Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of studies of the biological characteristics of Atropa Belladonna L. when introduced in
the conditions of Karakalpakstan. It has been established that the life strategy of Atropa belladonna L. is characterized
by a wide plasticity along the illumination gradient, which is due to constantly changing conditions in the studied areas
of Karakalpakstan.
KEYWORDS
Life strategies, Atropa belladonna L., introduction, environmental conditions, phenology.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main tasks defined in the World Strategy for
Nature Conservation, developed under the auspices of
the UN and the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), is to preserve the representativeness of
the organic world. Among the most vulnerable
ecosystems are the populations of raw plants [3, 10]. In
recent decades, medicinal plants have gained great
interest. This is due to the fact that herbal preparations
are safer compared to chemical ones. About 40% of
medicines are obtained from plants or they contain an
active ingredient of plant origin. Over the past 20 years,
the demand for medicinal plants has increased by more
than 25%. Wild herbs are a very valuable raw material
for obtaining many effective drugs [11, 14].
Research Article
INTRODUCTION AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ATROPA BELLADONNA
L. IN THE CONDITIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Submission Date:
December 03, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 07, 2022,
Published Date:
December 14, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue12-03
G.A. Kutlymuratova
Researcher Nukus State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
G.S. Baynyyazova
Lecturer Nukus State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
13
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
12-19
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The introduction of new medicinal plants into the
culture is a long and laborious process carried out over
several stages: collecting seed or planting material,
studying
the
biological,
edaphic,
climatic
characteristics of medicinal plants, conducting
experimental crops and identifying the optimal zone
for new crops, selecting economically valuable
populations, development of effective methods of
cultivation [2, 16].
In this regard, the knowledge of the biological
characteristics of introduced medicinal plants, the
identification on this basis of the ways of adaptation of
species to various environmental conditions, as well as
the establishment of phylogenetic transformations of
structures in taxa of various ranks is of particular
relevance [4, 6]. In addition, with the growing threat of
a reduction in plant biodiversity, it is necessary to
maximize the accumulation of materials characterizing
the specific biological characteristics of wild and
introduced species of medicinal plants, expanding the
possibilities of plant conservation by adjusting and
choosing the optimal conditions for their introduction
and reintroduction.
Fig.1. Belladonna (Atropa belladonna L.,)
Atropa belladonna L.
–
perennial herbaceous plant
from the Solanaceae family, with many-headed
rhizome and large branching roots. The stem is
straight, branched, up to 2 m high. The leaves are
plentiful dark green, the lower leaves are alternate,
short-leaved. The flowers are located in the axils of the
leaves, solitary, drooping, on short lowered legs [9].
Corolla cylindrically bell-shaped, falling, 2-3 cm long and
up to 1.5 cm in diameter and brown-violet or dirty
purple, the fruit is a two-celled, multi-seeded, purple-
black, juicy berry the size of a cherry. Seeds are
roundish-reniform, brown, with a cellular surface.
Blooms from June until the end of the growing season
[2, 9, 11]. Soil and air humidity is of great importance for
the growth and development of belladonna. Atropa
belladonna L. Sufficiently moist loose humus soils,
under natural conditions, belladonna is found in the
mountainous regions of the Crimea, the Caucasus and
Western Ukraine, as well as in Western Europe.
Medicinal raw materials are leaves (whole and cut) and
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
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Pages:
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(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
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–
5.625
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grass (whole and cut) of belladonna. Its commodity
raw materials are dried leaves, grass and roots, which
contain alkaloids - atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine
[11, 12].
In 2013 - 2019 we have studied the seasonal flowering
rhythm of Atropa belladonna L. when introduced on
experimental plots in the Kegeyli and Ellikkala regions
of Karakalpakstan. The flowering rhythm was studied
by quantitative accounting of flower opening [11, 14]. A
study of the seasonal dynamics of flowering showed
that in Atropa belladonna L. this process is very slow:
after the appearance, the bud develops within 13
–
16
days, sometimes more; the flowers open acropetally
and remain open on the plant for up to 6
–
8 days. At the
beginning of flowering in 3
–
5 days, 1
–
2 flowers opened
in one individual of the plant. In the period from the
end of June to the middle of July, 3
–
4 flowers opened
on the marked individuals in 3
–
5 days. Mass flowering
was noted in the first decade of July and this rhythm of
flowering continued until early September.
