Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
38
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The work studied the antibacterial activity of a flavonoid extract isolated from the medicinal plant Physalis alkekengi
against conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria, in particular, Proteus mirabilis 9, Escherichia coli NC 101,
Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis. The immunostimulating effect of the plant flavonoid extract in the
lymphoid organs of immunized animals was also studied in vivo.
KEYWORDS
Extract, flavonoid, antibacterial activity, immunostimulating effect.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, most of the medicinal products used in
medical practice for the treatment of various diseases
are of synthetic origin, and these drugs often have side
effects. In this regard, special attention is being paid to
medicinal plants, with flavonoid-containing plants, in
particular their extracts, being considered more
promising. Due to their higher biological activity,
flavonoids are powerful antioxidants, estrogenic
regulators, and antimicrobial agents. The extract of the
medicinal plant Physalis alkekengi contains a large
number of various biologically active compounds
—
alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins
—
and also
has antibacterial and immunostimulating properties.
As a result, it is widely used in medicine,
pharmaceuticals, the food industry, and agriculture.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the
number of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics,
which creates additional difficulties in treating many
diseases [1]. Several approaches to solving this
Research Article
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE FLAVONOID EXTRACT FROM
THE PLANT PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI
Submission Date:
Sep 20, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Sep 25, 2024,
Published Date:
Sep 30, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume04Issue09-07
Kadirova Zuhra Abrarovna
PhD, Associate Professor at the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
39
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
problem include the development of new drugs or the
modification of existing ones, providing only
temporary relief. Promising strategies involve the
creation of adjuvants aimed at suppressing bacterial
resistance mechanisms or agents that can enhance the
human div’s resistance to bacterial infections.
Finding natural products with the necessary properties
plays a crucial role in advancing these fields. Plant
materials rich in polyphenolic compounds have been
used to treat bacterial diseases for centuries. Some of
them have the ability to reduce the virulence of
pathogenic strains or boost the div's defenses [2].
Substances that inhibit bacterial growth at
concentrations below 10 µg/mL are of great interest to
pharmacology [3].
Research Objects
: The flavonoid extract of the plant
Physalis alkekengi. The indicator strains used were
Escherichia coli 002673/477, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
003841/114, Proteus mirabilis 9, Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis VKM, Listeria monocytogenes, and
Candida albicans.
METHODS
The antimicrobial activity of plant flavonoids against
opportunistic microorganisms was determined using
the agar diffusion method.
Melted MPA (meat-peptone agar) (Hi-media, India)
nutrient medium was poured into Petri dishes. To
prepare the inoculum, a method of direct suspension
in sterile isotonic solution of colonies from a pure 18
–
24-hour culture of the test microorganism, grown on
solid non-selective nutrient medium, was used. The
bacterial suspension was adjusted to a turbidity of 0.5
according to the McFarland standard, corresponding
to approximately 1-2x10^8 CFU/mL (for Escherichia
coli) by adding microbial mass to the suspension or
diluting it with sterile isotonic solution.
Inoculation of MPA Plates
The bacterial suspension was inoculated onto the MPA
medium using a sterile cotton swab, and sterile
cylinder-punches were used to create wells with a
diameter of 6 mm, evenly spaced from each other and
the edge of the plate. Into the wells of each plate, 100
μL of an aqueous solution of the test flavonoid extracts
derived from the plant were added. The test sample
solutions were prepared by diluting the substances in
distilled water at concentrations of 100, 75, 50, and 25
mg/mL.
RESULTS
After adding the solutions into the wells, the plates
were kept at +4°C for 1-2 hours. They were then
incubated at (36 ± 1) °C for 16-18 hours. The diameters
of the growth inhibition zones of the test
microorganisms were measured using a ruler (Figure
1).
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
40
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Figure 1. Antimicrobial activity of substances against opportunistic microorganisms
Two of the six tested strains exhibited sensitivity to the
action of the flavonoid extract. The flavonoid extract
did not show any inhibitory effect against Candida
albicans.
The flavonoid extract had a detrimental effect on the
growth of the following test microorganisms: Bacillus
subtilis VKM (with a growth inhibition zone diameter of
32
mm),
Listeria
monocytogenes
(18
mm),
Staphylococcus aureus (13 mm), and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 003841/114 (12 mm). Proteus mirabilis 9 and
Escherichia coli NC 101 were the most sensitive to the
action of the flavonoid extract, with inhibition zone
diameters of 32 mm and 27 mm, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1
Antimicrobial activity of the flavonoid extract from the plant Physalis alkekengi
against opportunistic microorganisms, in mm diameter
№
Test Microorganisms
Flavonoid Extract
100 mg/ml
75 mg/ml
50 mg/ml
25 mg/ml
1
Listeria
monocytogenes
18
16
14
12
2
Bacillus subtilis
ВКМ
32
29
27
24
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
41
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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3
Escherichia coli
NC 101
26
24
22
19
4
Proteus mirabilis 9
32
30
28
26
In further work, the minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of the flavonoid extract against these test
microorganisms was determined (Table 2). At
concentrations of 100, 75, 50, and 25 mg/mL, the
inhibition zone diameters for Listeria monocytogenes
were 18, 16, 14, and 12 mm, respectively. The inhibition
zone diameters for Bacillus subtilis VKM decreased
with decreasing flavonoid extract concentration,
measuring 32, 29, 27, and 24 mm, respectively. The
antimicrobial activity of the flavonoid extract against
Proteus mirabilis 9 and Escherichia coli NC 101 exhibited
a dose-dependent pattern, with inhibition zone
diameters of 32, 30, 28, and 26 mm for Proteus mirabilis
9 and 26, 24, 22, and 19 mm for Escherichia coli NC 101,
respectively.
