American Journal Of Philological Sciences
298
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
298-303
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue05-82
Semantic Development In Speech-Specific Words
Khasanov Abdumannon Majidovich
Head of the Department of Dialectology and History of the Uzbek Language Institute of the Uzbek language, literature and folklore of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Received:
29 March 2025;
Accepted:
25 April 2025;
Published:
30 May 2025
Abstract:
This article discusses the meanings in which some words undergoing semantic development are used in
speech processes. The speaker's ability to use the lexical-semantic capabilities of words that can express different
shades of meaning in accordance with the speech situation, as well as the characteristics of the change of the
corresponding linguistic unit in this process, are discussed. It is emphasized that the metaphorical naming of new
concepts, renaming concepts through a portable meaning, etc. are the main factors in the emergence of semantic
development. It is shown through relevant examples that even units used in a vulgar sense, first of all, become
vulgar units through widespread popularity in speech processes. It is emphasized that when filling out explanatory
dictionaries describing the lexical composition of the literary language, it is necessary to take a serious approach
to the semantic properties of words.
Keywords:
Semantic development, polysemy, portable meaning, metaphor, discourse processes, lexical gap, new
concept.
Introduction:
The main function of language is
manifested in the process of speech: people exchange
information with each other, influence each other,
express themselves, and socialize. It is also in the
process of speech that human thinking and language
are fully manifested.
In turn, the level of development of the language, its
shortcomings, expressive capabilities and defects are
also revealed in colloquial speech. Confessions in the
speech of speakers such as "language cannot
express...", "language is incapable of expression", "my
language is stupid..." are not just statements formed
from certain emotional experiences of the speakers: in
fact, the capabilities of the language may not be
sufficient for the speaker to fully express his thoughts
at the right time.
Any language, realizing itself as a means of expressing
the thoughts and experiences of its owners, develops
in accordance with the progress of human thought
(Majidovich K. A., 2021). However, the rather limitless
nature of thought and the limited possibilities of
language indicate that these two objects have a
significant imbalance in relation to each other.
the literary language covers colloquial words, it is
possible to make recommendations for including many
words in the dictionaries of the literary language.
Today, words that are becoming popular in colloquial
speech with new meanings include: kyydirmoq (to
attribute a bad trait to a person in front of him),
yuklatmoq (to deprive someone of something by
cheating or cheating), edirmoq (to blame someone else
for something) The units, in fact, arose from the need
to name a concept that does not have its own
representative in the lexicon of the literary language.
The fact that these units are "young" and not
understood by some people is due to their It can be
cited as an aspect that prevents it from being
recognized as a norm in literary language. However,
these words are striving for normativity as a unit that is
becoming popular among many.
Such units used in conversational processes are more
often created on the basis of internal language
capabilities (Khasanov, Filling Gaps in the Lexicon of the
Literary Language with Colloquial Words, 2022). After
all, these aspects are also important for the rapid
understanding and popularization of these units. This
also (Khasanov, ENRICHMENT OF UZBEK LEXIC RESERVE
WITH KYPCHAK DIALECT, 2021)helps to a certain extent
in assessing the possibilities of popularization and
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stabilization of these words.
In the process of speech, when a person tries to convey
his thoughts to the listener, he can use all the
possibilities of the language (or rather, his own
linguistic possibilities). At the same time, when
expressing certain concepts, the speaker involuntarily
mobilizes existing words to express new meanings,
creates (Ҳасанов А. , ON TH
E DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
LITERARY AND DIALECTAL VOCABULARY, 2020)new
words. These circumstances once again prove the great
importance of colloquial speech in the development of
language.
Most of the new lexical units that appear in the
language are created in colloquial speech. In order for
them to stabilize in the lexicon of the language, they
must become popular in colloquial speech, becoming
well-known words for the speakers of the language
(Khasanov, LACUNA AND LEXICAL GAP AN IMPORTANT
OBJECT OF LINGUISTICS, 2022). For this reason,
comparing the lexicon of the language with the units in
the lexicon of colloquial speech and identifying a
certain gap, thereby filling the appropriate place, is
considered a very effective method.
The use of metaphor in ordinary speech processes
when naming a new concept also indicates the
popularity of this method. For example, the expression
of a polyethylene pipe (hose) by some people as an
intestine, the use of the word state in speech in the
meaning of property, indicates the purposeful and
appropriate use of metaphor by language speakers to
fill lexical gaps. The formation of polysemantic words in
a language is, in fact, the result of an attempt to name
a certain unnamed concept by the name of a concept
close to it (Ҳасанов
A. М., 2022). The adaptation
(coding) of one word to express several concepts, as an
intensive possibility of the lexicon of the language, also
has a positive effect on its stability and regularity.
