Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
33
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
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(2021:
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1290679216
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ABSTRACT
The article presents data from research conducted under high temperature conditions with various salt-tolerant
plants. The possibility of using them for various purposes, as well as for improving saline soils, is being considered.
KEYWORDS
Soil salinization, halophytes, mineral fertilizers, plant growth in height, accumulation of dry matter.
INTRODUCTION
Halophytes are widespread plants in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan and the study of their features as soil
salt accumulators for practical use represent scientific
interest.
Among the facultative halophytes there are plants
used in the preparation of foodstuffs, medicines, the
production of vegetable and industrial oils, and the
production of fodder for livestock. The world gene
pool of halophytes includes 2,500 species, including
900 species in Central Asia.
The use of halophytes is possible for the sustainable
development of viable agriculture in arid regions of the
world for the restoration of degraded lands, including
saline ones, and for the production of high-protein
energy-rich fodder, grain forage, medicinal and oil raw
materials [1; 7-11 p].
In the region, in many fields there are places of salt
accumulation, so-
called “bald patches”, which have a
very high salt content up to 24 mg% and the seeds of
sown cultivated plants do not germinate on them.
Special salt-tolerant vegetation develops on saline soils
[5; 160-163 p].
Yensen N.P., Bedell J.L., Yensen S.B. in experiments in
1995 and Toderich, K.N., Popova, B.B., Aralova, D.B.,
Gismatullina, L.G., Rekik, M. & Rabbimov, A.R.
experiments in Karakalpakstan in 2016, propose the
Research Article
CHANGES OF SALT CONTENT IN HALOPHYTES AND SOIL IN THE
CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN ARAL SEA REGION
Submission Date:
December 17, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 22, 2023,
Published Date:
December 27, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-07
Sultanova Zulfiya
Karakalpak Agrarian And Agricultural Technology Institute, Professor ((Dsc), Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
34
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
use of halophytes as valuable livestock feed. In the
plants that have special adaptations for normal
completion of ontogenesis in conditions of high
salinity. In nature, saline soils have quite rich and
various vegetation.
Due to lack of water, the cultivation of traditional
plants becomes a problematic issue. As cotton, wheat
and rice consume almost two, two and a half times
more water. Therefore, the diversification of non-
traditional crops, which are characterized by low water
consumption, have a lower transpiration coefficient,
improve soil structure, and create favorable conditions
for the growth of subsequent plants, is an urgent task.
Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. experiments
in 2000-2002, that in connection with the salinization of
majority of soils in the region plants adapting in the
process of their ontogenesis to existence on saline
soils , i.e. halophyte plants are of great interest. Here
they are found in wild form, and some of them have
practical use in livestock farming. Halophytes are
characterized by high osmotic pressure of cell sap in
cells and tissues, which allows them to absorb water
from concentrated solutions.
Salt-accumulating halophytes, or euhalophytes (from
the Greek her - good, real), have the greatest
resistance to salts. They grow and develop well on the
most saline soils. These plants absorb a large amount
of salts from the soil. This group includes mainly the so-
called
saltworts
(Chenopodiaceae
stirpes
-
Chepodiaceae), saltwort, seaweed, sarcazan, some
species of tamarix, etc. [3; 22-28 p]. Some saltworts
accumulate up to 7% of salts from the mass of cell sap.
As a result, the water potential of the cells is greatly
reduced, and water enters them even from saline soil;
salt accumulates in the vacuoles. Taking into account
this feature of plants, we were faced with the task of
selecting plant species that remove salts from the soil,
reducing their initial content, and that have beneficial
properties for use in animal husbandry or for technical
purposes [4; 75 p].
Akinshina, N., Toderich, K., Azizov, A., Saito, L. & Ismail,
S. in experiments in 2014, suggest use halophyte
biomass as a promising source of renewable energy.
For this purpose, the possibility of using high-quality
facultative and halophytes themselves for land
improvement was substantiated. In 2021-2022, field
experiments were launched on the fields of the
Scientific-Production Association Grain and Rice in the
Nukus region. Soils of the site are meadow-alluvial,
medium loamy, moderately and in some places highly
saline.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Field
experiments
phenological
observations,
diagnostics of salt content in soil and plants using the
express method and laboratory tests.
Phenological monitoring and recording of plant
growth and development phases. The starting point of
the phase was taken as the date when 10% of plants
entered this phase, and 75% of plants entered the full
phase at the onset of this phase.
Monitoring of salt content change in soil and plants; for
this purpose, the salt content in the soil was
determined at the beginning and at the end of the
plant growing season using the conductometric
method.
Biometric analysis of plants from sample plots
measuring 0.25 m2, chemical analysis of plants
according to generally accepted methods.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
35
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
SJIF
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(2021:
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5.
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(2023:
7.
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Determination of humus content in the soil according
to the method of I.V. Tyurin, N-NO3
–
by the method of
Granwald-Lyazhu, P2O5 - by the method of Machigin,
exchangeable potassium on the fire photocolorimeter
according to the method of V.P. Protasov.
