dart moth (A.exclamationis.L), was
determined to be 2-3 individuals per square meter
(Table 1).
Table 1
Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage)
(Tashkent State Agrarian University's Educational-Experimental Farm, Kibray District,
Tashkent Region, 2023-2024)
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№
Cat
egor
y
Fam
il
y
Type
IZMM
number
per, 1 m
2
number
per 100
plants,
number
per leaf,
Uzbek name
Latin name
1.
Leridoptera
Noctuidae
Autumn armyworm
Agrotis segetum
Den.et
Schiff
2-3
2.
Eksclamation mark
moth
A.exclamationis.
L
2-3
3.
Cottan bollworm
Heliothis armigera
Hb
3-4
4.
Coleoptera
Elateridae
Turkestan click
beetle
Agrotis meticulosus
Cond
3-4
5.
Moustached click
beetle
Slon cerambycinus
Sem
3-4
6.
Scarabagidae
March
beetle
Melonotha afflicta
Ball
3-4
7.
Pest beetle
Polyphilla adspersa
Motsch
3-4
8.
May beetle
Melonotha melonotha, M.
hypocastani
3-4
9.
Orthoptera
Gryllotalpidae
Tailed beetle
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa
L.
2-3
10.
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Stinging flies
Liriomyza sativae
B
.
On one leaf
1,0-2,0
11.
Leridoptera
Plutellidae
Diamondback moth
Plutella maculipennis
Curt
3-5
12.
Pieridae
Cabbage white
butterfly
Pieris brassicae
L.
5-7
For two species of wireworms from the family
Elateridae (order Coleoptera)
–
the Turkistan
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn
beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem)
–
the
Economic Injury Level (EIL) was 2-3 individuals per
square meter.
Among the Scarabaeidae family (also within the order
Coleoptera), the EIL for the March cockchafer
(Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful cockchafer
(Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May beetle
(Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was
determined to be 3-4 individuals.
For the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) from the
family Gryllotalpidae (order Orthoptera), the EIL was 2-
3 individuals. Furthermore, for one species of leaf-
mining fly (Liriomyza sativae B.) observed on tomato
crops in the experimental field, the EIL was 1.0-2.0
individuals per leaf.
According to the conducted research, for cabbage
crops in the experimental field, the EIL for the
diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was observed
to be 3-5 individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage
white butterfly, the EIL was 5-7 individuals.
During our observations in the cultivated fields of
"Bozorov Zoxid Zamini" farm in Jambay district,
Samarkand region, the EIL for the turnip moth (Agrotis
segetum Den. et Schiff) and the heart and dart moth (A.
exclamationis L.), both belonging to the order
Lepidoptera, was 1.5-2 individuals per square meter.
For two species of wireworms from the family
Elateridae (order Coleoptera)
–
the Turkistan
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem)
–
the
EIL was 2-3 individuals per square meter.
Among the Scarabaeidae family, the EIL for the March
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful
cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was 2-
3 individuals.
For representatives of the Orthoptera order,
specifically the Gryllotalpidae family, the Economic
Injury Level (EIL) for the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa L.) was 2-3 individuals (Table 2).
Table 2
Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes, Cabbage)
(Bozorov Zoxid Zamini Farm, Jambay District, Samarkand Region, 2023-2024)
№
Cat
egor
y
Fam
il
y
Type
IZMM
number per,
1 m
2
number per
100 plants,
number per
leaf,
Uzbek name
Latin name
1.
Leridoptera
Noctuidae
Autumn
armyworm
Agrotis segetum
Den.et
Schiff
1,5-2
2.
Eksclamation
mark moth
A.exclamationis.
L
1,5-2
3.
Cottan
bollworm
Heliothis armigera
Hb
3-4
4.
Coleoptera
Elateridae
Turkestan click
beetle
Agrotis meticulosus
Cond
2-3
5.
Moustached
click beetle
Slon cerambycinus
Sem
2-3
6.
Scarabagidae
March
beetle
Melonotha afflicta
Ball
2-3
7.
Pest beetle
Polyphilla adspersa
Motsch
2-3
8.
May beetle
Melonotha melonotha, M.
hypocastani
2-3
9.
Orthoptera
Gryllotalpidae
Tailed beetle
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa
L.
2-3
10.
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Stinging flies
Liriomyza sativae
B
.
On one leaf
1,0-2,0
11.
