Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
13
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
13-18
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article explains the essence of the design process and a systematic approach to the task of computer-aided design.
Design tasks are also outlined. The main purpose of the article: to show the essence of the design process, design
principles and the basic design principle - a systematic approach. In this article all the information was translated from
Russian into English by author.
KEYWORDS
Essence of the design process, complex multi-stage process, synthesis procedure, Methodology, computer-aided
design;
INTRODUCTION
Essence of the design process - The essence of the
design process lies in the development of structures
and technological processes for construction, which
must, with minimal cost and maximum efficiency,
perform their prescribed functions under the required
conditions.
The design of any technological object is the creation,
transformation and presentation in the accepted form
of the image of this object that does not yet exist. The
image of an object or its components can be created in
the human imagination as a result of a creative process
or generated in accordance with some algorithms in
the process of interaction between a person and a
computer.
Design includes the development of a technical
proposal and (or) terms of reference (TOR), reflecting
these needs, and the implementation of the TOR in the
form of project documentation.
Research Article
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN CONSTRUCTION
OBJECTS
Submission Date:
July 07, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 12, 2023,
Published Date:
July 17, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume03Issue07-04
Bozarov Farkhod Samadovich
The senior teacher of University of Economics and Pedagogy, Non-governmental educational institution,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
14
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
13-18
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The result of the design, as a rule, is a complete set of
documentation containing sufficient information for
the manufacture of an object in the given conditions.
This documentation is the project, more precisely, the
final description of the object. Therefore, design is a
process that consists in obtaining and converting the
initial description of an object into a final description
based on the implementation of a set of research,
calculation and design works.
Discussion. The design of complex objects is based on
the application of ideas and principles set forth in a
number of theories and approaches. The most general
approach is the systems approach, the ideas of which
permeate various methods of designing complex
systems.
Design is a complex multi-stage process, which can
involve large teams of specialists, entire institutes and
research and production associations, as well as
customer organizations that will operate the
developed equipment.
From the point of view of the content of the tasks to
be solved, the design process is divided into the
following stages:
•
System design, in which design goals are selected
and formulated, the initial data are substantiated
and the principles of system construction are
determined. At the same time, the structure of the
designed object, its constituent parts, which are
usually functionally completed blocks, are formed,
energy and information connections between the
constituent parts are determined. As a result,
private technical specifications for the design of
individual components of the object are formed
and formulated;
•
functional design, aims to implement the
components of the system (complexes, devices,
nodes). At the same time, parameters are
optimized (structural and parametric synthesis is
carried out) in terms of ensuring the best
functioning and efficient production;
•
design, also called technical design, solves the
problems of layout of circuits and placement of
elements and nodes. At the same time, they strive
to optimize the decisions made in terms of
constructive,
technological,
economic
and
operational indicators. At this design stage, the
technical
documentation
necessary
for
manufacturing and operation is developed;
•
technological preparation of production ensures
the development of technological processes for
the manufacture of individual blocks and the entire
system as a whole. At this design stage,
technological documentation is created based on
previous results.
Each stage of design is reduced to the formation of
descriptions of the designed product related to various
hierarchical levels and aspects of its creation and
operation. Design stages consist of individual design
procedures that end with a particular design solution.
Typical design procedures are the analysis and
synthesis of descriptions of various levels and aspects.
The analysis procedure consists in determining the
properties of a given (or selected) description.
Structural analysis can serve as an example of such a
procedure. The analysis allows assessing the degree of
satisfaction of the design solution with the specified
requirements and its suitability.
The synthesis procedure consists in creating a design
solution (description) according to the given
requirements, properties and restrictions. In this case,
in the process of synthesis, the structure of the object
can be created (structural synthesis) or the parameters
of the elements can be determined that provide the
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
13-18
SJIF
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(2021:
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705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
required characteristics (parametric synthesis). The
procedures of analysis and synthesis in the design
process are closely related, since both of them are
aimed at creating an acceptable or optimal design
solution.
A typical design procedure is optimization, which leads
to an optimal (by a certain criterion) design solution.
