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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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ABSTRACT
The main way to increase the yield of sunflower is to grow modern early-ripening varieties adapted to the soil
conditions of the region for each region. In this scientific article, the main elements of the technology of cultivation of
oil sunflower as a repeated crop of high-yielding early-ripening varieties have been developed. Sunflower was planted
as a repeat crop after wheat, and when the planting schemes were used correctly, increased leaf area had a positive
effect on yield. As the feeding area increased, the number of leaves increased and the highest value was observed in
the planting scheme of 70x35
–
1. Dilbar variety of sunflower produced more leaves than all three cultivars in all planting
schemes in terms of leaf number index due to its large leaves and high yield.
KEYWORDS
Sunflower, predecessor, economic signs, repeat, crop, scheme, oil, variety, yield, seed, seedling, early-ripening,
productivity, leaf, basket.
INTRODUCTION
Sunflower oil is mainly used in food. It is yellow in color,
shiny, semi-dry (Iodine number 119-144), the seed
contains 29-56% oil and 15% protein. The oil contains up
to 62% biologically active menolic acid, vitamins A, D, E,
K, phosphatides. Sunflower oil is rich in linoleic and
oleic, unsaturated fatty acids. These oils are similar in
quality to olive oil. When planting sunflower as a
repeated crop, it is important to make efficient use of
wheat-free land, to correctly define planting schemes,
Research Article
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS IN DIFFERENT
SOWING SCHEMES
Submission Date:
June 01, 2024,
Accepted Date:
June 06, 2024,
Published Date:
June 11, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume04Issue06-03
Togaeva Sarvinoz Suyunovna
PhD of Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
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ISSUE
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Pages:
11-17
OCLC
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Publisher:
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to develop and implement intensive land use methods
in order to get crops twice a year.
The level of the problem studied
. According to
I.D.Tkalich (2011), removing half of the leaves from the
upper part of the sunflower stem at the time of basket
formation caused a 72% reduction in yield, and
removing leaves from the lower part reduced the yield
by 23.7%. The photosynthetic productivity of the lower
leaves is used for the formation of roots and stems at
the beginning of the growing season, but leads to early
death due to shading, diseases and drought [5, 6].
Small xeromorphic leaves in the upper and partly
middle parts of the sunflower stem under severe
drought conditions, the rapid death of the lower leaves
can then be compensated by the reduction of the
transpiration surface of the leaves in the upper part of
the stem. However, the reduction of the leaf level leads
to a decrease in yield [1, 2, 3].
The high productivity of plants is determined by the
process of photosynthesis, movement of substances,
accumulation and growth. Organic matter is formed
during photosynthesis in plants. The morphological
indicator of the high potential that determines the
efficiency of plants, in particular, the biometric
indicators of sunflower: photosynthetic organs
(leaves) and their number, as well as plant growth
indicators, is directly related to the size of the diameter
of the basket. However, it should be recognized that
linear indicators of plant growth are not always related
to productivity, sometimes this correlation can be
negative.
METHODS
Experiments were carried out in 2012-2014 in the typical
sierozem soil conditions of the experimental field of
the Tashkent State Agrarian University " Center for
Innovative
Developments
and
Consulting
in
Agriculture". In the experiment, 4 sunflower varieties
"Jahongir", "Rodnik", "Dilbar" and "Navroz" were
planted in 4 schemes, 70x20-1; 70x25-1; 70x30-1; It was
carried out in 70x35-1 planting schemes.
Placement of field experiments, calculations and
observations
"Methods
of
conducting
field
experiments" (5), stem height of sunflower varieties
(at all stages of development), number of leaves per
plant, leaf surface (A.A.Nichiporovich, 1963), feeding
area determined by the effect [4, 7].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The main part of the leaves enlarges only before
flowering, and after flowering, the leaves of the
baskets at the top of the stem grow. Leaves from 4 to
11-13 on the stem belong to the lower layer, from 12-13
to 23-25 to the middle layer, and the leaves located
above belong to the upper layer.
Pulling off any healthy leaves will bring up to reduce
the productivity of the plants. At the same time, the
leaves in the middle and upper part of the stem are the
most important in providing nutrients to the seeds at
the end of the growing season.
One of the main organs of plants are leaves, which
carry out the process of photosynthesis in plants and
produce organic substances. Several factors affect the
size of the absorptive surface of leaves, one of which is
the feeding area. The formation of leaves in oil
sunflower varieties can be seen in table 1.
