Vol. 5 No. 05 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 05

Random number generation (RNG) plays a foundational role in security, cryptography, and system design. Operating systems today implement complex mechanisms for generating random numbers securely. This survey paper presents an overview of RNG techniques used in major operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. We examine entropy sources, deterministic random bit generators (DRBGs), system APIs, and quality testing mechanisms. The survey highlights key differences between OS-level RNG designs and emphasizes best practices, challenges, and potential vulnerabilities. This work aims to serve as a reference for students, developers, and security professionals seeking a comparative understanding of secure randomness in computing environments.

This article examines the strategic role of budgeting within the financial planning system of an enterprise. Budgeting is explored not only as a tool for resource allocation and cost control but also as an integral component of long-term and short-term financial planning. The study highlights how budgeting contributes to the formulation and achievement of financial objectives, supports managerial decision-making, and reinforces financial discipline. Emphasis is placed on the differentiation between strategic and operational financial plans and the practical challenges associated with budgeting implementation. The analysis also considers the variability of budgeting practices across enterprises based on their financial goals and organizational structures. The findings underscore the importance of aligning departmental budgets with overarching corporate strategies to enhance financial stability and sustainable growth.

This article analyzes the importance and advantages of automating the process of renting bridal dresses. It discusses how automated systems can simplify business processes, provide customer convenience, and increase efficiency. The article explores technological solutions for automation, opportunities provided to users, and advanced practices in this field.

The article examines the importance of integrating green architecture in the design of university campuses as a key direction for the sustainable development of educational institutions. The basic principles and technologies of energy conservation, rational use of water resources, formation of green zones and support of sustainable transport are described. Special attention is paid to the role of such solutions in creating a comfortable and environmentally friendly learning environment, as well as in shaping students' environmental responsibility and innovative thinking. The advantages of introducing green technologies for the university and society as a whole are presented, emphasizing the importance of green architecture as an element of the modern educational space.

This article explores the key requirements for designing school backpacks for students attending educational institutions in Uzbekistan. It highlights essential ergonomic, hygienic, aesthetic, safety, and psychological considerations. Furthermore, it examines modern examples of backpack designs based on technological advancements, analyzes international practices, and discusses how they can be adapted to the needs of Uzbek students. In addition, research conducted by the author to determine the proportion between school backpack weight and student body weight in schools has also been highlighted. The article serves as a practical guide for manufacturers, designers, and educators involved in the design of school equipment.

Video frame errors caused by data corruption, compression artifacts, or transmission noise can severely impact visual quality and automated analysis. This paper presents a lightweight and interpretable algorithm for detecting such errors using color histogram analysis. The method constructs and normalizes histograms across RGB channels, identifies the frequency of color oscillations, and classifies frames as normal or erroneous based on a minimal oscillation threshold. Experimental evaluations confirm that the approach is efficient, suitable for real-time applications, and effective in detecting visually corrupted frames.

Problem Statement: In the era of modern digital technologies, image processing is a critical field. Extracting information, detecting objects, and accurately classifying them from noisy or low-quality images hold significant importance. These methods are widely applied in medical diagnostics, industrial quality control, security systems, and remote sensing.

Methodology: This study analyzes three methods based on geometric and invariant features—Hough Transform, Fourier Descriptors, and Zernike Moments—and compares their effectiveness in recognizing shapes in noisy binary images. The experiments were conducted using Python, OpenCV, and Mahotas libraries.

Key Findings: The Hough Transform demonstrated high speed and robustness in detecting traditional geometric shapes.

Fourier Descriptors effectively described shapes based on contours, ensuring invariance to rotation and scaling.

Zernike Moments proved to be the most effective for high-precision recognition but were the most computationally complex method.

General Conclusion: To enhance recognition accuracy, integrating the strengths of each method and combining them with deep learning neural networks represents a promising modern approach.

This paper examines the impact of cloud cover on the efficiency of solar panels. Cloudiness significantly reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the panels, directly affecting their electricity generation. The study analyzes different types of clouds, their density, altitude, and duration, as well as seasonal cloud patterns in various climatic conditions. Special attention is paid to the dynamic changes in cloud cover throughout the day, as sudden fluctuations in sunlight can cause instability in photovoltaic systems. Methods for accounting for cloudiness in solar power generation modeling are discussed, including the use of satellite monitoring data and local meteorological stations. The paper also explores the application of intelligent forecasting systems based on artificial intelligence and machine learning, which can improve the accuracy of solar potential assessments under variable cloud conditions. The findings of this study can be useful for the design and operation of solar power plants in regions with frequent or unpredictable cloud cover.Using the Solarmeter device, we measured solar insolation in the city of Almalyk under light and dense cloud cover. The obtained values were used in the Matlab Simulink program to model the station and determine the possible power output.