The optimization procedure consists in repeated
analysis with a target change in the circuit parameters
until a satisfactory approximation to the specified
characteristics. Optimization ensures the creation
(synthesis) of a design solution, but includes a phased
assessment of characteristics (analysis). Design
procedures consist of individual design activities. For
example, in the process of analyzing mathematical
models, one has to solve differential and algebraic
equations and perform operations with matrices. Such
operations may be of a separate nature, but in general
they form a single design procedure.
Design procedures and operations are performed in a
specific sequence called the design route. Design
routes can start from the lower hierarchical levels of
descriptions (bottom-up design) or from the top (top-
down design). There is a deep relationship between all
stages of design. Thus, the definition of the final design
and the development of all technical documentation
often cannot be completed until the technology
development is completed. In the process of designing
and developing technology, it may be necessary to
correct the circuit diagrams, the structure of the
system, and even the initial data. Therefore, the design
process is not only multi-stage, but also repeatedly
corrected as it is completed, i.e., the design is iterative.
In the design process, it is necessary not only to create
an object that will provide the specified functioning,
but also to optimize it for a wide range of functional,
design, technological, operational and economic
indicators. At separate stages, for certain particular
problems, optimization can be carried out on the basis
of the developed formal mathematical methods. Often
at the design stage it was difficult to foresee some of
the requirements arising from the operating
conditions.
The development of design is based on a systematic
approach and improvement of design processes using
mathematical methods and computer technology,
integrated automation of labor-intensive and routine
design work, replacement of prototyping and full-scale
modeling by mathematical modeling, the use of
effective methods of multivariate design and
optimization, as well as improving the quality of design
management.
Methodology of the system approach and analysis to
the problem of designing complex systems: A
systematic approach allows finding the optimal, in a
broad sense, solution to the design problem through a
comprehensive, holistic consideration of both the
designed product and the design process itself, and
can lead to truly creative innovative solutions,
including major inventions and scientific discoveries.
The main means of design automation are computers
and other technical means controlled by them, which
create the necessary basis for the full realization of the
potential of the system approach.
The systems approach is gaining ground in design and
management. The essence of the system approach is
that the object of design or control is considered as a
system, i.e. as a unity of interrelated elements that
form a single whole and act in the interests of realizing
a single goal. The system approach requires
considering each element of the system in interrelation
and interdependence with other elements, revealing
the patterns inherent in this particular system, and
identifying the optimal mode of its functioning. The
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
16
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
13-18
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
systematic approach manifests itself, first of all, in an
attempt to create a holistic picture of the investigated
or managed object. The study or description of
individual elements is not self-sufficient, but is carried
out taking into account the role and place of the
element in the entire system. A methodical means of
implementing a systematic approach to the study,
design or management of a complex process is system
analysis, which is understood as a set of techniques and
methods for studying objects (processes) by
representing them in the form of systems and their
subsequent analysis.
System objects are the parameters of the system under
study: input, process, output, goal, feedback, and
constraints. The action of system objects is understood
as the quality of object parameters. Properties allow
you to describe objects quantitatively, expressing
them in units inherent in them, which have a certain
dimension. If the elements impose mutual restrictions
on the behavior of each other, this indicates that there
is a connection between them. The presence of a
connection between elements and their properties is a
condition for the existence of a system. System
analysis involves a systematic approach to the study of
relationships between elements, between subsystems
and the system.
The process of functioning of a complex system occurs
at many levels. The system is divided into subsystems,
which are the components necessary for the existence
and operation of the system. The central stage of the
system analysis methodology is the definition of goals.
It is important for designers to have a clear idea of
what is required from the future control system, what
results are desired. Therefore, it is necessary to have a
certain set of requirements for the system, i.e. a clearly
defined design goal. Already at the very first phases of
understanding the problem, it is necessary to have an
idea of the goals that are expected to be achieved as a
result of the design of the technological process, as a
result of its management.
The formulation of goals creates the possibility of
choosing the criteria associated with them. In systems
analysis, a criterion is understood as a rule according to
which certain means of achieving a goal are selected.
The criterion in the general case complements the
concept of the goal and helps to determine the
effective way to achieve it. In the case when there is a
clear unambiguous relationship between the goal and
the means of achieving it, the criterion can be specified
in the form of an analytical expression. This situation is
typical, for example, for "simple" design or control
systems, when a criterion given in the form of a
functional allows one to find control actions that
provide a given goal. Therefore, in such situations, the
concepts of goal and criterion are not distinguished. In
complex systems with a high degree of uncertainty,
when the goals are of a qualitative nature and it is not
possible to obtain an analytical expression, it is
necessary to distinguish goals from criteria,
characterizing the means of achieving the goal.
