American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
4-10
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue01-02
Effects of pesticides on children's organisms
Kushmuratova Nursaya
Master's student, Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Azima Kurbanazarova
Master's student, Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Received:
20 October 2024;
Accepted:
22 December 2024;
Published:
12 January 2025
Abstract:
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has raised significant concerns regarding their impact on
human health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children. This study examines the effects of
pesticide exposure on children's developing organisms, focusing on physiological, neurological, and
developmental outcomes. Through an analysis of recent epidemiological and experimental studies, we identify
the key pathways of pesticide absorption and the associated risks, including endocrine disruption, cognitive
impairments, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases. The findings emphasize the heightened
vulnerability of children due to their smaller div mass, faster metabolic rates, and ongoing physiological
development. Recommendations for minimizing exposure include stricter regulatory measures, public education
campaigns, and the promotion of organic farming practices. This research highlights the urgent need for
interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the health risks posed by pesticides and safeguard the well-being of
future generations.
Keywords:
Pesticides, children, health risks, developmental impact, regulatory measures, environmental
toxicology.
Introduction:
In modern conditions, the progress of
science and technology is changing rapidly, creating
new technical vehicles, agricultural technologies, and
tools. To prevent crop-infesting threats to the health of
humans and animals, people have long sought to use
various natural and artificial means. From the earliest
days, all kinds of plants, soot, and other natural herbs
known to her have been used by people. In practice, a
wide selection of chemicals from the earliest days for
the protection of plants and animals against pests,
diseases, and parasites has been tested. Recent trends
show that the global market for the acquisition and
distribution of agrochemicals, particularly pesticides, is
growing at an average of 30% annually. It is estimated
that about 70% of all funds in it are used against pests.
(Phillips,2020) (Devi et al.2022) (Sabzevari & Hofman,
2022) (Faber, 2020) (Valbuena et al.2021) (Mitra et
al.2021) (Shattuck, 2021)
The use of chemical pesticides for the protection of
plants and animals is also widespread in Azerbaijan as
well as in the regions. It has been established in this
country since 1965 that wheat is treated with 4 kg of
prescriptions at the time of filling. Approximately 10
tons of this agrochemical, which appeared in the
country each year, were used at that time. Later, the
protection of plants and animals with chemicals made
people pay attention to the harmful effects of these
funds on the environment for the first time. This danger
has become the subject of serious research in the
world. It was found that not only immediately but also
long-term biological and agrochemical pesticides have
a negative impact on human health, animal, and plant
immunity.
Types of Pesticides
Pesticides are chemical or biological substances utilized
to control or eliminate pests, maintaining plant health.
Regarding the targets of each pesticide type, they are
around three categories: insecticides, herbicides and
fungicides. Insecticides are one of the most widely used
classes of pesticides, often used to combat pests that
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attack crops. Insecticides are also employed for public
health to eliminate disease vectors. In order to control
an unwanted insect plague, insecticides are sprayed
over a wide area, an application practice that involves
considerable risks to human health and the
environment. Herbicides are used to prevent unwanted
weeds from growing around the cultivation area. In the
context of the agricultural activity, the risk analysis in
children is increasing, as they are more exposed to
these substances than the rest of the population.
Herbicide molecules, after being sprayed on non crop
fields, are transported by the wind and can be found in
the soil, air and rain. Fungicides are used to prevent or
eliminate fungal plagues that may affect crop yields.
The pediatric population, due to its physiology and
development of its systems, is more susceptible to the
toxic action of these substances, which increase the risk
to their health (Dahiri et al., 2021). From a
pharmacological point of view, each of the
abovementioned pesticide families (insecticides,
herbicides and fungicides) has different action
mechanisms on the target species, as well as different
ways of entering the human organism when exposure
occurs, whether it be superficial or incorporated in the
alimentation. Each type of pesticide is absorbed by the
div and exerts its toxic action through different
metabolic routes, which makes a health risk
assessment of all these substances even more complex.
