American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
45
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
45-52
10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue04-10
Dynamics of Soil Moisture Application of Mineral
Fertilizers in Rainy Areas, Cereal Crops Grain Quality
and Impact on Productivity
I.Sh.Mamatkulov
Scientific Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture, Uzbekistan
B.D.Khaydarov
Scientific Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture, Uzbekistan
A.S.Muratkasimov
Scientific Research Institute of Rainfed Agriculture, Uzbekistan
R.O.Kurbanov
Karshi State University, Uzbekistan
Received:
28 February 2025;
Accepted:
29 March 2025;
Published:
30 April 2025
Abstract:
The article presents experimental results on the application of mineral fertilizers in the growth phases
of soft wheat, Bakhmal-97 variety, durum wheat variety, Yaqut-2014 variety, barley variety, Mushtarak variety,
depending on the type and rate of fertilizers, on the dynamics of soil moisture and the rate of crop feeding, grain
quality and yield. According to the results, the optimal feeding rate for the application of mineral fertilizers in
arable fields depends on the dynamics of soil moisture and for obtaining high-quality yields of soft wheat
"Bakhmal-97" variety is N40P40K40 kg per hectare, durum wheat "Yakut-2014" and barley "Mushtarak" varieties
The results of the study are presented on the optimal feeding rate of N50P40K40 kg per hectare for obtaining
high-quality grain and high yields using mineral fertilizers at different growth phases.
Keywords:
Dry lands, mineral fertilizers, fertilizer rate, soil moisture dynamics, soft wheat, hard wheat, barley,
grain quality, grain yield, feeding rate.
Introduction:
Nowadays, the global warming of the
climate has a negative impact on grain quality and
productivity, soil fertility and structure, and soil
degradation. Improving the food security of the
population living in these areas by eliminating these
problems in dry areas is considered one of the
important and urgent tasks.
Agricultural products grown in Lalmicor regions have a
number of advantages in the production of aromatic
products rich in protein, amino acids, vitamins, and
minerals vital for the human div. At present, corn,
leguminous, sugarcane and oil crops are cultivated in
dry areas the need for its products is increasing year by
year not only in the domestic market, but also in the
world market.
Effective use of mineral fertilizers in arid areas allows
to grow a stable high-quality crop of grain, legumes,
oilseeds and other agricultural crops, and to improve
soil fertility and its structure.
According to the results of experiments, in all arable
lands of Uzbekistan, the reduction in the amount of
organic and mineral nutrients in the soil due to global
climate change and anthropogenic factors over the
past decades has led to a deep degradation of the soil
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structure. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in
these areas varies depending on the amount of
atmospheric precipitation, the depth of soil wetting,
the type of predecessors, agrotechnics, and many other
factors.
According to experiments conducted in the
mountainous and hilly regions of Lalmikor with semi-
sufficient rainfall (280-360 mm), the amount of organic
matter (humus) in the soil decreases from 1.2-1.3% to
0.58-0.65% (0-20 cm) in the variants where the soil is
cultivated with plows to a depth of 20-22 cm and
organic and mineral fertilizers are not applied
[1,2,3,4,6].
Over the past several decades, the replacement of
scientifically based farming systems with grain crops,
the reduction of annual and perennial leguminous
crops, forage crops, and other crops, and the
insufficient use of local and mineral fertilizers and plant
protection products have led to a decline in
productivity and its quality. This, in turn, creates
favorable conditions for a decrease in soil fertility and
deterioration of its structure, as well as increased wind
and water erosion. Lalmikor's studies have shown that
in semi-arid areas of the land, the amount of humus in
the soil decreases by 1.2 tons per hectare as a result of
2-3 clean plowings per year [1].
In semi-rainfed arable lands, the fertilizer rate is 40
kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus, in mountainous and
hilly areas, the rate of these fertilizers is 50 kg/ha, and
in years of abundant rainfall (400-600 mm) up to 60
kg/ha (in terms of net active substance) allows
increasing the yield by an average of 4-5 quintals [2].
METHODS
The field experiment was conducted in the conditions
of loamy soils at the Central Experimental Farm of the
Lalmikor
Agricultural
Research
Institute.