In the years 2012-2014, the average number of leaves
per plant was 23.7 in the 70x20-1 planting scheme of
Jahangir control variety, 24.0 in the 70x20-1 planting
scheme, 25.0 in the 70x30-1 planting scheme and
70x30-1 it was observed that 25.2 units were produced
in the planting scheme. The fourth variant with a high
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feeding area of 2450 m2 produced more leaves than
the variants with a small feeding area. This pattern was
also repeated in the variants of Rodnik, Dilbar and
Navroz varieties studied in the experiment. The
number of leaves (25.2, 26.0, 29.2 and 28.1 pieces) was
observed in the 70x35-1 planting scheme with a large
feeding area (2450 m2) of all three varieties. Among
the varieties, it was found that Dilbar and Navroz
varieties produced more leaves than Rodnik and
Jahangir varieties.
The results of photosynthetic activity of sunflower
varieties in different planting schemes are presented in
Tables 1 and 2.
According to the obtained 3-year average data, the leaf
surface of one plant during the period of star
formation in the control "Jahongir" variety was 2.6
thousand cm2 in the 70x20-1 planting scheme, 2.9
thousand cm2 in the 70x25-1 scheme, 3 in the 70x30-1
scheme and 3,3thousand cm2 70x35-1 scheme was
found to be. It can be seen that the variants with small
feeding area had less leaf surface area and higher in
variants with large feeding area. In the variant with a
planting schemes of 70x35-1, compared to the variants
with a small planting schemes, the leaf surface was 0.3-
0.7 thousand cm2 higher. This scheme was repeated in
the experimental varieties "Rodnik", "Dilbar" and
"Navroz".
In the fourth option in the 70x35-1 planting scheme of
the "Rodnik" variety, the leaf surface of one plant was
3.4 thousand cm2, while in the 70x20-1 scheme with a
small feeding area, it was determined to be 2.7
thousand cm2, and the leaf surface was 0.7 thousand
cm2 less.
Compared to the fourth option in the 70x35-1 planting
scheme of the "Dilbar" variety, it was found that the
leaf surface was less by 0.2-0.8 thousand cm2 in the
options with a small feeding area, and by 0.2-0.8
thousand cm2 in the same option of the "Navroz"
variety.
According to planting schemes, the "Dilbar" variety has
a higher leaf surface per plant compared to the
experimental "Jahongir", "Rodnik" and "Navroz"
varieties. In "Dilbar" and "Navroz" cultivars, indicators
were observed close to each other, and the highest
indicator in terms of leaf surface per bush was
observed in the variant with planting scheme 70x-20-1
(3.8-3.6 thousand cm2/bush).
According to the data of the average three-year
research results presented in the table, one hectare of
land in the control variety "Jahongir" was 18.3
thousand m2/ha in the option of planting scheme
70x20-1, and 16.5 thousand m2/ha in the option of
planting scheme 70x25-1, 14.2 thousand m2/ha in the
option with planting scheme 70x30-1; planting scheme
was 13.3 thousand m2/ha in the option of 70x35-1.
Compared to the variant with the highest indicator, it
was found that the leaf surface decreased to 5.0-3.2-
0.9 thousand m2/ha, and the lowest indicator was
observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1.
This observed regularity was repeated in the
experimental varieties "Rodnik", "Dilbar" and
"Navroz". Compared to the variant with a 70x20-1
planting scheme in the "Rodnik" variety, in other
planting schemes in the experiment, in the following
order, It was found that it decreased to up to 5.3-3.8-
1.4 thousand m2/ha, in the "Dilbar" variety 5.8-3.3-1.6
thousand m2/ha, and in "Navroz" variety to 5.5-3.1-1.4
thousand m2/ha, and the lowest indicator was
observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1.
According to the average three-year research results of
the leaf surface indicators per hectare of sunflower
varieties during the star phase formation period, the
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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highest indicator was observed in the "Jahongir",
"Rodnik", "Dilbar" and "Navroz" varieties in the variant
with a planting scheme of 70x20-1 (18.3 -19.1-21.3-20.6
thousand m2/ha). It can be seen that the leaf area per
plant of sunflower was higher in the 70x35-1 planting
scheme, while the number of seedlings per hectare
was higher in the 70x20-1 planting scheme. When
comparing the differences between the varieties
according to the parameters of the leaf surface per
hectare, "Dilbar" and "Navroz" varieties had similar
indicators, and a significant difference was observed in
the "Jahongir" control variety. According to the
obtained results, it was found that "Dilbar" variety had
a higher leaf surface of 0.7-2.2 thousand m2/ha than
"Navroz" and "Rodnik" varieties.
It was found out in the research results that when the
sunflower's development period changes, its leaf
surface also increases.