This variable action of pesticides in the human
organism is fundamental to understand the different
forms of toxicity and how they can affect children,
representing the basis for the design and planning of
the strategy of health assessment of this type of
contamination, seeking to relate the different
substances to the possible adverse health effects in the
formative age of the human being. This comprehensive
approach and analysis of pesticides are intended to be
exhaustive when estimating their possible toxic effects
in children, given their immaturity and development of
the immune, hormonal and reproductive systems.
Subsequently, this toxic behavior is planned to relate
the type of exposure with this contamination, focusing
on the ways in which pesticides can enter the human
organism and the possible effects that can arise in
children.
Insecticides
Insecticides are a class of chemicals that target insect
populations, such as pesticides for roaches, and are
effective in combating pests in field crops; lawn, turf,
and landscaping plants; trees and shrubs; and homes,
schools, and recreational facilities. Research needs to
better understand differences in exposure between
developmental stages across the life span, routes of
e
xposure, and children’s special susceptibilities for
relevant exposure scenarios (Dahiri et al., 2021).
Insecticides are specialized chemicals for certain pests
and for certain plant sites, mains of application, or
target areas, unless it is designed or needed as a highly
nonselective chemical to be otherwise used with great
caution.
Insecticides are a subgroup of pesticides that are
regulated by EPA for use on or around food, animal
feed, and edible crops, mainly to prevent infestations
in foods and food harvest and storage settings, and to
enhance the appearance and palatability of plant
products to increase commercial value. Different
categories of insecticides have been developed and
tested over the past 70 years: chlorinated
hydrocarbons; organophosphates; carbamates; and
pyrethroids. Signs that can cause great suffering or
death vary by type of insecticide. The chemicals used
are activated to targets, whether they are metabolic or
molecular, and attack tissues to disrupt physiological
processes. The lethality of the toxicity and extent of
nerve damage of an insecticide are not proportionate
to any other animal compared to the insect. For
children, physiological and developmental toxicity can
be different, because the operation of the
organophosphates is different compared to the adult.
When an insecticide is exposed to children, one must
consider their ways of developing differently from
adults. Infants and children receive less pesticides than
food daily, but exposure is higher to fruit, mixed diets
and water, even at the trace level. Larger parts have
potential to match more pesticides the dose. It has
been discovered that adults touch their mouth, div,
dress, or objects, consuming a higher substance that
had previously been retained, or expelled before
contact. There is still indirect physical or behavioral
communication. Many of these variables have been the
basis for research, and study discussions of children's
vulnerabilities. However, risks of infection in children
have not been adequately identified. There is no
federal regulatory system for examining housing or
garden pesticide products for children’s health
measures;
however,
significant
accidental
or
unintended implications on children’s health and
security are reported with general use. There is a need
for a comprehensive bibliography of publications on
unintended school health settings, including studies of
the health effects associated with housing or garden
pesticide use. There are growing concerns about the
risks to children due to acute or chronic contact
exposure or accidental poisonings due to the increased
volume of household pesticide application. Substantial
evidence has been found in experimental studies that
the use of household pesticides for living and there are
disabilities and developmental problems for residents.
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Children are the most common affected group, and
these findings are confirmed by epidemiological
research. It was concluded that more protective rules
should be taken to safeguard children’s well
-being from
unintentional pesticide exposure at home or when
participating in outside sport and leisure activities.
Herbicides
Herbicides, unlike insecticides and fungicides, are used
for their effects on plants rather than on animals. Most
of the compounds in this group are used for agriculture
in order to kill the undesired vegetation and allow the
proper plant to grow without competition. However,
several herbicides are not meant for agriculture but
mostly for gardens, farmlands, and wherever flora need
to be controlled. There are three main types: Contact
herbicides are usually applied onto the leaf surface and
protect the intended plant by rapid action against
invading weeds. After application, the herbicide is
rapidly absorbed and translocated by the plant until it
affects a specific biological pathway. A similar type acts
on the roots instead of leaves. Systemic or generally
used herbicides work as growth regulators. They are
applied in the soil and are absorbed by the plant and
translocated in the sap. They block several cellular
reactions, including protein synthesis. This effect is
generally very slow and sometimes is not noticed until
several weeks after treatment. Recently, a new group
of herbicides has been introduced. Resistance-based
herbicides do not kill the resistant plant but enhance
the growth of a genetically modified plant that is able
to support them.