The currently available scientific, technical, and patent literature contains a sufficient amount of general information on coordination compounds of biometals with various derivatives of triazole. However, this information is fragmented, and the complexation reactions have not been systematically studied. The present work is a scientific study focused on the systematic investigation of the structure and properties of previously unknown coordination compounds of Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) chlorides with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.

The tourism industry has undergone a profound transformation due to rapid advances in digital technologies. This article explores the multifaceted impact of these technologies—from online booking platforms and mobile applications to virtual and augmented reality, big data analytics, and blockchain. Drawing on current statistics, real-world examples, and industry trends, the study highlights how digital innovations have revolutionized travel planning, enhanced customer engagement, and increased operational efficiency. It also examines the growing influence of social media and artificial intelligence in shaping traveler behavior and business strategies. The findings suggest that continued adoption of emerging technologies will further personalize, simplify, and secure the travel experience, while also presenting new opportunities and challenges for tourism stakeholders. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for the industry to adapt to evolving consumer expectations through innovation, integration, and a focus on digital sustainability.

Random number generation is a fundamental aspect of computer science, cryptography, simulations, and statistical sampling. This paper explores the definitions, classifications, and implementations of random and pseudo-random number generators (RNGs and PRNGs). We examine true random number generators (TRNGs), which derive randomness from physical phenomena, and pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), which use deterministic algorithms to produce sequences that mimic randomness. Case studies, including Random.org, HotBits, laser-based RNGs, and the Linux random number generator, illustrate practical implementations. We also discuss vulnerabilities, security considerations, and the importance of entropy in generating unpredictable sequences.

This article explores the role of modern geodetic technologies in studying the structure of oil-bearing formations. As the demand for energy grows and geological conditions become more complex, the integration of satellite-based positioning systems, remote sensing, UAVs, and GIS has significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of oil exploration. The use of 3D modeling, real-time monitoring, and spatial data analysis not only improves drilling success rates but also minimizes environmental impact and operational risks. Through real-world examples and discussion of current challenges, the article highlights the importance of continued investment in geodetic innovations for the future of the oil and gas industry.

This article explores the methodological foundations of using computer graphics in gaming and interface technologies. The focus is on gamification, augmented and virtual reality, and adaptive interactive interfaces that enhance user motivation and engagement. Examples are provided of CAD applications, VR/AR tools, and game mechanics in educational, engineering, and applied systems. The paper describes architectural, component, mathematical, and algorithmic models used in the development of interactive applications. It demonstrates the potential of computer graphics as a tool for improving user experience and increasing the effectiveness of engineering training.

This article explores the issue of women's empowerment in society. Women's activity in political, social and economic processes is an important factor for the sustainable development of society. The article analyzes the importance of gender equality, education, media and political participation.

This article presents the results of analytical research on the formation of smoke and exhaust gases during the combustion of coal briquettes produced with the addition of binding agents. Separate briquettes were prepared using distillery stillage and paraffin waste, and the emissions generated during combustion were analysed in accordance with standard Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) requirements. During the experimental study, the variable parameters were defined as follows: screw press with variable-pitch auger and nozzle diameter of Dnozzle = 25 mm, pressing force Fpress= 2.4 kN, working chamber diameter Dchamber= 100 mm, and a moisture and binder content of 15%. The distillery stillage had a 17% water content, while the paraffin waste had 15% water content. These components were used as part of the briquetting mixture to evaluate their combustion behaviour and associated emissions. The experimental findings include quantitative data on smoke density, ash content, and concentrations of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), all measured against environmental safety standards.

Chaos theory studies complex deterministic systems that may exhibit unpredictable behavior. This article discusses the key principles of chaos theory, its main concepts, and areas of application. Particular attention is paid to sensitivity to initial conditions, fractals, and nonlinear dynamic systems. Examples of chaos theory applications in meteorology, economics, biology, and modeling of complex processes are also discussed.

Aquatic plants are essential for ecological balance, water quality, and biodiversity. Their growth is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors, including temperature, light, water movement, pH, nutrients, oxygen, and biotic interactions. Optimal development requires a balance of these factors, while human activities like pollution and climate change pose serious threats. Understanding these influences is crucial for ecosystem management and conservation. This study highlights key environmental impacts and suggests strategies for sustaining aquatic plant biodiversity.

Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study evaluated organ-specific injury patterns, diagnostic accuracy, and management outcomes in a high-volume Iraqi trauma center.

A retrospective analysis of 280 BAT cases (2022–2023) was performed. Inclusion criteria were confirmed BAT via imaging (FAST, CT, or laparoscopy) or laparotomy. The data included demographics, injury mechanisms, AAST organ injury grades, management strategies (conservative vs. surgical), and outcomes (mortality and complications). Statistical analyses were performed using χ² and t-tests (SPSS v28).

The cohort was predominantly male (72.5%), with RTAs causing 78.6% of the injuries. The liver (42.1%) and spleen (31.4%) were the most frequently injured organs; pancreatic injuries had the highest mortality (18.2%). The CT outperformed the FAST in terms of sensitivity (94.3% vs. 82.4%) and specificity (89.5% vs. 76.8%). Conservative management was successful in 84.4% of renal injuries but failed in 66.7% of pancreatic cases. Negative laparotomy was performed in 14.6% of surgeries. Delayed intervention (>6 h) resulted in tripled mortality rates (30.0% vs. 4.4%, p<0.01).

BAT management requires organ-specific protocols, with CT being the cornerstone for diagnosis. Early intervention and judicious non-operative strategies for low-grade injuries can improve patient outcomes. These findings advocate strengthening the trauma system in comparable settings.

In this study, a modern, energy-efficient, and resource-saving technology for the production of early-ripening cereals from the grain of the local barley variety "Istak" was developed. Analysis of the main nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in the grain showed that the "Istak" variety has high biological value. Compared to wheat, it is characterized by the predominance of the amino acids trionine, silicon, and niacin. In the technological process, the grain was subjected to steam treatment at a pressure of 0.3 MPa with subsequent microwave drying at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 600 W/kg. Thanks to this, 84.2% of early-maturing cereals were obtained in the product composition, microbiological safety was ensured, and energy consumption was reduced by 3 times compared to the traditional method. It has been shown that the energy consumption in the proposed technology is 0.7 kW/h, which is significantly more efficient than the traditional method. This process ensures the microbiological safety of the product and allows for the preservation of nutrients. Based on the research results, the effectiveness of this technological method in processing local barley has been proven, and thanks to its implementation in practice, the possibility of providing the population with high-quality, energy-rich, and biologically rich early-ripening products has been created.

This study evaluates the efficiency of selected catalysts for the pyrolysis of a propane–butane fraction under inert, oxygen-free conditions. Experiments were conducted in both pulse and flow reactors within a temperature range of 650–860 °C. Catalyst performance was assessed based on conversion and selectivity. In a quartz reactor, thermal cracking led to high yields of unsaturated hydrocarbons, especially ethylene and propylene, with ethylene selectivity reaching 55% at 730 °C. Flow reactors with Zn-, Cu-, Mn-, and Fe-based coatings showed that the Zn-coated system provided the highest olefin yield (62.2 wt.%) and minimal coke formation (0.24%). Activation energy analysis indicated that Zn required less energy (150–200 kJ/mol), supporting a radical reaction mechanism. The catalytic activity followed the order: Zn > Cu > Mn > Fe. The enhanced performance of Zn is attributed to its low oxidation state and hydrogenation capability, which suppresses coke formation. These results demonstrate the critical role of catalyst material and reaction environment in maximising olefin production during propane–butane pyrolysis.

The first decades of the energy-information era are marked as a period of digital transformation, accompanied by the large-scale digitalization of key sectors. The financial sector stands at the forefront of this global movement. The rapid development and implementation of modern digital financial technologies present great opportunities for business growth and expansion. At the same time, advanced technologies and innovations adopted in the industry are not always fully protected from various threats. This article explores the current cyber threats typical for the fintech sector, methods of protecting users' personal data, and strategies for ensuring business cybersecurity. It analyzes modern cybersecurity tools and best practices. Special attention is paid to the scientific novelty in the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning. The article concludes that a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity is essential as a strategic element in the development of fintech businesses. The purpose of this article is to examine current threats, analyze data protection methods in the fintech sector, and develop recommendations for ensuring business resilience in cyberspace.

The use of natural resources, mitigation of natural and anthropogenic processes, and environmental protection are inherently interrelated components of a unified and integrated system. These processes are most effectively implemented within specific landscapes or groups of landscapes. The nature conservation aspect of this system holds particular significance. This article examines such processes using the example of the Fergana Valley.