Table 2
Minimum inhibitory concentration of the flavonoid extract from the plant Physalis
alkekengi against opportunistic microorganisms, in mm diameter
№
F
lavonoi
d S
u
bstan
ce
E
sc
h
erichi
a c
oli
NC 101
Pse
u
domon
as
аe
ru
gin
osa
003841/114
Proteus
mi
rabi
li
s 9
S
taph
ylococ
cu
s
au
re
u
s
B
ac
il
lu
s su
bti
li
s
В
КМ
C
an
dida
albi
can
s
List
eria
mon
oc
ytogenes
1
Flavonoid
Extract
27
12
32
13
32
0
18
Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that
the studied flavonoid extract from the plant Physalis
alkekengi possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial
activity
against
the
tested
opportunistic
microorganisms. The flavonoid extract effectively
inhibited the growth of Proteus mirabilis 9, Escherichia
coli NC 101, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus
subtilis VKM. The antimicrobial effect was dose-
dependent. Consequently, the flavonoid extract from
Physalis alkekengi could serve as the basis for the
development of antimicrobial agents.
Currently, immunoactive drugs are obtained from
various sources, including synthetic pathways. The
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
42
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
development of new, highly effective, non-toxic, and
safe immunomodulatory drugs based on local raw
materials
is
a
pressing
task
in
modern
immunobiotechnology and immunology. Therefore,
the search for and creation of new immunomodulatory
drugs with immunological activity remains a relevant
problem. According to literature data, the study of
biologically active substances, particularly flavonoids
derived from the medicinal plant Physalis alkekengi, is
promising in this regard [4,5]. This is due to the fact
that flavonoids exhibit high activity in protein synthesis
and have pronounced anabolic properties. They reduce
fat deposits, help lower blood glucose levels without
affecting
insulin
levels,
and
also
possess
immunostimulatory effects [7,8]. As a result, flavonoid-
containing drugs are widely used in various fields of
science, such as medicine and pharmaceuticals,
especially in cases of cardiovascular and nervous
system disorders and immune system deficiencies
[6,7].
Given the biomedical significance of this class of
compounds, current studies focus on the properties
and functions of flavonoids [3]. In this study, the effect
of the Physalis alkekengi flavonoid extract on the
increase in the number of immunocompetent cells in
the lymphoid organs of animals was investigated. The
results are presented in Table 3. As seen from the data,
the control group registered 36.8±2.0 × 10^6 cells in the
thymus. The flavonoid extract significantly increased
the total number of cells in the thymus of immunized
mice, with an increase of 1.77 times (65.2±2.1 × 10^6
cells).
Regarding the effect of the Physalis alkekengi
flavonoid extract on the second central organ of the
immune system
—
the bone marrow
—
similar results
were obtained as with the thymus. The studied plant
extract significantly increased the total number of cells
in the bone marrow, with an increase of 1.89 times
(Table 3).
Table 3.
The effect of the plant extract on the number of cells in the central and peripheral immune
organs in mice (M±m, n=6)
№
Group
Dose of
substrate
Cells of
thymus
10
6
IC
Cells of bone
marrow
10
6
IC
Cells of lymph
nodes
10
6
IC
1.
Control
-
36,8
2,0
-
11,0
0,5
-
20,5
0,8
-
2. Preparate
Physalis
alkekengi
1,0 мг/г
65,2
2,1*
+1,77
20,8
0,5*
+1,89
29,2
1,1*
+1,42
Note:IS - Index of comparison to the control, Statistically significant compared to the control
Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
43
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
09
Pages:
38-43
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Further studies investigated the effect of the flavonoid
extract on the state of the peripheral organs of the
immune system. In the control group, the number of
cells in the lymph nodes was 20.5±0.8 × 10^6. The
flavonoid extract derived from Physalis alkekengi
significantly increased the number of cells in the lymph
nodes by 1.42 times.
Thus, it can be concluded that the studied flavonoid
extract from Physalis alkekengi possesses a broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the tested
opportunistic microorganisms. The flavonoid extract
effectively inhibited the growth of Proteus mirabilis 9,
Escherichia coli NC 101, Listeria monocytogenes, and
Bacillus subtilis VKM, with the antimicrobial effect
being dose-dependent. Therefore, the flavonoid
extract from Physalis alkekengi could serve as a basis
for the development of antimicrobial agents.
In addition, the flavonoid extract derived from Physalis
alkekengi exhibits a higher immunostimulatory effect.
The plant extract significantly increased the number of
immunocompetent cells in the lymphoid organs of
animals: in the thymus by 1.77 times, in the bone
marrow by 1.89 times, and in the lymph nodes by 1.42
times.
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