The
experimental materials were soft wheat "Bakhmal-97"
variety, durum wheat "Yakut-2014" variety, and barley
"Mushtarak" variety. The research was conducted in 9
variants and 3 replicates.
The experimental field is located in a semi-arid,
lowland, hilly region of arable land at an altitude of 580
m above sea level, and the soil consists of typical arable
gray soils. The soils of the experimental field are
moderately sandy, moderately susceptible to water
and wind erosion, and their topsoil (0-20 cm) contains
0.55-0.88% humus, 0.18-0.20% total nitrogen, 0.16-
0.18% phosphorus, and 1.6-1.8% total potassium, with
a soil pH of 7.0. The mineralization of groundwater is 4-
8 g/l, and groundwater is located below 10 m and has
almost no effect on soil formation processes [3,4].
The following observations and measurements were
carried out during the years of research: Phenological
observations, biometric measurements according to
the “Methodology of State Variety Testing of
Agricultural Crops” (1985), the number of tubers per 1
sq. m of the plant using 0.25 m2 pads, soil moisture by
the thermostat method, according to the humus-Tyurin
method, otal nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl
method, total phosphorus by the Lorentz method, total
potassium by a flame photometer, nitrate nitrogen (N-
No. 3) by disulfenol reagent, mobile phosphorus and
exchangeable potassium by Machigin in a 1%
ammonium carbonate solution.
Agrophysical properties and characteristics of the soil:
volume weight N.A. Kachinsky method, using a
cylinder, specific gravity using the pycnometer method,
mechanical composition of the soil N.A. Kachinsky's
method, using a pipette, its aggregate composition was
studied by Savvinov's method.
RESULTS
One of the main factors limiting the productivity of
cereals and other crops and soil fertility in arable fields
is the lack of moisture in the soil as a result of the
relatively low amount of atmospheric precipitation and
its uneven distribution throughout the year. In these
areas, the lack of moisture in the soil during the growth
and development phases of winter cereals and other
crops causes a decrease in physiological and
biochemical processes in plants, and in some drought
years, their complete cessation.
The arable lands of our republic have unique soil and
climatic conditions, which are not found in the arid
regions of the world, even in the republics of Central
Asia. The climate is sharply variable, with cold winters
and hot summers. The amount of precipitation is
relatively small (250-400 mm) and is unevenly
distributed throughout the year. Its main part (80%)
falls on the winter and spring months, and the rest falls
on the autumn and summer months [7].
During the years of the experiments, weather
conditions during the growing season of cereal crops
changed as follows (Table 1).
Table 1
Changes in weather conditions during the growing season of cereal crops in the experimental years,
data from the Gallaorol AGMS (2022-2024)
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
Indicators
Months
Total or
average
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Precipitation, mm
Perennial
17,1
35,0
55,0
40,4
52,0
65,0
53,6
35,4
8,4
361,9
2021-2022 yy
-
18,4
13,8
53,4
13,0
173,6
39,3
78,0
5,8
395,3
2022-2023 yy
76,5
53,7
25,3
19,1
106,2
29,3
30,5
23,1
0
363,7
2023-2024 yy
-
45,2
17,0
30,6
34,5
87,2
32,0
67,5
8,
322,1
Air temperature, °С
Perennial
12,1
5,9
0,3
-4,0
0,4
5,6
12,7
18,4
24,6
8,4
2021-2022 yy
10,0
4,3
3,8
3,4
4,7
4,9
18,2
20,0
25,4
10,5
2022-2023 yy
12,5
7,5
1,4
-7,4
4,7
12,2
14,7
19,9
26,5
10,2
2023-2024 yy.
9,8
3,7
3,0
3,6
1,8
7,6
15,4
19,2
20,6
9,4
Relative air humidity, %
Perennial
62
73
82
85
82
75
69
59
45
70
2021-2022 yy
52
66
75
86
73
76
63
62
43
64
2022-2023 yy
58
83
87
79
82
69
62
48
32
67
2023-2024 yy
56
82
88
80
81
71
64
49
34
67
In dryland areas, especially in its lower regions, drought
is the main natural factor limiting the productivity of all
dryland crops. According to the data of the Galla-Arol
agrometeorological station, the average monthly
temperature in the experimental area is 11.60 ° C, the
minimum temperature in January is -25 ° C, and the
maximum temperature in June is 45 ° C. The long-term
average precipitation is 361 mm. These indicators are
10.10 ° C, -300 ° C, 390 ° C, and 425 mm, respectively,
in the mountainous region located at an altitude of
1307 m above sea level [1].