The Aral Sea region has experienced significant ecological changes due to prolonged droughts and unsustainable water use, resulting in the degradation of forest ecosystems. This study utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques to analyze the impact of drought on forest cover changes from 2000 to 2024. Using satellite imagery (Landsat and Sentinel-2) and climate indicators such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), temporal and spatial trends in vegetation health and forest loss were assessed. The findings reveal a strong correlation between increasing drought severity and the decline of forest cover, particularly in the Amu Darya delta and surrounding areas. The study underscores the importance of integrating high-resolution satellite monitoring with adaptive forest management strategies to mitigate the effects of environmental degradation in arid regions.

As web applications continue to play a critical role in modern digital infrastructure, their security has become a major concern. This article explores the most common types of security vulnerabilities in web applications, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and broken authentication. It further outlines various techniques for identifying and mitigating these vulnerabilities, such as input validation, secure coding practices, use of security headers, and implementation of secure authentication mechanisms. The paper also emphasizes the importance of adopting a secure software development lifecycle (SSDLC), updating third-party components, and fostering security awareness among developers. By applying a combination of proactive strategies, organizations can effectively reduce risks, protect sensitive data, and maintain the integrity of their web-based services.

The present study investigates the geometric modelling and surface construction process applied to the optimisation of the apparatus used in the final distillation stage of vegetable oil miscella. The surface is conceptualised as the geometric locus of points representing individual miscella particles, allowing for a more precise simulation of phase interactions during distillation. A key feature of the proposed approach is the generation of surfaces based on predefined sets of curves, through which the structure of the miscella flow can be interpreted and analysed. By employing geometric transformations and interpolation functions, the paper proposes a methodological framework for constructing complex technical forms that reflect the dynamic behaviour of miscella particles. The study also introduces a discrete spatial model using basic geometric primitives, such as planes, polynomials, and second-order curves, to approximate the evolving surface during distillation. The results of this modelling approach can significantly enhance control mechanisms and design efficiency in distillation equipment, providing a mathematically grounded basis for engineering improvements.

Accurate and robust traffic sign detection is crucial for the development of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. This paper presents a review of recent advancements in intelligent traffic sign identification using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The article surveys various CNN-based architectures, methodologies, and optimizations employed to address the challenges of traffic sign detection, including variations in illumination, weather conditions, and sign degradation. The performance and limitations of current approaches, along with potential future research directions, are discussed.

This article is devoted to the current issues of increasing soil fertility. All over the world, measures are being developed to effectively use green manures, increase plant biomass, and increase the demand for soil fertility. Green manures are of great importance in enriching the soil with organic matter and thereby improving the physical properties of the soil. These crops improve the physical properties of the soil, increase soil porosity, and as a result, reduce the bulk density of the soil.

The article presents an analysis of the results of scientific research on the growth and development of Holstein cows of Danish selection.

This research paper explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics are transforming the landscape of environmental sustainability. It discusses the growing role of AI in climate prediction, resource management, pollution monitoring, and conservation efforts. Through case studies and scholarly references, it examines the benefits, such as improved decision-making and efficiency, alongside challenges such as data bias, ethical concerns, and energy consumption. The study concludes by emphasizing future directions, including green AI, collaborative frameworks, and inclusive technology design.

This article considers the methodology for achieving efficiency by replacing the existing device scheme in the heating and cooling system of buildings with a new proposed structure scheme. In this case, using the created mathematical expression, its characteristics are obtained using the Matlab program and its validation is checked, and based on them, the device operation algorithm is created and the structural scheme of the device is developed.

The variety of methods for mathematical description of electromechanical sys-tems, the feasibility of combining different approaches to modeling different types of elements - all this leads to the need to take into account the specifics of the mathematical description of each element of the system. Structural and dynamic properties of typical elements of electromechanical objects are analyzed and sys-tematized.

Improving the quality and efficiency of education by introducing interactive applications into the education system is one of the most urgent and important issues of our time. As modern technologies are increasingly integrated into all areas of our lives, the need for innovative solutions in education is also increasing. Interactive applications not only make the learning process more interesting and effective, but also serve to radically change the process of students' learning. With the help of these applications, the quality of education increases, students gain a deeper understanding of the subject and acquire solid knowledge.

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The article provides information about the invention of the RR-4M type radonometer, designed to measure the volumetric activity of radon in air, water, and soil. A user manual, calibration methodology, and measurement procedure for the RR-4M radonometer have also been developed in the form of a national standard.