Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
28
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
For the first time in scientific research, effective compositions of copolymers based on environmentally friendly
aminopolysaccharide chitosan and acrylic acid and styrene were developed and scientifically based. The scientific
significance of the research results was explained by the fact that a copolymer was obtained from acrylic and styrene.
KEYWORDS
Cetane, biodiesel, thickening agents, filter, depressant, aminopolysaccharide, chitosan, morpholine.
INTRODUCTION
The global demand for middle distillates, including
diesel fuels (DF), is growing at a rapid pace.
Requirements for fuel characteristics are also changing
rapidly and are constantly becoming more stringent.
The criteria for assessing the quality of high-grade
diesel fuels include the following indicators: sulfur
content, PAHs, cetane number, density, fractional
composition.
Diesel engines emit exhaust gases, which has an
adverse effect on the environment. Exhaust gases
have a negative impact on human health. According to
statistics, 8% of mortality is due to unfavorable
environmental conditions caused by air pollution [1].
To improve the environmental and operational
properties of diesel fuel through the use of biofuel as
an additive, it is important in practice. Biodiesel fuel can
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPRESSOR ADDITIVE BASED ON
BIODEGRADABLE CHITOSAN FOR DIESEL FUEL
Submission Date:
October 30, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 04, 2024,
Published Date:
November 09, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume04Issue11-05
Saidov J.E.
Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan
Ikhtiyarova G.A.
Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
29
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
also be obtained from various vegetable oils through
the transesterification reaction [2]. Plant raw materials
for production can be: sunflower, camelina, rapeseed,
corn, microalgae. However, the production and
consumption of biodiesel from vegetable oils such as
sunflower and corn competes with food production.
Currently, the most promising direction is the use of
chitosan synthesized from dead bees Apis Mellifera,
which is a biodegradable polymer and its energy
characteristics are superior to other raw bioresources
[2, 3]. However, diesel fuels are used in a fairly wide
ambient temperature range.
As a rule, the use of fuels at positive temperatures does
not cause any difficulties. At temperatures below 0°C,
difficulties arise due to impaired pumpability of diesel
fuel due to its thickening.
In this regard, special attention is paid to the low-
temperature properties of diesel fuel, which include
the following indicators: cloud point, filterability limit
temperature and pour point.
Depressant additives are fundamentally aimed at
lowering the pour point of diesel fuels, while the cloud
point - an indicator that has long been considered the
determining criterion for the suitability of fuels for use
in winter - remains virtually unchanged.
In the 1960s, based on numerous performance tests
and accumulated experience, it was shown that diesel
fuel can be used in engines at temperatures below the
cloud point. This circumstance served as the basis for
the start of work in the field of synthesis and research
of depressant additives for fuels.
The low-temperature characteristics of diesel fuel are
determined by their hydrocarbon composition, and
primarily by the content of normal paraffins, which
have high melting points and are capable of
crystallizing from the fuel when the ambient
temperature drops and precipitating, thereby
disrupting the operation of the fuel filter.
However, diesel fuels are used in a fairly wide ambient
temperature range.
Antibacterial additives for diesel fuel - used to destroy
bacteria and microalgae that form in fuel during long-
term storage in the tank and prevent their
development. Antibacterial fuel additives do not
change the chemical properties of the fuel.
Anti-wear additives - compensate for the low sulfur
content in fuel, increase its lubricating properties and
increase engine service life.
Cetane boosting additives improve engine starting,
increase engine efficiency and increase the cetane
number in diesel fuel. Especially useful in winter. When
choosing a cetane booster, you need to know whether
it is suitable for the diesel fuel you are using.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
30
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Depressants are used to lower the cloud point and
pour point of diesel fuel. Typically used in climatic
conditions where temperatures drop to -20-40 °C.
Dispersants - used to prevent the formation of layers in
the fuel tank, when light liquid collects at the top and
paraffin accumulates at the bottom. Dispersants help
convert paraffin into small crystals that are evenly
distributed in the fuel throughout the tank, which
makes the fuel operate uninterrupted.
Detergent additives are designed to prevent clogging
of the engine and remove various deposits from it
(carbon deposits, varnish and resinous substances),
which worsen the process of fuel combustion and
increase the toxicity of exhaust gases.
Multipurpose additives
–
combine the properties of
various types of fuel additives.
As a rule, the use of fuels at positive temperatures does
not cause any difficulties. At temperatures below 0°C,
difficulties arise due to impaired pumpability of diesel
fuel due to its thickening.
In this regard, special attention is paid to the low-
temperature properties of diesel fuel, which include
the following indicators: cloud point, filterability limit
temperature and pour point.
Drawing. Various imported depressant additives for diesel fuels
Depressant additives are fundamentally aimed at
lowering the pour point of diesel fuels, while the cloud
point - an indicator that has long been considered the
determining criterion for the suitability of fuels for use
in winter - remains virtually unchanged. In the 1960s,
based on numerous performance tests and
accumulated experience, it was shown that diesel fuel
can be used in engines at temperatures below the
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
31
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
cloud point. This circumstance served as the basis for
starting work in the field of synthesis and research of
depressant additives for fuels.
The low-temperature characteristics of diesel fuel are
determined by their hydrocarbon composition, and
primarily by the content of normal paraffins, which
have high melting points and are capable of
crystallizing from the fuel when the ambient
temperature drops and precipitating, thereby
disrupting the operation of the fuel filter.