In the 2021-2022 agricultural year, during which the
experiments were conducted, the amount of
precipitation exceeded the multi-year norm (362mm)
by 33.4 mm. However, due to the complete absence of
precipitation in October 2021 and the drying of the
topsoil, soil cultivation and planting had to be carried
out later (10.11.2021). Wheat seeds planted in
November and even in winter due to less than normal
rain and snow, germinated only in February and March
with a strong thinning.
The amount of precipitation in the spring months of
2022 exceeded the long-term norm by 33.4 mm. In the
2022/2023 agricultural year of the study, precipitation
was around the multi-year norm (364 mm). October
and November, which were much longer than the
annual norm, ensured that winter wheat fully
germinated until the planting of late October and a
steady decrease in air temperature to +5C. However,
the relatively low rainfall during the winter wheat
earing and grain storage period (May-June) caused soil
moisture deficits, which in turn led to a decrease in
photosynthesis and crop yield.
The amount of precipitation in the 2023/2024
agricultural year of the experiment (322.1 mm) was
39.9 mm below the multi-year norm and 42.0 mm
below the previous year. Due to the very low rainfall in
October 2023, plowing and sowing of winter wheat
seeds were carried out in the second 10 days of
November (14.11.23). Compared to last year, spring
months (March-May) were cooler than last year,
allowing favorable soil moisture and feeding regime to
occur.
In the experimental years, the average monthly air
temperature was +1-2.1 °C higher than the multi-year
norm (8.4 °C warmer), and 0.3-0.8 °C lower than the
previous 2022/23 agricultural year. Relative air
humidity was 6% lower than the multi-year norm (70%)
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
in the 2021/22 agricultural year, and 3% lower in
2022/23 and 2023/24. In the second half of the winter
wheat growing season in the arable fields, the
precipitation deficit in most years reaches 290 mm, and
the moisture coefficient is 0.25-0.30. By this time, the
lack of moisture in the soil significantly reduces the
productivity of photosynthesis [8].
The effect of mineral fertilizers on the dynamics of total
and physiological moisture in the soil was studied in the
0-100 cm layer of soil during the pre-sowing (October),
tillering (March, tillering (April), heading (May), milk-
wax and full ripening stages of winter wheat in 2022-
2024 (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Dynamics of total soil moisture depending on the rate of mineral fertilizers
Average for 2022-2024
It is known that soil moisture and air temperature are
important during the flowering stage of winter wheat
in dry areas. Winter wheat planted at the end of
October and the first ten days of November due to
rainfall in the autumn and winter months of 2022 being
below the multi-year average "Bakhmal-97" and
"Mushtarak" varieties of barley germinated in the
second ten days of February, and "Yakut-2014" variety
of durum wheat germinated in the third ten days of
February.
According to the results of the study, the highest
moisture reserve in the 1 m layer of soil (2431 m3/ha)
was reached by the stage of winter wheat
accumulation.
The fact that the amount of moisture in the 0-100 cm
layer of the soil by the tuber stage of winter wheat is
1648-1798 cubic meters per hectare depending on the
rate of mineral fertilizers in the options planted in 3
years, As a result of the uneven distribution of
precipitation, the weather conditions in the autumn
and winter months were drier than the long-term
norm, by early spring, when the grain grasses began to
germinate, the depth of soil moisture was only 40-50
cm. In such conditions, the moisture in the 0-100 cm
layer of the soil (1834 m3/ha) was a cubic meter.
The headage period of winter cereal crops in arable
fields is the most critical period, as it is at this time that
the reproductive organs (ears) of the wheat begin to
form. At this stage, as a result of the decrease in
precipitation, a sharp increase in air temperature (35-
38 °C), and a decrease in relative air humidity by 40-
50%, soil and air drought begins. Under these
conditions, the photosynthetic productivity of grain
crops decreases.
