American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
39
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 05 2025
PAGE NO.
39-42
10.37547/ajast/Volume05Issue05-09
Effect of Siderate Crops on Soil Volume and Porosity
Bakhrom Kholboev
Gulistan State University, Associate Professor of the Department of Agro-Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Norboy Japakov
Gulistan State University, Associate Professor of the Department of Agro-Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Uzbekistan
Kamoliddin Fayziev
Gulistan State University, Associate Professor of the Department of Agro-Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Uzbekistan
Nasiba Esanbaeva
Gulistan State University, Teacher of the department of agro-soil science and land reclamation, Uzbekistan
Muslim Alibekov
Gulistan State University, Teacher of the department of agro-soil science and land reclamation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Received:
16 March 2025;
Accepted:
12 April 2025;
Published:
14 May 2025
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the current issues of increasing soil fertility. All over the world, measures are
being developed to effectively use green manures, increase plant biomass, and increase the demand for soil fertility.
Green manures are of great importance in enriching the soil with organic matter and thereby improving the physical
properties of the soil. These crops improve the physical properties of the soil, increase soil porosity, and as a result,
reduce the bulk density of the soil.
Keywords:
Siderate crops, soil volume mass, mineralization, vetch, radish, oats, biomass, nutrients.
Introduction:
The decline in soil fertility on a global scale is
associated with the intensification of mineralization
and erosion processes, as well as the loss of biomass.
Using soil fertility to return part of the biomass
generated during the process of collecting solar
energy to the biological cycle is a way to implement
one of the basic laws of sustainable and efficient
functioning of agroecosystems, preservation and
increase of organic matter, and improvement of
biological status.
Plant residues perform many important ecosystem
functions: they are a trophic and energy source for
soil
biota,
especially
microorganisms
and
earthworms, provide additional nutrients and carbon
to the biological cycle, improve soil, water and air
quality, increase productivity and agronomic
profitability; and reduces the risk of erosion and
nutrient loss.
Measures are being developed around the world to
effectively use green manures, increase plant
biomass, and increase the demand for soil fertility.
General physical, water-physical properties of
irrigated soils are important in increasing soil fertility.
Movement of soil moisture and utilization of
nutrients depends on physical and water-physical
properties.
One of the main limiting factors in ensuring a high
yield of crops is the unfavorable agrophysical
properties of agricultural soils. One of the favorable
conditions for improving soil agrophysical properties
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
40
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
is improving soil biomass.
The specific gravity of soils is a relatively stable unit
that can vary depending on the chemical and
mineralogical composition of the soil, and its humus
content.
According to Komilov [2], before irrigation in the
Central Massif of Mirzachul, the groundwater level
was at a depth of 15-20 m, and the mineralization
level was 10-20 g/l. As a result of the start of
irrigation, the average groundwater level rose by
more than 2 m per year. As a result, groundwater is
located at a critical depth above the surface. One of
the reasons for soil salinization in Mirzachul was
considered to be the rise of mineralized groundwater.
In the main irrigated grassland soils of the region, the
relative density varies between 2.60-2.73 g/cm3 for
all geomorphological regions, regardless of the
irrigation frequency. The almost closeness of the
relative density in irrigated soils is due not only to the
similarity of the geomorphological regions, but also to
the fact that they all formed on loess deposits, and its
increase or decrease may be a result of the
development of irrigation works and land reclamation
measures.
It should also be noted that even though soils have
the same mechanical composition, they may differ
slightly in terms of mineralogical composition. L.
Tursunov [3 ] explained this difference in the
following way: he gave a scientific justification for the
accumulation of large dispersed particles in old
irrigated soils and in the middle layer of heavy
minerals, magnetite, limonite, hematite, garnet,
epidote with a specific mass above -2.9 g/cm3.
A. Akhmedov [4] as a land reclamation soil scientist
carried out a large-scale scientific research in
Uzbekistan, including in the Mirzachul region. As a
result of his research, the author provided extensive
scientific information on the factors causing
salinization of the soils of this region, the level of
seepage waters, and the degree of their
mineralization. Also, as a result of his scientific
research, a classification of irrigated soils by the
degree of salinity was developed.