Several cases of intoxication in children after exposure
to herbicides have been reported. In 1974, about 50
children from a hospital were poisoned by herbicides.
Children had swallowed contaminated meat at a local
barbecue. In 1986, a 16-month-old girl died of
pulmonary edema and central nervous system edema
after accidental ingestion. Peanut butter that was
eaten by the girl contained an amount thousand times
greater than the legal limit. In this case, chlorophyll and
lignin, along with a high-fat meal, are believed to
enhance absorption. Concentrations up to 2.5 mg/L of
the herbicide have been reported in the breast milk of
two mothers three days after direct contamination.
Fungicides
Fungicides are chemicals used to kill pests that attack
plants. The fungi exist in the soil or are carried in the
air, so they can pass unnoticed and pollute the
environment when fruits or vegetables are eaten and
enter the div through the lungs via the respiratory
system. Most fungicides are capable of attacking the
brain. Children are the first to be exposed because they
are more vulnerable after a play session on grass and
because they often play with pets, which makes them
handle the fur. One of the most lethal is Mancozeb.
Long-lasting exposure to Mancozeb can affect intellect
and lead to malformations in children, such as helmet-
like shapes on the head. This can also cause the feet to
have a shape resembling little webbed feet. The eyes
can be deformed, and sores may appear all over the
skin. The effects are cumulative over time and present
another concern when these effects interact with those
of other pesticides.
Routes of Exposure
Children may be exposed to pesticides through diet, air,
contact with skin, or by accident. Some of the various
routes of exposure to pesticides cause effects that can
adversely affect children’s health and development.
Many toddlers and young children unintentionally
ingest outdoor or indoor dust, dirt, hair, and other
particles from the floor, much of which contains
insecticide residues or other pesticides. Due to their
frequent hand-to-mouth activity, children have a
greater oral potential intake than adults by inadvertent
ingestion of home pesticide dust residues and tracked
outdoor soil near residential use of pesticides. Children
are often exposed to pesticides through direct and
indirect contact with treated surfaces in houses,
schools, and parks. Non-homogeneous deposition of
pesticides in dust, for example, can contribute to
indirect oral and dermal child exposure by crawling on
or touching such indoor surfaces. Playing on chemical-
treated grass and dirt can lead to significant exposure
for children. They have not only a higher risk of
developing cancer from pesticides in the home and
yard, but also the first pesticide exposure for most of
them is through residues on dietary intake. At age 6
months or less, children’s skin allows substances to
penetrate and be absorbed more easily. Infants and
children drink more fluids, eat more food in proportion
to their div weight, and their metabolic activity is not
yet adapted to the different substances in food.
Pesticide residues in food tend to make children’s
dietary contribution to the div’s
weight of uneaten
foods like fruits and vegetables larger than that of
adults.
Dietary Intake
The highest pesticide residue exposure in children in
the general population is usually through dietary
intake. High levels are detected in fruits such as apples,
peaches, pears, strawberries, and cherries. In fact,
pesticides, compared to other non-organic foods, are
found much more in organic foods. The main reasons
are that certain production standards have to be
complied with when organic products are preferred,
and pesticides are factors that are prohibited in
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agriculture. However, people should still be cautious
when consuming organic products, as the use of
prohibited substances is always possible with the
increasing demand for organic food products. Meat
and dairy products are the next group of foods with
high pesticide residues, so consumption of reduced red
meat such as chicken and turkey, as poultry animals
take on less toxic substances, is beneficial in terms of
pesticide intake.