The semantic development of a word, of course, occurs
in connection with speech processes, in particular, with
speech needs and opportunities. The mobilization of a
word in a figurative sense to express the corresponding
lexical space may lead to its widespread use in speech
processes as a product of a certain cognitive-linguistic
activity, and its use in this way (in a figurative sense)
may become a speech habit (ҲАСАНОВ, 2022). At the
next stage, this word becomes more stable and begins
to express a new concept (figurative meaning). As a
result of this type of semantic development, the word
expresses several concepts (semema), that is, polysemy
arises. These laws, which were previously known in
linguistics, have been repeatedly studied by various
researchers, and the linguistic significance of this
phenomenon and the possibilities of stabilizing the
lexicon of the language have been recognized
(Majidovich K. A., 2025). Therefore, when analyzing a
word, its semantic aspects are studied, it is necessary
to evaluate the possibilities of its use in the lexicon of
the language at a certain period, its semantic changes.
In this process, it is necessary to work with the law
described above, analyze it once again and confirm it.
The use of words in a figurative sense simplifies the
difficult and difficult task of naming each concept in the
language. Otherwise, as a result of the desire of human
thought to have a separate name for each concept,
there is a need to create many new words in the
language (Adamska-Salaciak, 2021). On the one hand,
this creates great difficulties for those who speak the
language, and on the other hand, it leads to the
desystematization and instability of the language
lexicon.
The stabilization and popularization of a word with a
mobile meaning in a language is also similar to the “life
path” of a
new word (neologism). This word initially
names a certain concept only in the appropriate speech
situation as a speech unit. If its usage and semantic
properties are acceptable (liked) by other language
speakers (for example, listeners), this word may also
begin to be used in their speech. As a result of the fair
linguistic perception and choice of language speakers,
such words expand their area as a unit adapted to
express the appropriate mobile meaning, becoming a
speech habit (norm) (HASANOV, 2023). In general, in
the process of going through the stages of lexeme
formation of words in a language (becoming a stable
word in the language), this (new) word becomes
adapted to name a new concept in a semantic way.
However, this is not an easy and fast process.
Today, along with their original (primary) meanings, the
figurative meanings of some words are as clear as day
to the speakers of the language and are stored in the
linguistic base of the speaker in a “ready
-to-
speech”
state. One of the main reasons for this can be said to be
the active use of the corresponding word in a figurative
sense in many speech processes. In particular, since the
word tulki (fox) is used in the meaning of cunning, the
use of this word in this sense is easily understood by
most speakers of the language (MAHMUDOV, 2015). If
we may say so, it should be said that in speech
processes the word tulki (fox) is used in a figurative
sense more often than in its original meaning. This, of
course, emphasizes and shows the speakers what
figurative meaning it expresses. That is probably why,
when some people are asked about the meaning of
such words, they describe the figurative meaning of the
word and ignore its main meaning. These features are
also recognized by lexicologists, in particular,
lex
icographers (Kайдаров, 1969). For example, the fact
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that the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language
records not only the original meaning(s), but also the
popularized (stable) figurative meaning(s) of the word
allows us to draw such a conclusion (according to our
calculations, the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek
language describes the figurative meanings of the
corresponding word in 3362 places, and these
meanings are distinguished by koʻchma (the figurative
meaning). In fact, if the figurative meaning of a
particular word is familiar to the majority of speakers
of the language, it is unfair not to record (recognize) it.
After all, they also serve to name concepts without a
specific name. Although it is known that they are
somewhat new (“young”), h
ave not yet become
accustomed to expressing a separate semantic
meaning, it is noticeable that they are actively used
(popularized)
in
speech
processes,
and
are
understandable to the majority of speakers of the
language. In lexicography, it is necessary to record
words undergoing such semantic changes in a timely
manner. After all, if the most variable level of the
language is the lexicon, then the most active of the
changes at this level is the semantic development of
words.
It should be recognized that although it is not possible
to identify an unnamed concept in everyday speech
processes, recommend a new unit that is suitable for it,
and substantiate it scientifically and practically, the
objectively and systematically replenishment of the
language lexicon is ensured as a result of the fair
linguistic activity and perception of language speakers.
Since the main goal of linguistics is to study linguistic
phenomena and improve them for human needs,
linguists should be leaders and initiators in identifying
and filling in the nameless concept as soon as possible.
That is, if representatives of the field strive to identify
and fill in the relevant concept through conversational
processes or other speech situations, this will naturally
pave the way for the growth of the national and social
significance of linguistics.
Systematic study of colloquial speech provides very
important information in identifying and filling gaps in
the language lexicon. In particular, the necessary
conclusions can be drawn by observing and seriously
studying the processes of naming (or expressing with
other units) unnamed concepts in colloquial speech.