In newly irrigated grassland soils, the specific gravity
is somewhat lower, 2.52-2.61 g/cm3, which indicates
that the irrigation period began somewhat later.
Since in most irrigated soils, the specific gravity is
lower in the upper layers than in the lower layers, this
may be due to the transition of soils from one type or
group to another.
N.I. Zimina [1 ] states that the bulk density of light
gray soils is not very high. However, during the
development process, it was observed that the bulk
density of these soils increases as the conditions for
soil formation change.
In order to eliminate the compaction of the subsoil
and lower layers of irrigated grassland soils under the
influence of irrigation and agrotechnical measures,
we believe that it is advisable to first loosen the land
as deeply as possible and plant perennial grasses and
legumes.
Planting of siderate crops is one of the best ways to
improve soil fertility, but it is not very widespread.
Green manures are important in enriching the soil
with organic matter and thereby improving the
physical properties of the soil. When studying the soil
bulk density in the experimental variants before
planting and after green manure, we can see that the
bulk density of the experimental plot was on average
1.36-1.41 g/cm3, and after planting green manure,
the soil bulk density changed to 1.26-1.33 g/cm3.
Among the experimental variants, the best bulk
density difference can be seen in the variant with a
root crop of 0.11% (Table 1).
Table 1
Changes in soil volume weight under the influence of siderates
(2023-2024 years)
№
Experience options
Layer
depth, cm
Volume weight, g/cm
3
Before
planting
After
siderates
Difference
(±)
1
Without control-siderate
0-30
1,32
30-50
1,41
2
Rapeseed
0-30
1,36
1,28
0,08
30-50
1,39
1,31
0,08
3
Vetch
0-30
1,38
1,29
0,09
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
41
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
30-50
1,41
1,31
0,10
4
Radish
0-30
1,37
1,26
0,11
30-50
1,39
1,28
0,11
5
Oats
0-30
1,38
1,31
0,07
30-50
1,39
1,33
0,06
Siderate crops also affect the physical and physical-
mechanical properties of the soil. The physical
properties of the soil improve, the porosity of the soil
increases, as a result, the volume mass of the soil
decreases. In the experiment, we can see that the soil
porosity in the 0-30 cm layer of the fields where
siderat was planted was 49.26-51.41%, and after
planting siderat crops, the porosity increased to
52.36-54.67% in the fields of the experimental
options (Table 2).
In conclusion, it can be said that siderate crops such
as rapeseed, vetch, radish, oat planted in the
experimental options have a positive effect on several
properties of the soil. It can be seen that the highest
soil biomass was accumulated in rapeseed, an
average of 16.9 t/ha, which also had a positive effect
on soil bulk density and soil porosity, improving the
physical properties of the soil. The best index of soil
density was observed in radish plant, which was 1.37
g/cm3 in khaydov layer before planting, and 1.26
g/cm3 after siderates. The difference in the change of
soil porosity under the effect of siderates is around
2.15-4.07%, and the best porosity is 3.99-4.07%
observed in siderate of radish plant.
Table 2
Changes in soil porosity under the influence of siderates
(2023-2024 years)
Т/р Experience options
Layer
depth, cm
General porosity, %
Before
planting
After
siderates
Difference
(±)
1
Without control-
siderate
0-30
47,4
30-50
45,6
2
Rapeseed
0-30
49,82
52,77
2,95
30-50
50,71
53,55
2,84
3
Vetch
0-30
51,41
54,58
3,17
30-50
51,21
54,67
3,46
4
Radish
0-30
49,26
53,33
4,07
30-50
49,64
53,62
3,99
5
Oats
0-30
49,82
52,36
2,55
30-50
50,18
52,33
2,15
In general, the use of siderate crops as green manure
improves the general physical properties of the soil,
reduces soil salinity, their roots serve as drainage,
reduces the amount of tillage, weeds, diseases and
insects, softens the soil, prevents erosion and
increases the fertility of the land with other positive
properties.
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