In the experimental sites of the Kegeyli region in
August, there was a noticeable increase in air
temperature compared to the previous summer
months, the average monthly temperature was
+44.00С, relative air humidity
- an average of 36%.
Starting from this period, a gradual decline in the
rhythm of flowering was observed, one flowering as a
whole continued until mid-October. Under the shadow
exposure, the plants of Atropa belladonna L. entered
the phase of the beginning of flowering in early June.
The air temperature in June averaged about +42.60С,
and the relative air humidity varied from 15 to 30%.
During this period, each noted individual bloomed 1
–
2
flowers. Since the end of July, mass flowering has been
noted in plants; for 3
–
5 days, 4
–
5 flowers opened in
each individual noted. In Ellikkala district in July, the
average daily air temperature ranged from +47.4 to
+49.60С, and the average monthly relative humidity
was 20
–
37%. The peak of flowering was noted in the
period from July 20 to August 26 (mass flowering).
Blooming belladonna usually begins in the second year.
The collection of leaves and roots can take place in the
first year, but it should be borne in mind that the
content of alkaloids in these materials will be
significantly lower than in biennial or three-year plants.
In the first year of life, the morphological
characteristics of belladonna plants in variants with
different sowing dates were characterized by different
values. The number of shoots and leaves on the plant,
as well as fruits on the shoot, was maximum in the
variants of winter and early spring sowings and
amounted to 4.1-5, 85-101 and 5.3-4.1 pieces,
respectively, while at late spring sowing it was minimal
- 2.5, 73 and 3.8 pcs respectively.
It should be noted that the listed features are the main
elements of the crop structure. With almost the same
content of active substances in the leaves, the best in
terms of grass yield were winter and early spring crops.
They also had a higher seed yield. In the variant of
winter sowing in the structure of the grass yield, 70%
accounted for leaves and flowers - the most valuable
components in terms of the amount of alkaloids,
enriching the quality of raw materials. This is due to the
more powerful development of plants, their high
foliage and the presence of a large number of
reproductive organs [14, 16].
According to T.A. Rabotnov [13] and A.A. Uranov [15],
we identified the following age periods in the life cycle
of Atropa belladonna L.: latent, virginal, and
generative. In the virginal period, the immature stage
was not distinguished, because This species belongs to
homoblastic life forms. The age spectrum was
dominated by pregenerative plants. The share of
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
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Pages:
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
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IF
–
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seedlings averaged 45.0% (Fig. 2), juvenile plants -
18.0%, virginal - 14.0%. Young generative plants
accounted for 16.0%, while single mature generative
plants were noted, the share of which was 2.0%. Old
generative plants were absent in the age composition
in the first year of observations. The projective cover of
belladonna ranged from 60 to 78%.
Fig.2. Age spectra of Atropa belladonna L. under conditions
full lighting
In the second year of observations, the belladonna
projective cover decreased to 40-55%, and the number
of specimens both in the community and per unit area
also decreased. In the age spectrum, generative plants
began to prevail: their share was 47% with a
predominance of young generative plants (30.0%).
Compared to the previous year, there was a sharp
decrease in the share of juvenile plants (from 16.0 to
4%), as well as seedlings (from 40.0 to 11.6%).
In the third year of observation of this community,
there was a significant reduction in the number of
belladonna plants. Its projective cover fell to 2-3%. Most
of the plants of Atropa belladonna L., judging by the
morphological features, passed into the old generative
state and had a depressed appearance. The height of
generative specimens did not exceed 1 m, and the
placement density was no more than 2-3 plants per 1
sq.m. The share of generative plants was 71.1% with a
predominance of old generative plants in this age
group - 38.2%, while the proportion of juvenile and
virginal plants decreased to 14.9%, and the number of
seedlings decreased in comparison with the first year
of observation three times (up to 15%) . At the same
time, most of the seedlings were noticeably depressed
due to the intensive development of the ground grass
cover [8, 9].
The duration of the period from germination to fruit
ripening in the first year of life was 109-121 days, in the
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
p
j
v
g1
g2
g3
%%
age spectrum
1 год
2 год
3 год
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second - from plant regrowth to ripening - from 77 to
85 days, which is consistent with the zonal possibilities
of vegetation of heat-loving crops.