Concerning methods of preparation, it must be noted
that washing fruits and vegetables with vinegar reduces
pesticide residues on the surface. When the washing
water is boiled, the boiling point of the pesticide may
be different from that of the water, contaminating the
water and causing the pesticide residues to reappear
on fruits and vegetables. Cooking the dishes to dry both
the food and the dishes will ensure that a portion of the
pesticides shrinks and evaporates. Notable is the
heating of the dishes that dry liquids at high
temperatures, as glass dishes can contain hazardous
heavy metals and paint on dishes may contain lead and
cadmium, which can then be transferred to food. It is
not recommended to consume hot foods stored in
nylon bags, yogurt in plastic bags, or plums kept in
nylon bags since the plastic bags can dissolve in foods
at high temperatures and accumulate in the div,
particularly in breastfeeding mothers and children.
Residential Exposure
Residential exposure includes contact with treated
surfaces, drift from aerial or ground applications, and
pesticide residues on food, skin, clothing, or home
surfaces. The occurrence of residential pesticide use is
well documented in many developed countries, and the
general population is aware of the risks associated with
their use. In the UK, exposure to pesticides was
estimated in adults and children through two pathways
and generally represented less than 1% of the ADI for
each pesticide. In the USA, pesticide residues on these
items were identified as the main source of exposure in
children aged 3
–
5 years, followed by soil ingestion,
house dust, and dietary intake. Residues in food,
particularly fruit and vegetables, are likely to be an
important source of exposure to some groups of the
population and for certain pesticides.
Children typically have more hand-to-mouth activity
than adults, increasing the potential for ingestion of
pesticide residues on surfaces. Those who enter the
area more frequently will have increased contact and
in the USA represented typical high-end scenarios for
residential exposures, while typical low-end scenarios
were extracted from a small number of studies. A
probabilistic approach is employed for the estimates,
with a distribution created for each exposure
parameter.
Occupational Exposure
Children can face some of the highest risks because of
their size, behaviors, and precocious development, but
occupational exposures to commercially known child
workers continues. Children, including toddlers, can be
exposed to pesticides through contact with
contaminated clothing or equipment, such as when
they are worn or carried home by pesticide handlers. A
recent review of safety protocols in agricultural
practice found low levels of implementation, most of
which existed in the Western Pacific and Southeast
Asia. Additionally, (Dahiri et al., 2021) found that
children whose parents worked in the pesticide
industry had a greater risk of developing leukemia than
those who did not. Finally, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency established and
disseminated safety messages to prevent childhood
pesticide exposure which indicated a decline in
exposure to child agricultural labor in the United States.
A pilot study of parents, child farm workers, and
support personnel was conducted to investigate the
occurrence of dermal exposure to residue pesticides
while harvesting berries. Fingernail and hand wipe
samples were collected, then analysed for four widely
used fruit pesticides. A study conducted in the United
States considers exposure to children of the community
through parents involved in the use of endosulfan or
maneb. Exposed children, 97% of whom were not
engaged in agricultural activities, experienced a greater
likelihood of developing ependymoma than non-
exposed children. Moreover, exposure in utero or the
first year of life exacerbates these risks. This study will
summarize the case of occupational exposure in
children using this research. Children may be at
substantial risk due to their small size, their behaviours,
their continued development, and their substantial
precursors to endocrine disruption. Of at least 263
agricultural pesticides associated with endocrine
disruption, 38 were identified. This includes 300 million
children worldwide, and therefore far beyond the
dangers of epidemics. Efforts to prevent childhood
exposure to pesticides have mainly focused on the
banning of organophosphates, the dissemination of
community-based safety training, and the adoption of
safety protocols. But exposure to pesticides remains a
health problem. In 2010, a high percentage of all
schools implemented Integrated Pest Management
plans, but reported weaknesses were evident that led
to insufficient protection. More than 1000 registered
pesticides pose risks to human health. Pesticide use is
projected to increase dramatically, and the harmful
effects of exposure to young and toddler children are
lacking. Unintended pesticide exposure, such as
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contaminated clothing, drinking water, vapor, dirt, and
entering buffer zones, including living areas and hosting
applications. Livestock are particularly exposed to
pesticide risks because pesticide applications are often
used in the care and cultivation of crops. Pesticide
safety affects employment and can be a risk to self and
family health. There is a danger of inadvertent
exposure to toxic and benign effects that are not visible
for latency.
