Vol. 5 No. 04 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 04

The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the technological and physicochemical aspects of freeze-drying (lyophilization) as applied to raspberries. Due to the delicate cellular structure and high moisture content of raspberries, they are particularly sensitive to conventional drying methods, which often result in significant degradation of organoleptic and nutritional qualities. Freeze-drying, by contrast, offers a promising solution by preserving the original morphology, flavor, and bioactive compounds through sublimation of ice under low-pressure conditions. This work aimed to optimize the key parameters of the freeze-drying process—specifically the duration of the sublimation phase and the final drying temperature—to achieve maximal retention of quality indicators while minimizing processing time. The findings can contribute to improving the industrial-scale production of high-value, shelf-stable berry products for functional food applications.

Ceramic materials are integral to numerous technological advancements due to their distinctive mechanical and thermal characteristics. This article explores the fundamental aspects of these properties, providing typical ranges and examples for common ceramic types such as alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. The analysis encompasses mechanical properties like hardness, flexural strength, compressive strength, fracture toughness, Young's modulus, and density, highlighting their high hardness and stiffness alongside inherent brittleness. Furthermore, the article examines thermal properties including thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, maximum service temperature, specific heat capacity, and thermal shock resistance, demonstrating the tunability of thermal behavior for diverse applications ranging from insulation to heat conduction. The presented data underscores the versatility of ceramics and the critical considerations for material selection based on specific performance requirements. Ongoing research aimed at enhancing these properties, particularly fracture toughness, continues to expand the application domains of these robust materials.

Fine-grained image classification (FGIC) presents a challenge due to the high similarity between visually similar categories, requiring precise feature extraction. Traditional supervised methods demand large amounts of labeled data, which is often unavailable. This paper introduces a local diversity-guided weakly supervised method to address these challenges by leveraging weakly annotated data, thus alleviating the dependence on fully labeled datasets. The approach focuses on fine-grained object recognition by combining local diversity features with weak labels, which significantly improves classification performance. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the method's effectiveness in enhancing the precision of fine-grained classification tasks.

In recent years, the demand for functional and dietary food products has significantly increased. However, improving the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of gluten-free products remains one of the key scientific and technological challenges. One of the main issues in gluten-free bread production is the lack of structural integrity and desirable organoleptic characteristics. This study examines the role of bacterial yeasts, specifically lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus spp.), in the fermentation process of gluten-free bread products and their impact on physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality parameters. Experimental results indicate that organic acids, exopolysaccharides, and other metabolites produced during bacterial fermentation enhance the rheological properties of the dough, optimizing the volume, texture, and organoleptic qualities of the bread. Moreover, due to the antimicrobial properties of bacterial starter cultures, the shelf life of the bread products was extended, and their microbiological stability improved. The findings confirm that bacterial fermentation is an innovative and technologically promising approach for the gluten-free bread industry.

In the development of a depressant additive for diesel fuels, unsaturated fatty acids with pentaerythritol, the characteristics of which correspond to TU 38.401.1059-97, were selected as the main component. The choice of pentaerythritol was due to the following reasons: firstly, unsaturated organic acids, which do not have a permanent consumer, are inexpensive products produced in the country, which are formed in industrial production.

In this article, the method for measuring the intensity of foaming of an inhibitor in a diethanolamine solution is based on passing gas through an aqueous solution of amine in a bubbler at a certain speed for a certain time and measuring its foaming characteristics. The stability time and foam quenching time in the amine solution are determined. The effect of the defoamer on the intensity of foaming is studied.

The article examines the production of polyvinyl chloride cables and electrical wires, artificial leather, hoses, packaging materials, and insulating materials for linoleum. Polyvinyl chloride is used to protect reservoirs, tanks, chemical equipment, and pipelines from the effects of chlorine, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids.

We analyzed this article based on our research on the parasitofauna of productive fish in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. In this article, we have followed the practical and theoretical views of scholars such as V. Dogel, Y.N. Perevezentseva, S.O. Osmanov, and K. Ubaydullayev.

The article examines the issue of the formation of fine-dispersed waste during foundry production and its impact on environmental pollution. The text analyzes the sources and physical and chemical characteristics of such waste, which complicate their disposal and increase their ecological hazard. Particular attention is paid to the challenges of handling fine fractions and the risks they pose to soil, water, and air. The article emphasizes the importance of developing advanced and efficient recycling technologies and highlights rotary tilting furnaces as one of the most promising solutions. These technologies not only reduce the negative environmental impact but also make it possible to return valuable metals into the production cycle.

This in the article in the composition plaster was muddy sand of the ground physical-mechanical features experience, “GIDROPROEKT” AJ test in the laboratory studied analysis is made. Granularity of the composition to strength connection and plaster added of the ground features in detail. Also, the ACIC 3.3 device using of the ground to move resistance power calculating. Engineering solutions as soil strength increase roads discussion. Research works Syrdarya in the province Sardoba in the territory take soil samples received through take went.