In the experiments conducted, the average moisture
content in the 1 m layer of soil at the earing stage of
winter wheat was 110-1230 m3/ha, depending on the
rate of mineral fertilizers in the experimentally planted
variants. By the peak stage of crops in the 2023-2024
agricultural year, the moisture reserve in the 0-100 cm
layer of the soil is 950-1080, respectively, in the above
options; It was 910-1082 and 1400-1507 m3/ha.
According to the results of the experiment, the amount
of moisture in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil in the
phase of milk-wax ripening, i.e. grain collection, was
1096-1138 m3/ha according to the options. It was
determined that the moisture reserve in the 1 m layer
of the soil during the milk-wax ripening stage of winter
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Назорат
(ўғитсиз)
Р30К30 (фон) (фон)+N30 (фон)+N40 (фон)+N50 Р40К40 (фон) (фон)+N30 (фон)+N40 (фон)+N50
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wheat was 843-1120 m3/ha, depending on the rate of
fertilizers.
In the semi-rainfed plain-hilly region, the bulk density
or density of the soil was found to be 1.17-1.25 g/cm3
in the 80-100 cm layer of soil in the autumn (before
sowing) plowed to a depth of 20-22 cm, reaching 1.23-
1.42 g/cm3 at the full ripening stage and increasing by
0.12-0.17 g/cm3.
According to the results of the research, the rates of
absorption of nutrients in different growth phases of
soft wheat "Bakhmal-97", hard wheat "Yakut-2014"
and barley "Mushtarak" are different. It was found that
soft wheat variety "Bakhmal-97" has a high demand for
nutrients. During the research, the following
parameters were analyzed: ear length, number of
grains per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000-grain weight,
yield, gluten content in the grain, and IDC.
According to the results of the study, the plant height
was from 99.0 cm to 114.8 cm, the spike length was
from 9.5 cm to 9.9 cm, the number of spikelets was
from 15.5 to 16.5, the number of grains was from 30 to
38, and the grain weight was from 1.30 g to 1.58 g. The
1000-grain weight was from 39.6 g to 41.5 g, and the
yield was 13.2-16.7 c/ha. In the control (without
fertilizer) variant, the 1000-grain weight was 39.6 g,
and the yield was 13.2 c/ha. The highest indicator in the
experiment was achieved by variant 8 N40R40K40, with
a 1000-grain weight of 41.5 g and a yield of 16.7 c/ha.
One of the main indicators indicating the breadiness of
wheat grain is the amount of gluten in the grain and the
index of IDK, the amount of gluten in the grain
belonging to the highest class is 36%, 1-32%; 2- 28%; 3-
23% and 4- higher than 18% and the IDK indicator
should be from 45 to 75 for the higher class, in wheat
grains of the 1st grade, the dough is considered to be
satisfactorily soft when the index is from 76 to 110, and
satisfactorily hard when this index is from 15 to 45.
Experiments have shown that the bakeability of such
grains is unsatisfactory when the index is below 15 and
above 110.
In the variants we analyzed, the gluten content and the
IDC indicator in the control (without fertilizer) variant
(28.0%, IDC 87.4) were the highest, while variant 9 was
the lowest (30.7%, IDC 72.9).
In the conducted experiments, the nutrient absorption
ratios of the durum wheat variety "Yakut-2014"
differed at different growth phases (Table 2).
According to the results of the study, the plant height
in our no-fertilizer variant was 95,8 cm, in P
30
K
30
(background) 97,1 cm and (background) +N
50
102,4 cm,
and in P
40
K
40
(background) 101,2 cm, in our P
40
K
40
+N
50
variant the highest indicator was 103,0 cm, and the
spike length in our no-fertilizer variant was 7,1 cm,
P
30
K
30
Table 2
The effect of mineral fertilizer rates on yield and grain quality indicators of soft wheat variety
"Bakhmal-97" (Gallaorol-2022-2024).