According to the average 3-year data obtained, the leaf
surface of one plant during the flowering period varies
according to the planting schemes, and the lowest
indicator in the control variety "Jahongir" was
observed in the variant with the planting scheme
70x20-1, 4.3 thousand cm2 /plant; 4.4 thousand
cm2/bush in the option with planting scheme 70x25-1;
4.5 thousand cm2/bush in the option with planting
scheme 70x30-1; In the planting scheme of 70x35-1, it
was 4.6 thousand cm2/bush, and as the feeding area
increases, it was found that the leaf surface exceeds 0.1
thousand cm2/bush.
Table 1
Indicators of leaf surface of oilseed sunflower cultivars during budding period according to variants
(2012 - 2014)
N
o
Planting
scheme
Varieties
Leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties
according to options, (thousand cm
2
/ha)
Leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties
according to options, (thousand m
2
/ha)
years
years
2012
2013
2014
Average
2012
2013
2014
Ave
rag
e
1
70x20-1
Jahangir (st)
2,6
2,7
2,5
2,6
18,3
19,0
17,6
18,
3
2
70x25-1
2,9
3,0
2,8
2,9
16,5
17,1
15,9
16,
5
3
70x30-1
3,0
3,1
2,9
3,0
14,2
14,7
13,8
14,
2
4
70x35-1
3,3
3,4
3,2
3,3
13,3
13,8
12,9
13,
3
5
70x20-1
Rodnik
2,7
2,8
2,6
2,7
19,1
19,9
18,4
19,
1
6
70x25-1
3,0
3,2
3,1
3,1
16,9
18,3
17,6
17,
6
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7
70x30-1
3,2
3,3
3,1
3,2
15,1
15,8
14,7
15,
2
8
70x35-1
3,4
3,5
3,3
3,4
13,8
14,2
13,4
13,
8
9
70x20-1
Dilbar
3,0
3,1
2,9
3,0
21,3
22,1
20,6
21,
3
1
0
70x25-1
3,3
3,4
3,2
3,3
18,8
19,4
18,2
18,
8
1
1
70x30-1
3,6
3,7
3,5
3,6
17,1
17,6
16,6
17,
1
1
2
70x35-1
3,8
3,9
3,7
3,8
15,5
15,9
15,1
15,
5
1
3
70x20-1
Navroz
2,9
3,0
2,8
2,9
20,6
21,3
19,9
20,
6
1
4
70x25-1
3,2
3,3
3,1
3,2
18,2
18,8
17,6
18,
2
1
5
70x30-1
3,5
3,6
3,4
3,5
16,5
17,1
16,0
16,
5
1
6
70x35-1
3,7
3,8
3,6
3,7
15,1
15,5
14,6
15,
1
Table 2
Indicators of leaf surface of oilseed sunflower cultivars during flowering period according to variants
(2012 - 2014)
No
Planting
scheme
Varieties
Leaf surface oil of sunflower varieties according to
options, (thousand cm
2
/ha)
Leaf surface oil of sunflower
varieties according to
options, (thousand m
2
/ha)
number
of
leaves,
pcs
2012
number
of
leaves,
pcs
2013
number
of
leaves,
pcs
2014
Average
2012
2013
2014
Average
1 70x20-1
Jahangir
(st)
23,6
4,3
24,5
4,5
23,0
4,1
4,3
30,4
31,8
30,0
30,7
2 70x25-1
23,9
4,5
24,7
4,6
23,5
4,2
4,4
25,7
26,3
24,0
25,3
3 70x30-1
24,7
4,6
25,2
4,7
25,0
4,3
4,5
21,9
22,3
20,5
21,6
4 70x35-1
24,9
4,7
25,4
4,8
25,2
4,5
4,6
19,1
19,5
18,3
19,0
5 70x20-1
Rodnik
23,6
4,5
24,7
4,6
24,2
4,3
4,5
32,0
32,7
30,6
31,8
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6 70x25-1
24,8
4,7
25,4
4,8
25,0
4,5
4,7
26,8
27,4
25,7
26,6
7 70x30-1
25,3
4,8
26,6
4,9
25,7
4,7
4,8
22,9
23,3
22,4
22,9
8 70x35-1
25,4
4,9
26,7
5,1
25,9
4,6
4,9
20,0
20,8
18,7
19,8
9 70x20-1
Dilbar
27,1
5,2
28,2
5,3
28,0
4,9
5,1
37,1
37,8
34,9
36,6
10 70x25-1
27,4
5,3
28,4
5,4
28,1
5,1
5,3
30,3
30,9
29,1
30,1
11 70x30-1
28,6
5,4
29,5
5,6
29,0
5,3
5,4
25,7
26,7
25,2
25,9
12 70x35-1
28,7
5,6
29,7
5,7
29,2
5,5
5,6
22,8
23,3
22,4
22,8
13 70x20-1
Navroz
24,6
4,8
25,7
5,0
25,1
4,7
4,8
34,2
35,7
33,5
34,5
14 70x25-1
26,5
5,1
27,4
5,2
27,0
5,0
5,1
29,1
29,7
28,5
29,1
15 70x30-1
27,3
5,2
28,5
5,4
28,2
5,1
5,2
24,7
25,7
24,2
24,9
16 70x35-1
27,4
5,4
28,6
5,5
28,4
5,3
5,4
22,0
22,4
21,6
22,0
This regularity was repeated in other varieties studied
in the experiment and was observed in the planting
scheme with the highest leaf level of 70x35
–
1. It was
found that in the variant with planting scheme 70x20-
1, in all varieties (4.3, 4.5, 5.1 and 4.8 thousand cm 2
/plant), one plant has less leaf surface. According to the
varieties, a high rate was observed in the "Dilbar"
variety. In this case, the lowest indicator was observed
in the variant with planting scheme 70x20-1, 5.1
thousand cm2/bush; 5.3 thousand cm 2 /bush in the
option with planting scheme 70x25-1; 5.4 thousand
cm2/bush in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1;
In the planting scheme of 70x35-1, it was found to be
5.6 thousand cm 2 /bush, which had the lowest
indicator, and compared to the first option, it increased
by 0.2-0.5 thousand cm2/bush.