Improving the low-temperature properties of biodiesel
fuels can be achieved by two different methods:
the first is associated with reducing the content of
normal paraffins in fuel using various catalytic
hydrogenation processes (catalytic hydrodewaxing,
catalytic hydroisomerization, etc.). The second is based
on the use of depressant additives.
Most refineries do not have sufficient production
capacity, so the most relevant way to produce winter
and Arctic grades of diesel fuel is the use of depressant
additives.
Thus,
correctly
selected
compositions
in
a
concentration of 0.02-0.05% wt. are able to reduce the
pour point and PTF of diesel fuels by 20-30°C.
The mechanism of action of depressants is not fully
understood. According to one of the main hypotheses,
depressant molecules are sorbed on the surface of
paraffin crystals and inhibit the growth and adhesion
of paraffin molecules, thereby preventing the
formation of deposits.
There are three main types of compounds on the basis
of which the main effective depressants are obtained:
ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), polymethyl
methacrylates (PMAs) and olefin copolymers.
Copolymerization of methacrylic acid and styrene with
basic vinyl monomers, as well as copolymers based on
them, are produced on an industrial scale and are
widely used in various fields of the national economy is
an urgent problem [1-4]. They find application as
thickeners, cutting fluids in metalworking, foam
plastics,
paint
coatings,
medicines,
viscosity,
depressant additives, etc. [5-6].
It is well known that compounds containing the
morpholine group have a wide range of different
properties and can be used in pharmaceuticals,
medicine, agriculture, the oil and gas industry, etc.
Based on this, the synthesis of new morpholine-
containing copolymers based on methacrylic acid with
N-morpholine-3-chloroisopropylacrylate
is
of
theoretical and practical interest.
The purpose of this work is to study the process of
copolymerization
of
N-morpholine-3-chloro-
isopropylacrylate
with
methacrylic
acid
(MCHIPA:MAA) and to study the influence of the
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
32
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
nature of this copolymer on the low-temperature
properties of diesel fuel (Table 1).
Table 1
The influence of the nature of synthesized copolymers on the low-temperature properties of
diesel fuel intended for diesel engines, summer
Concentra
tion of
additive,%
Cloud point,
о
С
Pour point,
о
С
Filterability limit
temperatur,
о
С
MHIPA·MAK
30:70 50:50 70:30 30:70 50:50 70:30 30:70 50:50 70:30
0,05
-4
-5
-6
-12
-13
-15
-6
-8
-10
0,1
-5
-6
-7
-14
-16
-17
-7
-10
-11
0,2
-6
-7
-8
-15
-17
-19
-10
-11
-15
0,3
-7
-9
-10
-18
-19
-22
-10
-10
-14
0,4
-6
-8
-8
-18
-18
-20
-8
-9
-13
At the same time, samples of the MHIPA·MAA
copolymer containing 30 wt.% MAA in the initial
mixture, which made it possible to reduce the cloud
point to -12 °C, have the best low-temperature
properties.
We are conducting research on the creation of
depressant additives based on bioside based on
aminopolysaccharide-chitosan (CH) from dead bees.
The synthesis of chitosan from dead bees is carried out
at the Department of General Chemistry of TSTU. Next,
we developed a composite biodiesel fuel for use as a
depressant with the above-mentioned synthetic
acrylate copolymer [7].
Diesel fuel containing the copolymer MHIPA MAK and
chitosan was subjected to full analysis in accordance
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
33
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with the requirements of the current standard for
diesel fuel (Table 2).
The density of diesel and biodiesel fuels was
determined using hydrometers. The determination of
kinematic viscosity consisted of measuring the flow
time of a certain volume of the test liquid under the
influence of gravity at a constant temperature (Table
2). Table 2 shows the physicochemical characteristics
of diesel and biodiesel fuels obtained by us.
Table 2
Physico-chemical characteristics of diesel fuels
№
Indicator
Diesel fuel
Biodiesel fuel
1. Density at 20°C, kg/m
860
875
2. Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, mm2/s
2,5
4,1
3. Coking ability of 10% residue, %
0,3
0,3
4. Cetane number
48
56
5. Sulfated ash content, % (wt.)
0,01
0,01
6. Water content, mg/kg
200
320
7
Sulfur content, mg/kg
400
less than 10
8
Flash point, °C
50
110
As can be seen from Tables 2 and 3, the kinematic
viscosity of biodiesel fuel is much higher, and the sulfur
content in diesel fuel is 400 mg/kg, and in our biodiesel,
it is less than 10 mg/kg. This shows a high appreciation
of the quality of high-grade diesel fuels. Thus, the use
of biodiesel fuel from biodegradable polymers such as
chitosan will reduce toxic emissions of exhaust gases
and improve the performance properties of the fuel.
REFERENCES
1.
Vasiliev G.G. Efficiency of depressant-dispersant
additives in the composition of environmentally
friendly diesel fuel / G.G. Vasiliev, I.G. Nakipova,
M.M. Lobashova // Modern diesel fuels: collection.
seminar
reports.
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Perm:
LLC
LUKOIL-
Permnefteorgsintez, 2008. -S. 36-47.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
34
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
11
Pages:
28-34
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
2.
Meshcheryakova Yu.V., Nagornov S.A. Production
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J.E. Saidov, U.K. Urinov Synthesis of azeotropic
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chloroisopropylacrylate // Тechnical science and
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Ikhtiyarova G.A., Saidov J.E. Analysis of depressor
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«Industrial
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