It is known that not just any word can be included in
explanatory dictionaries that emdiv the lexical norms
of the Uzbek literary language. Therefore, the following
words from "colloquial and dialectal words" are
included in the dictionary:
a) words that are widely used in conversation and are
also frequently found in written literature: zap, rosa,
paqqos, unaqa, shunaqangi, boplamoq, qotirmoq;
b) synonymous words used in parallel in the literary
language: narvon - shoti, sori - karovat - chorpoya, etc.;
c) words not recorded in written literature but having
no parallel in the literary language: yelvizak, oydin,
chaptar, so'gan, etc.;
d) words that are found in written literature, although
they are characteristic of only some places (tepatoya,
atak-chechak, etc.) and have no parallel in the literary
language: negov, qaqas (Fergana), kamgak (Tashkent),
etc.” (Ўзбек тилининг изоҳли луғатини тузиш учун
қўлланма, 1964). Items “c” and “d” of this classification
directly refer to words that express concepts that are
lexical gaps for the literary language. In fact, it is
recognized that the filling of gaps in the literary
language by such words and thereby increasing the
expressive capabilities of the language serves to ensure
the gradual development of the lexicon of the
language, and therefore it is considered appropriate to
include them in the explanatory dictionary.
Lexical gaps is to seriously study modern Uzbek
colloquial speech. Materials collected through literary
and historical works can also be a great source in this
regard. Through their analytical and comparative study,
many words necessary for the literary language can be
identified. It is only necessary to analyze and justify
their compliance and suitability with the norms of the
literary language. In the process of analysis and study,
words that are considered worthy of filling the lexicon
of the literary language should be analyzed from this
point of view, that is, from the point of view of whether
they can or cannot reach the level of the lexical norm.
At this point, it is necessary to distinguish colloquial
words from dialect words. It should be recognized that
most of the words used in many dialects are considered
colloquial words. In fact, there is no group of “colloquial
words” in the non
-literary layer, which is opposed to
the literary layer. This concept is directly related to
stylistic characteristics. Therefore, in our opinion, it is
more correct to consider it as words characteristic of
colloquial speech.
The conversational process is a generalizing, mixed
and, most importantly, natural form of speech, which
summarizes other speech situations and conditions.
Therefore, in it, language speakers are more active
(creative) and proactive in filling the lexical gap. Also,
the linguistic activity of language speakers is of great
importance in the creation of (MAJIDOVICH,
2023)certain words, their adoption at the level of
normative units and their popularization. This shows
that colloquial speech has great potential for the
spontaneous emergence, selection and popularization
of new words .
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Colloquial words filling the lexical gap in the literary
language was also discussed in the previous chapter.
Below we will discuss the possibility of literaryization of
some colloquial words. After all, the units that appear
in colloquial speech are also words formed based on
the existing possibilities of the language (Khаsаnоv,
2023). In our classification, the assessment of colloquial
speech as characteristic of the style of speech and the
analysis in this paragraph are based on the fact that the
characteristics of colloquial speech are more clearly
reflected than the methods of word formation.
Colloquial words are distinguished by their
colorfulness, traditional (natural) construction, and
active use. Also, some of these words reflect linguistic
thought. After all, units such as euphemism and taboo
are, in fact, elements that indicate the specific linguistic
etiquette of speakers.
Uloqlamoq and buzoqlamoq (to give birth), which are
based on the productive word-forming patterns of the
Uzbek language, are also euphemistic. It is worth
recognizing that these words are actively used in most
rural areas where livestock is raised. This verb is used
as a euphemistic variant of the verb togʻomaq.
The gendered nature of human characteristics and
their expression in speech is clearly reflected in words
such as xotinmijoz, xotinchalish, erkakshoda, which are
characteristic of the style of speech. Among these
words, the word xotinmijoz is one of the words actively
used in speech processes, which can fill the
corresponding lexical gap. After all, it is a very popular
word today as a worthy representative of the concept
it expresses .
In colloquial words, there is a characteristic of a positive
or negative connotation, which is why the inclusion of
some words with a negative connotation in the
explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language is
controversial. For examp
le, the word koʻrgansiz (not
seen), which is used to express the opposite meaning
of the concept "koʻrgan" (dark
-eyed, rich), is an actively
used unit in speech as a proper name for the concept it
expresses. Therefore, it can be recorded in normative
dictionaries of the literary language.