Leridoptera
Plutellidae
Diamondback
moth
Plutella maculipennis
Curt
3-5
12.
Pieridae
Cabbage white
butterfly
Pieris brassicae
L.
5-7
On the experimental tomato plot, the Economic Injury
Level (EIL) for one species of leaf-mining fly (Liriomyza
sativae B.) was found to be 1.0-2.0 individuals per leaf.
According to the conducted research, on the
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
experimental cabbage plot, the EIL for the
diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was 3-5
individuals per leaf, while for the cabbage white
butterfly, the EIL was observed to be 5-7 individuals.
During the research at the educational-experimental
farm of the Asaka branch of the Cotton Breeding, Seed
Production, and Cultivation Agrotechnologies Scientific
Research Institute (PSUEAITI), our observations
showed that the EIL for the turnip moth (Agrotis
segetum Den. et Schiff) and the heart and dart moth (A.
exclamationis L.), both belonging to the order
Lepidoptera, was 2-3 individuals per square meter. The
EIL for the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera Hb) was
3-4 individuals.
For two species of wireworms from the family
Elateridae (order Coleoptera)
–
the Turkistan
wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond) and the longhorn
beetle-like wireworm (Slon cerambycinus Sem)
–
the
EIL was 4-5 individuals per square meter.
Among the Scarabaeidae family, the EIL for the March
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful
cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani) was 4-
5 individuals.
For the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) from the
Gryllotalpidae family (order Orthoptera), the EIL was 4-
5 individuals (Table 3).
The research findings indicate that during the
vegetation period of vegetable crops (tomatoes,
cabbage), the Economic Injury Level (EIL) for pests such
as the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff) and
the heart and dart moth (A. exclamationis L.) was 2-3
individuals per square meter.
For the Turkistan wireworm (Agrotis meticulosus Cond)
and the longhorn beetle-like wireworm (Slon
cerambycinus Sem), the EIL was observed to be 4-5
individuals per square meter. Similarly, for the March
cockchafer (Melolontha afflicta Ball), the harmful
cockchafer (Polyphylla adspersa Motsch), and the May
beetle (Melolontha melolontha, M. hypocastani), the
EIL was also 4-5 individuals.
Table 3
Economic Injury Level of Pests in Vegetable Crops (Tomatoes and Cabbage)
(Experimental Field of
the Cotton Breeding, Seed Production, and Cultivation Agrotechnologies Scientific Research Institute
(PSUEAITI) Andijan Region, Asaka District, Branch, 2023-2024)
№
Cat
egor
y
Fam
il
y
Type
IZMM
number per, 1
m
2
number per
100 plants,
number per
leaf,
Uzbek name
Latin name
1.
Leridoptera
Noctuidae
Autumn armyworm
Agrotis segetum
Den.et Schiff
2-3
2.
Eksclamation mark
moth
A.exclamationis.
L
2-3
3.
Cottan bollworm
Heliothis armigera
Hb
3-4
4.
Coleoptera
Elateridae
Turkestan click
beetle
Agrotis meticulosus
Cond
4-5
5.
Moustached click
beetle
Slon cerambycinus
Sem
4-5
6.
Scarabagidae
March
beetle
Melonotha afflicta
Ball
4-5
7.
Pest beetle
Polyphilla adspersa
Motsch
4-5
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
8.
May beetle
Melonotha
melonotha, M.
hypocastani
4-5
9.
Orthoptera
Gryllotalpidae
Tailed beetle
Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa
L.
4-5
10.
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Stinging flies
Liriomyza sativae
B
.
On one leaf
1,5-2,0
11.
Leridoptera
Plutellidae
Diamondback moth
Plutella
maculipennis
Curt
4-5
12.
Pieridae
Cabbage white
butterfly
Pieris brassicae
L.
5-6
The Economic Injury Level (EIL) for the mole cricket
(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L.) was 4-5 individuals. If the
number of pests in the vegetable field exceeds this
established EIL, it's recommended to implement
control measures.
Furthermore, on the experimental tomato plot, the EIL
for one species of leaf-mining fly (Liriomyza sativae B.)
was found to be 1.5-2.0 individuals per leaf.
According to the conducted research, on the
experimental cabbage plot, the leaf damage threshold
for the diamondback moth (order Lepidoptera) was 4-
5 individuals, while the EIL for the cabbage white
butterfly was observed to be 5-6 individuals.
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