Humus content, 0.8-1.1%; nitrogen content 0.26 mg%,
content of mobile P2O5 -30 mg/kg; The content of
mobile K2O is 156 mg/kg. The soils of field plots of
phosphorus content belong to the low-supply group
and vary from 12 to 27 mg/kg. By the content of mobile
potassium, all investigated soils belong to the group of
low-supply of these elements; in the arable horizon,
the potassium content ranges from 110 to 200 mg/kg.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to A. Rabbimov, B. Bekchanov, T. Mukimov
experiments in 2011, are given systems for growing
salt-tolerant crops and halophytes. To develop
technology for cultivating salt-tolerant crops in the
conditions of the Southern Aral Sea region, we carried
out phenological observations of the growth and
development of halophytes.
Shprouts of cultivated facultative halophytes appeared
on the 5-7th days after sowing (Table 1). Later and
sparse sprouts were observed in Klimakoptera on the
10th day after sowing. Flowering under conditions of
lack of moisture was observed in quinoa on the 38th
day after germination. The beginning of amaranth
flowering was noted on August 5-10. Maturation of
these two plants is noted at the end of September:
quinoa 17-19, amaranth 22-25 September.
Table 1
Phenological observations
Flowering of Klimakoptera is noted on June 25-29, and
seed ripening on October 28. Kochia is characterized by
the accumulation of large green biomass, especially
when watered and fertilized. Flowering of plants is
noted on July 1-5, ripening on October 18-20. Quinoa
plants flower at approximately the same time, but
ripening is more extended and begins on October 25-
27 and continues until frost.
Name of plants
Date of
sowing
Beginning of
germination
seeds
(%)
Full seed
germination
Bloom
Plant ripening
Quinoa Q5
15.05.21
22.05.21
71
30.06
17-19.09
Amaranthus white
15.05.21
21-22.05.21
98
05-10.08
22-25.09
Pennisetum glaucum
18.04.21
24.04.21
97
01.07
05-08.09
Sorghum vulgare
18.04.21
23.04.21
92
28.06
20-22.09
Climacoptera crassa
17.04.21
27.04.21
37
25-29.06
26-28.10
Kochia scoparia
17.04.21
24.04.21
71
1-5.07
18-20.10
Atriplex
patula
17.04.21
24.04.21
57
01-03.07
25-27.10
Karelinia caspia
30.07
28-30.11
Mung bean
16.04.21
23-24.21
90
01.07
05.07-30.07.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
36
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
SJIF
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(2021:
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5.
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(2023:
7.
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Mung bean is a plant with a short growing season and
rapid grain ripening; the bean harvest was extended
from the beginning to the end of July.
The height of plants in all variants varied depending on
the rate of fertilizer application. With an increase in the
rate of fertilizers, plant growth in height increased and
by the end of the growing season was on average 185.2
cm for white amaranth, and 180.6 cm for red amaranth
(table 2). With the application option N150P100K100,
plant height is higher than the norm N80P60K40 by
43.7 cm; compared to red Amaranth by 59 cm, Soybean
by 27 cm, Atriplex by 21.4 cm. Such changes and a
positive reaction to fertilization are observed in all
types of plants. The role of fertilizers is that they not
only increase growth, but also increase biomass,
productivity, and at the same time, by shading the soil,
they save moisture from evaporation. Halophytes with
large biomass also remove more salt ions from the soil.
table 2
Dynamics of plant growth and development in variants, sm
Plants
09.06.
10.07.
10.08.
10.09.
15.10.
Quinoa (Q5var.)
22,7
62,8
69,5
68,2
-
Amaranthus white
24,8
140,4
173,1
184,0
185,2
Amaranthus
red
23,6
137,1
168,5
179,4
180,6
Setaria italica
25,2
69,6
82,3
89,6
91,9
Carthamnus
39,4
76,2
96,5
105,4
108,2
Sorghum vulgare
28,3
75,7
89,6
98,3
102,0
Mung been
15,5
42,7
59,2
60,7
58,1
Suaeda
physophora
20,4
58,3
92,8
98,5
104,3
Climacoptera
crassa
18,8
51,8
96,3
103,9
107,6
Kochia scoparia
31,8
98,4
151,4
157,5
158,2
Atriplex patula
33,4
96,7
160,7
163,2
164,8
The highest plant height was observed in sweda,
climacoptera, kochia and atriplex plants; further, as
determined by the analyses, these plants also
accumulated the greatest dry plant biomass (table 3).
The growth of plants and their accumulation of organic
biomass are the final results of interaction with
environmental factors, the result of complex
processes occurring in cells, tissues and organs. The
study of the dynamics of growth and accumulation of
dry matter depending on specific growing conditions
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
37
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
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(2023:
7.
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and varietal characteristics of the plant is of significant
scientific and practical interest. The duration of each
phase, as well as the entire life cycle, depends on the
varietal characteristics and nutritional conditions.
The accumulation of dry biomass by plants was
determined mainly by the same features as growth
dynamics [6; 161-163 p]. The accumulation of above-
ground mass proceeded more vigorously in variants
with the application of mineral fertilizers by irrigation.