Gapirmoq (talk) is used colloquially in the sense of "to
point out someone's mistakes and shortcomings; to
scold in this way. Uy ishlarini bajarib qo‘yay, onam
kelsa, gapiradi; Bu ishni vaqtida bajarmaganimiz uchun
boshliq gapirdi (I 'll finish my homework, and when my
mother comes, she'll talk; The boss spoke because we
didn't finish the work on time). In sentences such as:
"to criticize" the guilty person in front of others, the
same meaning of this word can be observed. The fact
that this word can also express the actions of criticizing
and bad evaluation of the guilty person in front of
others shows that this word is different from the words
"to scold" and "to criticize". Similarly, the word "to
speak" has a certain difference from the words "to
offend", "to disparage", "to criticize". Therefore, it is
necessary to recognize this word as a suitable
expression of the relevant concept, for example, it
should be recorded as the fourth sememe of the word
"to speak" in the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek
language .
The explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language
explains 11 meanings of the word "saqlamoq". Today,
this word is expanding its meaning and is specializing in
other concepts. For example, this word also serves to
express the meaning of "imprinting certain information
in the memory of a computer (or other IT equipment).
In other languages, it is usually "saqlamoq". This
concept, known by its alternatives (for example, in
Russian, sokhraneniye, in English, save), is also
correctly and appropriately named in Uzbek. This
concept and its name, which are understandable to
many, are very important today, so it is appropriate to
record it in (Khasanov, LEXICAL GAPS IN THE
LANGUAGE AND THEIR LINGUISTIC, 2022)dictionaries.
Also, in today's era of developed computer
technologies, many words are used to name specific
concepts of the same field and are specializing in
expressing the corresponding meaning. In our opinion,
it is appropriate to record them in dictionaries in a
timely manner.
Yuklamoq (load), which is actively used to express
another concept related to the IT sector, also has the
ability to name the corresponding concept in the
literary language. This term, which is used in the
meaning of "launching, activating an information
program or file", should be noted in the explanatory
dictionary as a separate synonym for the word
yuklamoq (load). After all, this word is also one of the
words that is understandable to many and is suitable
for naming an important concept.
It is worth noting here that the above words such as
saqlamoq, yuklamaq are borrowed from another
language, and that they are “translated” units, are also
easily understood. Based on certain observations, the
eminent scientist A. Hojiyev expressed the opinion that
“… the
formation of a new meaning through semantic
borrowing (the formation of a new meaning) is the
most important way to create a new meaning (Ҳожиев,
1991)” In addition to this opinion, it can also be said
that the motivational mechanisms that operate in the
process of naming a certain new concept in many
languages are almost universal, and this can be
evidenced by the use of units that are essentially the
same (equivalent) in naming the same concept in these
languages.
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Another unit mobilized to name one of the concepts in
the IT field is the word xotira (memory). The meaning
of “the ability of a computer or other electronic device
to store information”, formed on the basis of the
semantics “an impression of someone or something
that is kept in the mind, in mem
ory”, is currently used
through this word. In our opinion, this word has
sufficient potential to express the relevant concept and
therefore has gained considerable stability in speech,
as well as in the IT field. This gives it the privilege of
being recorded as a separate semantics in the
explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language.
For the operation of electronic devices, it is a natural
necessity to provide them with a certain amount of
power. Therefore, many devices can be powered by
electricity and only on this basis can their free service
be used. The word quvvatlamoq (power), which is used
to express this action, is also specialized to express the
corresponding process, namely "filling (charging) the
battery of an electronic device with electric current
(charge)". In this case, the connection between power
and the word quvvat (energy) has paved the way for
the compatibility of this word and the concept it
represents.
The idea of the enrichment of words used in speech
with stylistic meanings was expressed above. This
situation creates an opportunity to use the
corresponding units for malicious purposes in ordinary
speech processes. For example, angry, fighting people
can use a unit in a sarcastic, sarcastic, or even insulting
sense. The repetition of such situations paves the way
for the corresponding words to become offensive
words. Today, in Uzbek colloquial speech, it is also
observed that units such as itarmoq (to push), yormoq
(to tear), yirtmoq (to tear), qilmoq (to do) are used in
the sense of having sexual intercourse. In addition, it
can be observed that hatred and insult are also
expressed by using animal names such as mol (cattle),
hayvon (animal), it (dog), choʻchqa (pig), toʻngʻiz (boar),
eshak (donkey), qoʻy (sheep), ilon (snake), chayon
(sco
rpion), kalamush (rat), and qargʻa (crow) in relation
to people. It should also be noted that the semantic use
of these units has become commonplace. However, it
is considered unethical to include notes about such
meanings in normative dictionaries.
Colloquial words, as units that are understandable to
most people and, as a rule, actively used in the speech
of native speakers, have certain advantages in filling
the corresponding gap in the literary language. Their
identification in the processes of speech and the
description of their significant aspects for the lexicon of
the literary language are important in filling the
corresponding gaps at the lexical level. Their
popularization in the language helps to further enhance
the expressiveness and usability of the literary
language.
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doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960629