The criterion must meet a number of requirements. It
must, firstly, formulate the main, and not the
secondary, goal of the functioning of the controlled
system, and secondly, it must reflect all the essential
aspects of the system's activity, i.e., be sufficiently
representative. Thirdly, the criterion must be sensitive
to significant changes that occur during the
functioning of the controlled system.
For design and control, it is always desirable to have a
single optimality criterion, which facilitates decision
making and allows solving the optimization problem
mathematically. A systematic approach requires
tracing as many connections as possible - not only
internal, but also external - in order not to miss really
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
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SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.063
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
significant connections and factors and to assess their
impact on the system. When developing production
process control systems in connection with the use of
computers, one inevitably has to consider, first of all,
such issues as improving the management structure,
methods of preparing and making decisions and,
accordingly, the formation of goals and criteria used in
the design process.
An essential place in the concept of a system is
occupied by the principle of integrity, according to
which the relationship and interaction of objects
generates new, systemic properties of an object that
are not inherent in its individual elements. From the
point of view of a systematic approach to design
automation, the design process is a multilayer
hierarchical procedure with optimization of solutions
in each layer. The principle of hierarchy in design and
management, as well as the principle of integrity,
necessitates the construction of a system of criteria,
when particular criteria intended for solving problems
of the lower level of management (subsystem)
logically coincide with the criteria used at a higher
hierarchical level.
In the process of design and control, output quantities
are compared, i.e. the result of the functioning of the
system, with a criterion. Consequently, the criterion in
a controlled system is a sign by which the most
effective way to achieve the goal is chosen. It is the
value that needs to be maximized or minimized when
managing the system in accordance with the purpose
of its activity. Thus, the system is a rather complex
object that can be divided into constituent elements or
subsystems. Elements are informationally connected
with each other and with the environment surrounding
the object. The set of connections forms the structure
of the system. The system has a functioning algorithm
aimed at achieving a specific goal.
System approach to the task of computer-aided
design: A systematic approach to computer-aided
design tasks requires the implementation of joint
design of an object or process (CAD) and an automated
control system for this process (APCS). In this regard,
in recent years, we are no longer talking about solving
individual problems, but about the joint design of these
two processes.
The traditional separate consideration of the tasks of
designing and manufacturing products no longer
satisfies the needs of today, since it cannot guarantee
either a high quality of design or an appropriate level
of organization of production processes that ensure
their implementation.
However, it is in the design process that a significant
part of the information used to organize production is
generated. A new concept has appeared: an
automated technological complex (ATC). Jointly
functioning CAD systems and the process control
system that controls them constitute an automated
technological complex (ATC).
Stages of designing complex systems - Consider the
main stages of design from the standpoint of
information processing technology. Traditionally, the
design of complex technical systems is divided into the
following stages or stages of development:
•
terms of reference for the projected object;
•
research work;
•
preliminary design;
•
technical project;
•
working draft;
•
manufacturing technology and testing of the
designed object (prototype or batch), making
corrections (if necessary).
CONCLUSION
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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Pages:
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SJIF
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(2021:
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(2022:
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In summary, the use of computer technology in
construction has broad prospects, given the volume of
construction, information flows, and the variety of
participants in this process. The deployment of
computer technology is one of the effective ways to
overcome the problems of using solutions on
construction sites.
Automation of a construction company leads to an
increase in business efficiency, its competitiveness,
and strategic coordination of all aspects of the
business. It also contributes to business optimization,
including the integration of business, human resource
and information technology management capabilities
to improve overall performance.
Considering the advantages provided by the
introduction of computer technology, an increasing
number of construction companies seek to automate
not only the accounting of business operations, design,
but also the management of business processes. In
response to the increasing demand from consumers,
the number of various software products offered by
various development companies is also increasing. In
addition, the emergence of new Western systems and
the further development of domestic developments
make the computer technology market more
saturated.
Some analysts predict a peak in interest in
computerized enterprise management systems in the
near future. Many of these software products have
similar characteristics, which in turn raises the question
of choosing the most appropriate corporate
information system for the enterprise.
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