This article explores the pedagogical basis for preparing students for project activities, focusing on the theoretical foundations, effective strategies, and key challenges associated with project-based learning. By leveraging constructivist and experiential learning theories, educators can enhance students' critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. The article also discusses the role of educators, assessment methods, and strategies to overcome challenges in project-based learning. Ultimately, it highlights the importance of a supportive learning environment to ensure students' academic and professional success.

This article focuses on the role of embankment design in the formation and development of public spaces. Key aspects of successful embankment design are considered, such as multifunctionality, integration with nature, organization of social and cultural events, accessibility and safety, aesthetic appeal, as well as creating conditions for social interactions. Examples of successful embankments in various cities around the world illustrate how thoughtful design can transform urban spaces and improve the quality of life for residents. Special attention is given to modern trends and innovative approaches to embankment design, highlighting the relevance of this topic in the context of urbanization and sustainable development.

This article explores the application of freeze-drying (lyophilization) technology as a method for significantly extending the shelf life of food products while preserving their nutritional content, flavor, and structural integrity. It discusses the scientific principles behind the process, its advantages over conventional drying methods, and the specific sectors where freeze-drying has proven most effective. The paper also addresses technological developments, economic considerations, and consumer perceptions, positioning freeze-drying as a key innovation in the modern food industry.

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the chemistry and technology involved in monomer production, focusing on both petrochemical and bio-based routes. By investigating steam cracking of naphtha, propane dehydrogenation, ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, and lactic acid fermentation for lactide synthesis, the research compares yields, selectivity, and purity levels across different feedstocks and processes. Experimental setups ranged from high-temperature steam cracking (800–850°C) to tin-catalyzed ring-closing of lactic acid, with downstream purification by fractional distillation, caustic washing, and continuous vacuum distillation. Results showed that steam cracking remains a robust, mature technology for high-volume ethylene production, while dedicated propane dehydrogenation can achieve targeted propylene yields. Styrene production via ethylbenzene dehydrogenation emphasized careful temperature and catalyst management to reach high selectivity and maintain catalyst longevity. Meanwhile, bio-based lactide synthesis demonstrated potential for reduced carbon emissions, although it remains constrained by energy-intensive purification and feedstock costs. Life cycle assessment revealed a trade-off between established petrochemical infrastructure and the ecological advantages of renewable feedstocks. Future directions include refining catalyst materials, adopting efficient separation technologies, and integrating chemical recycling to foster a circular economy. Overall, the findings highlight how process optimization, catalysis innovation, and sustainability principles collectively shape the current and future landscape of monomer production for polymer industries.

This article explores diverse heuristics and strategies for non-standard mathematical problem solving, highlighting invariants, symmetry, and extremal principles as crucial tools that foster deeper insight and highly flexible, creative reasoning.

The article examines the essence of the concept of “innovation” and highlights the methodological aspects of innovation process management. In the near future, the competitiveness of any country's economy will be determined by the degree of participation of both the public and private sectors in the formation and development of the national innovation system. The key factor will be the selection of priority industries capable of ensuring sustainable growth of the global economy and acting as an engine for increasing productivity in various fields of activity. At the same time, it is important that government policy takes into account the interests of all sectors of the economy. Unilateral focus on the areas included in the structure of the sixth technological order will not lead to the desired results without the parallel spread of innovative approaches to other spheres of society.

Tourism plays an important role in the economy of many countries, developing infrastructure, creating new jobs and contributing to budget revenues. In this article, various mathematical models, including the Lotka-Volterra model, the Cobb-Douglas production function, the multiplier effect model, the Markov chain model, and dynamic game models, are adapted for tourism resources. For each model, estimated values are provided, and tourism indicators are calculated.

The article presents the development of an interactive module for studying orthogonal projections of a point in 3D space. The module is implemented on the Flutter platform and includes coordinate transformation algorithms, projection visualization, and user input accuracy assessment. The scientific novelty lies in the application of interactive learning methods with a Euclidean distance-based error metric. The mathematical basis of orthogonal projection according to GOST 2.305-68 is described, along with an analysis of the approach's effectiveness. The results demonstrate the potential of mobile applications for engineering education.

This article explores the necessity and challenges of data protection in institutions. The research utilized data collection and analysis methods, including surveys and interviews. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of data protection methods and strategies. The findings indicate that data protection plays a crucial role in maintaining the organization’s reputation and ensuring customer trust.

The article examines the issue of ensuring information security and privacy. New techniques for data protection are proposed through encryption, maintaining anonymity, and other protective measures. It is shown that updating encryption algorithms and enhancing data anonymity can significantly improve the effectiveness of data protection. A roadmap for scientific and technological communities to develop new strategies for data protection is proposed.

Solving differential equations is essential in many areas of science and engineering. Traditional methods, however, often become complicated when dealing with oscillatory or complex systems. This article explores how the use of complex variables simplifies the process of solving differential equations. By applying techniques such as Euler’s formula, complexification of real problems, and the Residue Theorem, complex variables provide powerful and elegant methods for finding both real and complex solutions. Several illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of these approaches. The article emphasizes the importance of mastering complex-variable methods for a deeper understanding of differential equations and their applications.