American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
29
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
29-32
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07
Transformation of adventitious species into the urban
flora of Samarkand
Gafurova Gulkhayo Shavkat kizi
PhD student, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Received:
29 January 2025;
Accepted:
28 February 2025;
Published:
31 March 2025
Abstract:
The article provides information about adventitious species that have recently rapidly entered the local
flora. It has been determined that there are various factors in the penetration of adventitious species into other
regions. Some adventitious plant species distributed in the urban area are presented. It is emphasized that
anthropogenic factors, logistical connections, and the introduction of ornamental plants play a key role.
Keywords:
Urban flora, adventive, floristics, field research, plants, species.
Introduction:
The study of urban flora is one of the
priority areas of modern floristics and phytogeography,
and its scientific importance is increasing day by day
due to the intensification of anthropogenic pressure
both in time and space. In particular, as a result of the
increase in the level of urbanization in our republic in
recent years, the rapid development of tourism,
logistics and economic sectors, 82% of the natural
landscape of the territory of Uzbekistan has been
affected by anthropogenic factors, and 18% has been
completely mastered. As a result of the intensification
of anthropogenic impact, determining the composition
of urban flora in the country's natural and artificial
landscapes, protecting rare species, maintaining a
register of adventive species, and studying their impact
on urban biodiversity are of important scientific and
practical importance [1].
Anthropogenic changes in natural flora are explained
by the rapid growth of plants. Over the past 20 years,
the process of adventitia of flora has been enriching the
composition of natural flora with new species. This
situation has become especially noticeable in urban
flora. When studying the composition of various urban
floras, one can see a high concentration of specific
species [2].
Alien plants enter territories in various ways. Although
common features of the introduction of these species
have been observed, they differ depending on the
geographical location of the territories, climatic
conditions, socio-economic relations, tourism potential
and other factors. Numerous studies on the trends of
change of adventitious species in urban flora.[3]
(Grossheim, 1936; Vyunkova, 1985; Richardson, 2000;
Pyshek et al., 1995)
It is shown that random plants penetrate in different
directions, but no special system has been developed
for them.
When identifying many new plants, researchers
emphasize that they are "alien species" for the studied
area and that their origin is associated with economic
activity. A.A. Grossheim (Grossheim, 1936) and N.A.
Vyunkova (Vyunkova, 1985) emphasize that the
appearance of adventitious plants in other areas is not
a natural process of florogenesis, but the result of
anthropogenic influence on the flora. At present, it is
difficult to determine the time of introduction and
origin of some adventitious species, most of which have
adapted to the local flora or have become
cosmopolitan species after spreading over great
distances. From this perspective, it is difficult to
distinguish between "native" and "alien" species.[4]
(Richardson, 2000; Pysheket al, 1995; Carlton, 1996;
Heywood, 1989). Such situations are currently being
observed in our republic, especially in the urban flora
of Samarkand, where the number of adventitious
plants is increasing.
METHODS
It is planned to conduct research on the urban flora of
Samarkand city in 2024-2026. As a result of field
research in 2024, herbarium samples were obtained.
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
The collected herbarium samples are being identified
based on scientific sources and the transformation
processes of adventitious species have been identified.
[5], [6]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In 2024, field research was conducted on the urban
flora of Samarkand. A grid-system map was
determined, divided into 174 indexes, on which field
research was carried out. Research was conducted in
67 indexes out of a total of 174 indexes. As a result of
the research, more than 3000 herbarium specimens of
plants were collected. Field research is currently
ongoing. When analyzing the collected plants,
adventitious plants were recorded in them.
The following criteria were used to identify these
species: to be an adventive species, it must have at
least one of the following characteristics [7]. a) the area
where the species is found must be far from its original
distribution zone; b) the new species found must not
have been found in this area before; c) local conditions
must not correspond to the ecological characteristics of
the species; d) the place where the plant grows must
be in an anthropogenic environment. To determine
whether these species were introduced into the urban
flora of Samarkand from abroad, the works of "Flora
Uzbekistana" (Flora Uzbekistana, 1941-1963; 2016-
2017; 2019), "Opredelitel rastenii Sredney Azii"
(Opredelitel rastenii Sredney Azii, 1968-2015), H.Q.