In the phases of emergence and flowering, the
indicators are high; the plants were formed using
options with the introduction of optimal doses of
fertilizers.
table 3
Accumulation of dry matter by plants
Plants
Determination dates
09.06.
29.06.
10.07.
30.07.
10.08.
22.08.
30.08.
10.09.
Quinoa
(Q5var.)
25
32
46,2
55,8
58,3
59,5
63,4
-
Amaranthus
white
14,7
42,7
73
86
113,7
135,2
142,6
144,2
Amaranthus
red
20
39,8
61,6
84
104
130,6
133,8
134,6
Carthamnus
27
30
40
53
63
67
67
70
Soybeans
25
39
59
92
95
96
96
Setaria italica
26
62
89
108
106
108
107
Sorghum
vulgare
45,8
72
111,4
198,6
202,2
205,4
206,8
206,9
Mash
12,9
26,7
36,1
47,7
65,1
68,5
68,2
68,3
Suaeda
physophora
40,8
65
76,3
97,8
128,4
130,1
132,6
132,7
Climacoptera
crassa
19,2
41,4
52,2
60,25
71
74,3
76,1
76,1
Kochia
scoparia
31,8
92,3
116,9
178,8
208,7
232,1
234,4
234,6
Atriplex
patula
20,8
62,8
98,8
113,6
130,8
132,5
134,1
134,4
The most intense average daily increases in dry
biomass were observed in white amaranth, atriplex
and kochia, then climacoptera was observed until
August 10, then the accumulation of biomass
decreased.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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Dry matter accumulation was higher in the variants
with fertilizer application. Some increase in dry matter
in variants without fertilizers is apparently associated
with the uneven distribution of nutrients in the soil and
the ability of compounds to migrate.
Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. in 2003,
consider it appropriate use of halophytes for
sustainable development of viable agriculture in arid
regions of Russia and Central Asia. Plants characterized
by general resistance to a complex of abiotic stresses
and relatively high productivity under arid climate
conditions and low soil fertility are recommended for
ecological restoration of arid pastures.
Under drought conditions, irrigation plays a positive
role in the accumulation of dry mass by plants and their
removal of salts from the soil (Table 4). Here is data on
the plants Karelinia caspia, Atriplex, Kochia. In areas
with Karelinia caspia and Kochia plants, the salt
content in plants is higher at the end of the growing
season (October) compared to the middle of the
growing season (July).
Table 4
Change in salt content in soil and plants in the middle and end of the growing season, g/l
Crops
July 19, 2021
July 19, 2022
October 17, 2021
October 21 ,2021
Salinity (Ec)
in soil
in
plant
in soil
in
plant
in
soil
in plant
in soil
in plant
Karelinia
caspia
1. Without fertilizers and
without irrigation
8,7
3,00
7,1
3,36
15,9
1,27
9,1
3,9
2. fertilizers without irrigation
8,3
2,08
9,3
3,12
11,57
2,5
5,27
3,58
3. Irrigation without fertilizers
7,62
2,00
4,51
2,25
7,88
1,56
8,3
3,24
4. fertilizers +irrigation
7,8
2,1
6,24
2,41
9,24
1,72
10,8
3,7
Atriplex
1. Without fertilizers and
without Irrigation
2,4
3,05
2,45
3,88
4,83
2,15
2,4
1,9
2. Fertilizers without irrigation
2,46
2,70
0,94
2,65
2,92
2,15
2,2
2,4
3. Irrigation without fertilizers
2,1
2,50
3,04
4,96
2,94
2,17
2,9
2,5
4. Fertilizers +irrigation
1,75
3,2
1,61
2,94
1,89
1,22
1,57
1,88
Kochia
1. Without fertilizers and
without irrigation
4,32
1,74
2,94
0,79
3,66
11,17
7,1
2,15
2. Fertilizers and without
irrigation
0,8
1,33
1,33
0,7
2,37
1,28
3,2
1,4
3. Irrigation without fertilizers
1,32
1,27
1,12
1,08
2,17
1,71
2,4
2,5
4. Fertilizers+irrigation
1,84
1,24
2,1
1,7
3,18
1,46
3,1
1,8
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
39
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
33-39
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
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(2023:
7.
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These characteristics are determined by such
bioecological mechanisms as a developed and deeply
penetrating root system, productive use of soil
moisture reserves, the ability to carry out
photosynthesis with a positive balance at ultra-high air
temperatures (+40-+45 oC and above), belonging to
the C4 type and other useful characteristics.
CONCLUSION
under normal moisture conditions, plant seeds
germinate in 6-10 days and have good germination. The
yield of above-ground mass, useful parts and removal
of salts by halophytes largely depend on the intensity
of plant growth in height. The growth and
accumulation of dry matter of the studied plant
varieties of non-traditional crops and halophytes were
more strongly influenced by the application of
increased doses of mineral fertilizers, which should be
taken into account when cultivating to obtain plant
biomass. Of the 3 plants studied, only Karelinia caspia
and Kochia scoparia accumulate salts at the end of the
growing season higher than Atriplex patula.
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