The study of life forms, biological characteristics of
introducers - rhythms of growth and development, the
ability to bear fruit, to seed and vegetative renewal -
make it possible to assess the adaptive capabilities of
plants, their introduction resistance, and outline the
prospects for further practical development
The passage of a full cycle of ontogenetic development
by plants indicates their successful introduction. The
fruiting of introduced plants is the most important
indicator of their adaptation to new conditions, since it
opens up the possibility of fixing the adaptive
properties acquired in the process of ontogenesis [4,
5]. The generative sphere is most responsive to
changes in environmental conditions. Flowering and
fruiting are of particular importance in urban
environments, providing an attractive decorative look
and usefulness of plant use.
The adaptive fitness of species to new environmental
conditions in our studies was determined using the
Bakanova scale (1983) [1]. It takes into account such
basic indicators as overwintering, the degree of
damage by drought or frost, the presence of regular
flowering and fruiting. Each score is a numerical
expression of the degree of success of the introduction
of a plant into new conditions for them. A higher serial
number of the score means a higher degree of
introduction of the species. An indicator of success is
resistance to adverse climatic factors, the presence of
regular flowering and fruiting, the ability to self-
seeding and self-settlement. Gradations of success
assessments are represented by the following ball [1]:
1 ball - introducers exist for a short time and only in a
vegetative state, they are absolutely not resistant to
local climatic conditions.
2 balla - introducers exist for a short time, but some
salts can bloom without setting seeds. They are
unstable to local climatic conditions. They reduce the
number, and in especially unfavorable years they die
completely.
3 balla - no more than half of adult individuals of
introducers bloom and bear fruit. They are weakly
resistant to local climatic conditions. Their total
number is gradually decreasing. The culture of such
species is possible, but with summer watering or
winter shelter of plants.
4 balla - more than half of adult specimens of
introducers regularly bloom and bear fruit in large
numbers. They are weakly resistant to local climatic
conditions. Their total number is gradually declining.
When cultivating such species, watering is necessary in
especially dry periods.
5 balla - all adult individuals of introducers regularly
bloom and bear fruit en masse. Resistant to local
climatic conditions, does not require watering or
shelter.
6 ballov - introducents regularly bloom and bear fruit
massively, give a single self-sowing or reproduce
vegetatively. Highly resistant to local climatic
conditions.
7 ballov - introducents regularly bloom and bear fruit
massively, actively self-settle by mass self-sowing or
vegetatively. Highly resistant to local climatic
conditions [1].
In our studies, using this scale, we assessed the success
of the introduction of Atropabelladonna L. (Table 1)
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Table1.
Evaluation of the success of the introduction of Atropabelladonna
according to the Bakanova scale (1983)
№
Indicators
plant species
Atropa belladonna
1
Development of vegetative organs
+
2
The presence of regular flowering
+
3
The presence of regular fruiting
+
4
winter hardiness
+
5
drought tolerance
+
6
The ability of introducers to a
single self-dispersal
+
7
The ability of introducers to mass
self-dispersal
+
Introduction success scores
7
The plants studied by us annually grow and give a
vegetative mass, regularly bloom and bear fruit, they
are resistant to adverse climatic conditions, drought-
resistant and winter-hardy.
The assessment of winter hardiness and drought
resistance is carried out by the field method by
counting the preserved plants on fixed sites and
visually describing the degree and nature of damage. It
is carried out in spring during regrowth and in autumn
before going into winter, as well as during the greatest
reaction of plants to the action of one or another
unfavorable environmental factor. Under winter
hardiness, it is customary to understand the resistance
of plants to damaging factors of the winter period [3,
5, 17]. Many perennial plants overwinter in the form of
underground storage organs (bulbs or rhizomes)
protected from freezing by a layer of soil and snow.
Thus, the studies have shown that Atropa belladonna
L. is well adapted to the climatic conditions of the
Republic of Karakalpakstan. The absolute minimum air
temperature during the study period did not affect the
growth of plants after wintering, which makes it
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
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705
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possible to judge the high resistance of plants in the
winter period.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the conducted studies have shown that the life
strategy of Atropa belladonna L. is characterized by
wide plasticity in the illumination gradient, which is due
to constantly changing conditions in the studied areas
of Karakalpakstan. Plants of Atropa belladonna L. of
the first and second years of vegetation in the Kegeyli
and Ellikala regions of Karakalpakstan went through a
full cycle of growth and development during the
season.
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5.
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