№
Options
P
lant
h
eight
, c
m
Key spike indicators
1000 gr
ains
we
ight
, g
P
roduc
ti
vit
y,
ts/
ha
Gluten
amount
(%
)
ID
K
Length
cm
number
of
spikes,
pcs
number
of grains,
grains
grain
weight,
g
1
Control (no
fertilizer)
99,0
9,5
15,5
40
1,30
39,6
13,2
28,0
87,4
2 Р
30
К
30
99,5
9,5
15,5
41
1,31
39,6
13,7
28,6
83,3
3 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
103,6
9,6
15,7
41
1,31
40,3
14,2
29,4
72,7
4 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
105,2
9,7
16,5
46
1,42
40,5
15,4
29,7
72,9
5 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
112,2
9,7
16,5
46
1,45
41,0
15,8
30,3
87,4
6 Р
40
К
40
(фон)
101,4
9,5
15,6
42
1,32
40,8
14,3
29,8
93,3
7 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
101,9
9,6
16,2
47
1,48
41,0
14,9
29,6
82,7
8 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
114,8
9,9
16,5
48
1,58
41,2
16,7
30,7
72,9
9 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
113,6
9,8
16,5
48
1,56
41,5
16,3
30,0
77,4
(background) 7,4 cm and (background)+N
50
7,7 cm and
P
40
K
40
(background) 7,5 sm, in our P
40
K
40
+N
50
variant
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the highest indicator was 8,5 cm, the number of
spikelets in our no-fertilizer variant was 16,1, P
30
K
30
(background) 16,1 and (background)+N
50
18,5 and
P
40
K
40
(background) 17,9, in our P
40
K
40
+N
50
variant the
highest indicator was 18,8 cm,
the number of grains in
our version without fertilizer is 48, R
30
K
30
(background)
48,1 and (background) + N
50
56 and R
40
K
40
(background)
51,5, the highest indicator in our version of R
40
K
40
+ N
50
is 58,3 grains, the grain weight in our version without
fertilizer is 1,2 g, P
30
K
30
(background) 1.3 g and
(background) + N
50
1.4 g and R
40
K
40
(background) 1,3 g,
the highest indicator in our version of R
40
K
40
+ N
50
is 1.5
g, the weight of 1000 grains in our version without
fertilizer is 40.8 g, P
30
K
30
(background) 40,8 g and
(background) + N
50
42,0 g, and P40K40 (background)
41.0 g, in our P
40
K
40
+N
50
variant the highest indicator
was 42,8 g, the yield was 20,1 c/ha, in the control
(without fertilizer) variant the weight of 1000 grains
was 40,8 g, the yield was 16,0 c/ha. In the experiment,
the highest indicator was shown by the 9th variant
P
40
K
40
N
40
, the weight of 1000 grains was 42,4 g, the
yield was 19.7 c/ha (Table 3).
Table 3
The effect of mineral fertilizer rates on the yield indicators of durum wheat variety "Yakut-2014"
(Gallaorol-2022-2024).
№
Options
P
lant
h
eight
, c
m
Key spike indicators
1000 gr
ains
we
ight
, g
P
roduc
ti
vit
y,
ts/
ha
Length
cm
number of
spikes, pcs
number
of
grains,
grains
grain
weight,
g
1
Control (no
fertilizer)
95,8
7,1
16,1
48,0
1,2
40,8
16,0
2 Р
30
К
30
97,1
7,4
16,1
48,1
1,3
40,8
16,0
3 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
100,2
7,6
16,4
48,5
1,3
41,3
16,5
4 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
100,4
7,7
18,5
52,0
1,4
41,5
17,7
5 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
102,4
7,7
18,5
56,0
1,4
42,0
17,9
6 Р
40
К
40
(фон)
101,2
7,5
17,9
51,5
1,3
41,0
16,5
7 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
102,2
8,1
18,6
56,1
1,3
41,3
18,1
8 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
103,0
8,5
18,8
58,3
1,5
42,1
19,3
9 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
106,4
8,9
20,1
60,4
1,7
42,8
20,4
According to the results of the study, the plant height
of the "Mushtarak" variety of barley in our version
without fertilizers is 75.8 cm, the productive cluster is
2.4 grains, the number of grains in one spike is 21.6
grains, the length of the spike is 7.5 cm, the weight of
the main spike 1.8 g, 1000 grain weight 48.8 g, yield
15.1 c/ha, R30K30 (background) plant height 76.8 cm,
productive set 2.5 grains, number of grains per spike
22.0, spike length 8.1 cm, main spike weight 1.8 g, 1000
grain weight 48.8 g, yield 15.7 c/ha, (background)+N30
plant height 78.2 cm, productive set 2.5 grains, number
of grains per spike 22.2 grains, spike length 8.1 cm,
main spike weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain weight 49.3 g, yield
16.6 c/ha, (background)+N40 plant height 78.4 cm,
productive set 2.7 grains, number of grains per spike
23.5 grains, spike length 8.5 cm, main spike weight 2.0
g, 1000 grain weight 49.5 g, yield 18.9 c/ha,
(фон)+N
50
ўсимлик бўйи 78,4 см, маҳсулдор тупланиш 2,7
дона, бир бошоқдаги дон сони 23,5
дона, бошоқ
узунлиги 8,7 см, асосий бошоқ оғирлиги 2,2 г
, 1000
дона дон оғирлиги 50,0
г,
ташкил этди (4
-
жадвал).