Children whose parents work in the agricultural sector
continue to face some of the highest risks, but research
involving other child workers is lacking. Children,
including toddlers, can be exposed to pesticides
through contact with contaminated clothing or
materials, such as when they are brought home by
pesticide implementers. A recent review of safety
protocols in agricultural practice found low rates of
implementation, most of which existed in the West
Pacific and Southeast Asia. Industrially, exposed cancer
studies in children with statistically significant results
exist. The Preventive Agricultural Health and Protection
Act regulates the time, method, place, amount, and
composition of pesticides to reduce potential exposure
risks to residents or predators. When these limitations
were struck, a possible substitution effect occurred and
children’s exposure to active materials increased.
Awareness campaigns have the potential to prevent
significant exposure to pesticide risks by progressively
indicating that in many exploration areas, the relative
opportunities, dangers, and other incentives are more
effective. Moreover, the program is actively
participating in the exchange of agricultural and
surrounding crop information. Participating families
agreed to report any adverse effects to the research
team. Reporting is encouraged every few weeks over
the growing season. For example, if the insect growth
hormone regulator was employed, the families were
informed not to bring completed materials home for a
period after the final application had been made to
reduce exposure to child workers. A pilot study of
parents, child farm workers, and handlers has been
commissioned to investigate dermal exposure rates to
residue pesticides from work activities while harvesting
berries.
Despite
being
target
group-specific,
communities are not required to be filled in, the
duration of influence is unknown, and there is no
information controlling the exposure situation. As such,
industrial exposure pathways are not yet well-
established, especially as they are in relation to
domestic and asbestos exposure.
Children, however, remain within this framework,
including commercial markets. This study reviews the
broader and highly expanded and inadequately
investigated trend of childhood industrial pesticide
exposures, user-farms, and their families. There is a
wide range of published studies focused almost
exclusively on workplace protection in the workplace
but not concerned with children of commercial child
workers. In addition, work in post-industrial processes
due to rates of rearrangement effects has not yet been
effectively examined.
Health Effects on Children
Once pesticides enter the div, they can have both
acute and chronic effects. Acute effects can often be
seen right away after a child is exposed. Children who
have been acutely exposed to high levels of pesticides
have reported a variety of symptoms like headaches,
dizziness, nausea, respiratory irritation, and even sore
or red skin. Some children have reported feeling sick
within moments after being exposed to pesticides,
while others might not have symptoms for hours. In
some cases, large exposures leading to vomiting or
dizziness may only one symptom occur as the div tries
to get rid of the chemicals. Repeated or moderate
exposures can also lead to symptoms repeating over
time following low-level exposures. However, chronic
health effects may not become apparent until later in
life, sometimes resulting in developmental delays or
long-term neurological disorders. Chronic health
effects are hard to track. Many chronic health issues
are often not tied to pesticides alone. In some cases, it
could be hard to detect chromosomal damage, or it
may not be seen for many years. Many childhood
chronic health issues have been linked to pesticides, as
well as some later-in-life health issues starting in
childhood. Total diet studies have consistently found
that children between the ages of six months and
twelve years have the highest levels of pesticides in
their systems. A recent study in communities found
that of the children tested, 100% had detectable levels
of organochlorine pesticides in their bodies for all 27
chemicals tested, and up to 85% had detectable levels
of currently registered pesticides. Additionally, some
groups of children are at elevated risks of exposure and
illness due to their age and living situations. For
workers and families living in agricultural communities,
pesticides can be a
threat to children’s health
occasionally of any age. Furthermore, the specific
sequence of environmental and genetic factors may
determine the health outcome in these exposure
scenarios, making it difficult to predict health
consequences.
Acute Effects
Pesticide exposure can have both immediate or acute
toxicity and latent or chronic toxicity. Acute pesticide
poisoning in some children occurs in rural agricultural
areas where exposure to toxic pesticides is common
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and service providers with medical and technical
expertise are scarce. Severe poisoning should be
treated immediately. Mild to moderate cases typically
recover with simple supportive measures like washing
the skin, drinking fluids, and getting some fresh air.