Esanov (Esanov and Usmonov, 2018; Esanov and
Kechaykin, 2016; Esanov, 2017; Sennikov, 2018) were
used.
However, at present there is no single classification of
adventitious plant species. The variability of
adventitious species is expanding due to the increase in
the scale of anthropogenic factors. At the same time,
methods of adaptation to their historically formed
distribution, expansion of their range are noted based
on modern trends (transport, tourism, trade,
introduction of ornamental plants) [8].
Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in Uzbekistan, and
is visited by more than a thousand foreign tourists from
Europe and Asia every year. Species recorded as
adventitious species in Samarkand are found in the
central streets of the city, around hotels, educational
institutions, markets, alleys and lawns. In the cities of
Uzbekistan,
especially
in
Samarkand,
the
transformation of adventitious species has been
observed in three main ways:
1.Directly by people. The degree of influence of this
factor is assessed by the fact that Samarkand is one of
the major tourist centers and the geography of tourism.
The natural growth areas of these plants are South and
North America (Erigeron bonariensis L.), Central and
Western Europe (Amaranthus viridis L.), They
complement the list of species unintentionally brought
by tourists. Currently, these species have been
observed to be widespread in many areas of the city.
2. Rapid development of transport and logistics. The
second factor is explained by the location of the study
area (Samarkand city) in the center of the Great Silk
Road and the dense network of modern logistics, as
well as the connection of Samarkand city with the M39
international highway. This factor is the main means for
the introduction of adventitious species such as
Geranium pusillum L., Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.)
Cass. ex Takht. It is the species Centaurea solstitialis L
that was recorded in the vicinity of the M39
international highway.
3. Introduction of plant species into urban conditions.
The third factor is the source of the rapid development
and introduction of adventitious species in recent
years. They are introduced into urban areas through
the creation of new avenues or the introduction of
species adapted to different natural and climatic
conditions, as well as through turfing. Such species
include Oxalis corniculata L., Rorippa sylvestris (L.)
Besser. and others.
On August 25, 2007, the 2750th anniversary of the city
of Samarkand was celebrated in our country. On this
occasion, large-scale improvement work was carried
out, cultural centers and parks were established.
Ornamental tree and shrub seedlings were brought
from foreign countries for introduction to Samarkand.
As a result, alien species have also entered this area
(Samarkand city). In particular, Sonchus arvensis L.,
Trifolium campestre Schreb., Euphorbia helioscopia L.,
and others can be cited.
The Samarkand Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization
—
the summit of the heads of state of the
organization held in Samarkand on September 15-16,
2022. On the occasion of the SCO summit, along with
new buildings, trees and seedlings have also increased
in Samarkand. Two-thirds of the tourist center is
occupied by the garden area, where more than 50
thousand roses, 30 thousand bushes and hundreds of
thousands of shrubs from Germany, Belgium, Italy and
the Netherlands have been planted. It can also be
admitted that the summit has made Samarkand even
greener. The current appearance of adventitious
species such as Euphorbia peplus in the flora is
associated with the arrival of various types of trees and
shrubs from foreign countries, as well as numerous
visits by tourists.
Representatives of the Amaranthus L. species are also
widespread in the urban flora of Samarkand. Among
them, Amaranthus viridis L. can be cited as an invasive
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
species [9]. Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae)
–
a
new invasive species for the flora of Uzbekistan.
Austria. Stapfia Reports., 127-130, Erigeron bonariensis
L. - this species is found not only in the urban flora, but
also as a dominant species in other settlements.
Figure 1. General view of Erigeron bonariensis L.
Figure 2. General view of Amaranthus viridis L.
Currently, the introduction of invasive species into local
flora is accelerating, and they are negatively affecting
native species. Research is ongoing to study such
situations.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the various effects of modern
anthropogenic factors have accelerated the process of
adventitious flora. This is especially evident in cities
with well-developed socio-economic and logistical
connections. The penetration of adventitious species
into foreign territories is caused by human movements,
transport, the introduction of ornamental plants, etc.
This situation varies in different regions.
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