Table 4
The effect of mineral fertilizer rates on the yield indicators of the barley variety "Mushtarak" (Gallaorol-
2022-2024).
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American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559)
№
Вариантлар
P
lant
h
eight
, c
m
Key spike indicators
1000 gr
ains
we
ight
, g
P
roduc
ti
vit
y,
ts/
ha
Productive
accumulation,
grain
number of
grains in
one ear, pcs
Spike
length,
cm.
Main
spike
weight,
г
1
Control (no
fertilizer)
75,8
2,4
21,6
7,5
1,8
48,8
15,1
2 Р
30
К
30
76,1
2,5
22,0
8,1
1,8
48,8
15,7
3 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
78,2
2,5
22,2
8,1
1,9
49,3
16,6
4 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
78,4
2,7
23,2
8,5
2,0
49,5
18,9
5 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
78,4
2,7
23,5
8,7
2,2
50,0
20,7
6 Р
40
К
40
(фон)
76,2
2,5
22,0
8,4
1,9
49,0
16,6
7 Р
30
К
30
+N
30
78,2
2,5
22,2
8,5
1,9
49,3
16,6
8 Р
30
К
30
+N
40
78,8
2,7
23,5
8,7
2,2
50,1
20,7
9 Р
30
К
30
+N
50
78,8
2,7
23,5
8,7
2,3
50,3
21,7
Grain yield was analyzed on average 20.7 c/ha, P40K40
(background) plant height 76.2 cm, productive cluster
2.5 grains, number of grains per spike 22.0 grains, spike
length 8.4 cm, basic spike weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain
weight 49.0 g, yield 16.6 c/ha, (background)+N30 plant
height 78.2 cm, productive cluster 2.5 grains, number
of grains per ear 22.2 grains, ear length 8.5 cm, main
ear weight 1.9 g, 1000 grain weight 49.3 g, yield 16.6
c/ha, (background)+N40 plant height 78.8 cm,
productive cluster 2.7 grains, number of grains per ear
23.5 grains, ear length 8.7 cm, main ear weight 2.2 g,
1000 grain weight 50.1 g, yield 20.7 c/ha,
(background)+N50 plant height 78.8 cm, productive
cluster 2.7 pieces, number of grains in one spike 23.5,
spike length 8.7 cm, main spike weight 1.3 g, weight of
1000 grains 50.3 g, yield 21.7 ts/ha.
Conclusion
According to the results of the conducted research, it
was observed that the application of mineral fertilizers
in pure form at the rate of N40P40K40 kg per hectare
to ensure optimal nutrition standards for soft wheat
"Bakhmal-97" variety at different growth phases in the
conditions of typical gray soils of the mountainous
region of the arable land showed high results in
experiments.
It was found in experiments that the application of
mineral fertilizers at the rate of N50P40K40 kg per
hectare in pure form to ensure optimal nutrition and
high yields during the growth phases of durum wheat
"Yakut-2014" and barley "Mushtarak" showed high
results.
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