Children have unique susceptibilities to pesticide
poisoning that can be exploited to design a diagnostic
test for clinical settings. Mathematical models can also
help better understand the div burden of pesticides
and thus more appropriately treat the poisoning.
Symptoms of pesticide poisoning in children include
headache, excessive salivation, nausea or vomiting,
oral ulcers or swallowing difficulties, muscle weakness,
chest constriction and heart discomfort, trembling,
anxiety or nervousness, hyperactivity, respiratory
difficulties, and lack of muscle coordination affecting
writing or walking capability.
Chronic Effects
One of the most discussed problems regarding the
impacts of pesticide exposure is its chronic effects.
Chronic effects consist of health problems that develop
after prolonged pesticide exposure, occurring due to
acute toxicity problems unresolved in the acute phase.
It is important to focus especially on studies against this
type of effect since the impacts start to deepen in time
and become more permanent. Surely, the common and
well-known effects of pesticides can also be
interpreted as chronic. In consequence, focus is placed
on the deeper and long-term health issues stemming
from the exposure of pesticides. Developmental
disorders, cognitive impairments, and chronic
neurodevelopmental impacts can be counted among
these long-term health issues. Some types of effects
such as, but not limited to, carcinogenicity are
sometimes impossible to observe or predict in the
short-term.
As established environmental pollutants, pesticides are
not infectious agents and their effects are always
gradual and time dependent. In this context, children
are exposed to a wider range and higher levels of
pesticides. Once absorbed, they reach every tissue and
can affect all organs and many cellular processes.
Pesticides can adversely affect child health since their
toxicity is usually higher than their occupational
counterparts. This also triggers the current evaluation
against the specific exposure in age groups such as
childhood and pregnancy. Consequently, such
exposure can result in long-term health effects on the
metabolic pathways of children or toxic accumulations
in their developing nervous system. Food producers,
rural residents, and pregnant women have different
patterns and levels of exposure. These groups are also
the most susceptible target groups for the health
effects of pesticides. Agricultural practices can differ by
region. This may weaken and differentiate the public
health response. In countries such as Morocco, critical
exposure areas have not been sufficiently identified for
the appropriate preventive health services to be
produced and the development-based production to
be transformed. Long-term preventive efforts also
depend on the species and active ingredients of the
pesticides. Not only the amount and type of active
ingredient used, but also the duration of exposure can
lead to the development of chronic effects. This also
implies the necessity and importance of long-term and
multi-faceted monitoring. From this perspective, the
chronic effects of pesticide exposure will be explored in
the scope of specific phenomena in the next chapter.
The results of the systematic review will be presented
on whether there is a chronic relationship between the
toxic and endocrine-disrupting effects of different
pesticides applied, and specific health outcomes
identified in children (Dahiri et al., 2021).
Preventive Measures
When applying a pesticide, always pay attention to the
recommendations for use. Preparation, application,
and storage of pesticides must be done following the
instructions given by the manufacturers. Never transfer
the pesticide to other containers such as food or drink
containers. Never release washed-away pesticides
down pipes, in toilets, or sewage. To discard containers
and the pesticide, the most appropriate place should
be selected for bringing them to areas designated for
this purpose. Wash the container properly three times
before discarding it. Keep the pesticide as far away as
possible from children and inform them that if
necessary, they should call a health professional. The
same amount of care that adults take when applying
the pesticide must be taken with children. Store
pesticides properly in places that are not exposed to
sunlight and away from food and animal feed. Trading
of pesticides should be prohibited in public places.
In rural areas, campaigns should be organized to raise
awareness about the dangers of pesticides. Hazardous
areas must be properly identified and resettled so that
children cannot access them. Farmers must be
requested to remove children from places of pesticide
exposure. Schools should be requested to resolve the
issue through the implementation of major education
and prevention programs. By raising awareness in the
community, health care centers also manage acute
poisonings and develop prevention programs. All
health agencies in the country should also develop
major programs in the prevention of pesticide
poisoning in children, as most health professionals and
most of the population have little experience in pest
management.
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