In "Jahongir" variety, with the 70x20-1 planting
scheme, the surface of leaves per hectare was 30.7
thousand m2/ha, while the surface of leaves decreased
as the feeding area increased.
Compared to the first option with the highest index,
the number of feeding areas increased by 5 cm in the
following sequence was determined to be reduced to
2.6-6.3-11.7 thousand m2/ha, and the lowest index was
observed in the planting scheme with 70x35-1.
This observed regularity was repeated in the studied
varieties and planting schemes in the experiment, and
it was found that in the "Rodnik" variety, compared to
the variant with the planting scheme of 70x20-1, it
decreased to 3.1-6.8-12.0 thousand m2/ha in the
following sequence.
The planting scheme of "Dilbar" variety was 36.6
thousand m2/ha in the variant of 70x20-1, and 30.1
thousand m2/ha in the variant of planting scheme
70x25-1; 25.9 thousand m2/ha in the option with
planting scheme 70x30-1; planting scheme was 22.8
thousand m2/ha in the option of 70x35-1.
The planting scheme of the "Navroz" variety was 34.5
thousand m2/ha in the 70x20-1 variant, and 29.1
thousand m2/ha in the 70x25-1 variant; 24.9 thousand
m2/ha in the option with planting scheme 70x30-1;
planting scheme was 22.0 thousand m2/ha in the
option of 70x35-1.
According to the average three-year research results of
sunflower varieties on leaf surface indicators per
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hectare, the highest indicator was observed in the
"Jahongir", "Rodnik", "Dilbar" and "Navroz" varieties
in the variant with the planting scheme 70x20-1 (30.7-
31, 8-36.6 and 34.5 thousand m2/ha). It can be seen that
leaf area per plant was higher in 70x35-1 planting
scheme, whereas it was observed that leaf area per
plant was higher in 70x20-1 planting scheme in terms of
number of seedlings per hectare. When comparing the
differences between the varieties according to the
parameters of the leaf surface per hectare, the "Dilbar"
and "Navroz" varieties had similar indicators, and a
significant difference was observed in the "Jahongir"
variety. According to the obtained results, it was found
that "Dilbar" variety had a higher leaf surface area of
2.1-5.9 thousand m2/ha compared to "Navroz",
"Jahongir", "Rodnik" varieties.
CONCLUSIONS
In all varieties used in the experiment, the number of
leaves increased as the feeding area increased, and the
highest value was observed in the planting scheme of
70x35
–
1. Due to the fact that the leaves of the
sunflower variety "Dilbar" were large and produced a
lot, it produced more leaves than all three varieties in
terms of the number of leaves (27.8 - 29.2 pieces/bush)
in all planting schemes.
As the feeding area of sunflower varieties increased,
the leaf surface of one plant increased. Among the
sunflower varieties, the highest rate was observed in
the "Dilbar" variety (5.6 thousand cm2 /plant).
"Jahongir" was 0.2-1.0 thousand cm2/bush higher than
"Rodnik" and "Navroz" varieties. According to the data
obtained on the leaf surface per hectare during the
sunflower flowering period, due to the decrease in the
number of plant stems per hectare, the highest leaf
surface index in all varieties was observed in the variant
with the planting scheme 70x20-1 (30.7-31.8-36.6-34.5
thousand m2/ha).
Among the sunflower varieties, the highest rate was
observed in the "Dilbar" variety (36.6 thousand m2/ha).
It was found that "Jahongir" was higher than "Rodnik"
and "Navroz" varieties by 5.9-2.1 thousand m2/ha.
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