American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
25-28
10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06
The influence of immunity on the regulation process of
the homeostatic mechanism in animals
L.А. Xujanova
Assistant, PhD at Samarkand Zarmed University, Uzbekistan
X.I. Babamurotova
Teacher at Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
P.O. Maxmadoliyeva
Student at Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Received:
25 January 2025;
Accepted:
27 February 2025;
Published:
28 March 2025
Abstract:
This study examines the role of the immune system in regulating the homeostatic mechanisms of
animals, particularly in conditions of physiological stress such as pregnancy. The research highlights how
deficiencies in essential microelements like zinc, copper, and cobalt can impair immune resistance and disrupt
metabolic processes. It was observed that reduced immunity contributes to the weakening of non-specific
resistance, especially in newborn calves, leading to primary immunosuppressive conditions. These changes affect
the div's ability to maintain homeostasis, resulting in a decline in animal health and economic productivity. The
findings emphasize the importance of monitoring immune and metabolic parameters to prevent
immunodeficiency-related disorders in livestock.
Keywords:
Animal immunity, homeostasis, metabolic disorders, immunosuppression, zinc deficiency, immune
resistance, livestock health, physiological stress.
Introduction:
It is well known that the growing global
population is increasingly making the provision of
nutritious food a global issue. To ensure the population
is supplied with high-quality meat products, it is
necessary to develop a herd of pedigree cattle. In
determining the health and adaptability of pedigree
cows, homeostatic indicators are considered essential.
The immune system of an animal's div depends on
the functional activity of growth and development, as
well as the level of mineral and vitamin metabolism.
Highly productive animals are significantly more
demanding in terms of feeding and maintenance
conditions compared to those with low or medium
productivity.
The essence of the specific features of metabolism in
animals lies in the fact that the processes of food intake
and milk synthesis are not subordinated to
neurohumoral and hormonal regulation [1; pp. 37
–
39].
Zinc (Zn) is one of the rare essential elements and, in
terms of importance, competes with iodine, iron, and
magnesium [8; pp. 6
–
15].
In immunological analyses, neglecting the assessment
of zinc levels in the div of high-milk-producing cows
leads to intensified metabolic processes and increases
the demand for the quality of consumed feed, the
organization of complete nutrition, proper storage, and
early diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders
[4; pp. 109
–
111].
In most cases, the increase in milk productivity in cows
is directly related to metabolic disorders and the onset
of diseases. This is because highly productive animals
react much more quickly even to minor mistakes in
feeding, compared to animals with low or medium
productivity. These issues are especially observed
during pregnancy and postpartum periods.
A lack of micro- and macroelements, inadequate
feeding with nutritious food, and insufficient colostrum
lead to a decrease in non-specific resistance not only in
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
pedigree cows but also in their offspring. Under
modern conditions of livestock intensification, the
impact of numerous anthropogenic and stress factors,
as well as the widespread use of antimicrobial and
biological preparations, leads to a disruption of
immune mechanisms.
Immunological monitoring conducted on pedigree
cows and their calves allows for the identification of
immune deficiencies in newborn calves caused by
untimely and insufficient colostrum intake. Calves
suffering
from
gastrointestinal
diseases
are
characterized by decreased levels of total protein and
immunoglobulins in their immune status.
The homeostatic mechanism plays an important role in
adapting the animal's div to environmental and
metabolic changes and regulates immune responses in
the animal's div.
METHODS
Currently, the dynamics of non-specific parameters and
the decline in immune characteristics in cattle against
the background of life-threatening deficiencies caused
by a lack of microelements have not been sufficiently
studied in pedigree cow systems. Therefore, as one of
the most important indicators, we studied non-specific
resistance parameters at the “Chortut” breeding cattle
farm in the Pastdargom district of Samarkand region.
For the study, 10 head of Holstein breed pedigree cows
from German selection were selected and divided into
control and experimental groups based on analog
principles.
The following were determined in the blood (according
to V.I. Georgievsky):
•
Hemoglobin
–
using a Sahli hemometer;
•
Erythrocytes and leukocytes
–
using a Goryaev
counting chamber;
•
Types of leukocytes
–
by counting the types of
leukocytes in a blood smear using the Goryaev
chamber.
Blood was collected from the jugular vein of 10 cows
from each group in the morning before feeding.
Morphological examinations were conducted in the
veterinary room of the farm, while biochemical
analyses were carried out at the immunology
laboratory of the Veterinary Scientific and Educational
Center of Samarkand region.
RESULT
Hematological studies revealed mild leukocytosis in the
cows. In the experimental group, leukocyte levels were
within 10.16±1.48 x10⁹/L (Table 1). The number of
erythrocytes was 6.20±0.15 x10¹²/L, and the
hemoglobin level was 90±4.76 g/L, indicating the
development of hypochromic anemia.
Figure 1.
In hypochromic anemia, red blood cells with low hemoglobin content appear
colorless.
Colorless erythrocytes with
low hemoglobin content in
hypochromic anemia.
Normal, healthy erythrocytes.
Below is the identified dynamics of morphological
blood parameters of cattle in the “cow
-
calf” system at
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American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
the “Chortut” catt
le breeding farm.
Table 1
Blood test results of pregnant cows and their newborn calves
Morphological blood
indicators
:
Pregnant cows
Calves
1.
Erythrocytes, x10¹²/L
6,20±0,15
6,28±0,79*
2
Hemoglobin, g/L
90±4,76
95,09±5,0
3.
Leukocytes, x10
⁹
/L
10,16±1,48
8,34±0,9**
4.
Hematocrit, %
30,5±0,89
27,5±2,5**
5.
Leukocyte formula, %
6.
Basophils
0,55±0,10
0,2±0,1*
7.
Eosinophils
8,92±0,95
1,3±0,56*
8.
Young neutrophils
1,22±0,18
10,0±0,18**
9.
Band neutrophils
4,89±0,60
19,2±0,31**
10.
Segmented neutrophils
22,39±1,21
51,2±1,52**
11.
Lymphocytes
57,81±2,27
17,0±1,36**
12.
Monocytes
4,17±0,78
1,0±0,83**
Note: * - P<0.05; ** - P<0.01
When analyzing the morphological blood parameters
and leukocyte formula of the calves, they were
characterized by a neutrophil profile, which is a
physiological feature of the animals on the farm (Table
1). The hemoglobin level was 95.09±5.0 g/L and
erythrocytes
–
6.28±0.79x10¹²/L, which indicates the
development of hypochromic anemia.
Table 2
Immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum of cows in the 8th month of pregnancy and
their calves
Immunoglobulin indicators:
Pregnant cows
Calves
1.
Immunoglobulin A, mg/ml
1,1 ± 0,2
1,63±0,18
2
Immunoglobulin G, mg/ml
12,15 ± 0,2
16,75±1,2
3.
Immunoglobulin M, mg/ml
0,98 ±0,1
1,21±0,05
In the experimental cows, a low level of immune
resistance was observed.
CONCLUSION
In livestock, deficiency of cobalt, copper, and
nutritionally derived zinc is most common and leads to
intensive metabolic activity (during pregnancy).
Humoral regulation acts as a factor that decreases the
level of immunity. A reduction in the parameters of
non-specific resistance of the organism contributes to
the development of primary immunosuppressive
conditions in the offspring. This process, in turn,
represents an etiopathogenetic aspect of the
development of secondary immune deficiency and
leads to disruption of homeostasis. As a result, a
decline in the health and economic value of livestock is
observed.
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