Vol. 5 No. 05 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 05

This article provides Uzbek readers with the first information about the poetry of the Uzbek poet Vasliy, who lived and worked in East Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century. His poems, written under the influence of the work of enlightened poets such as Mukimiy, are analyzed. Most of the poet's poems are in harmony with the lyrical works of poets such as Furqat, Mukimiy, Xislat, and Zavqiy, imbued with nationalist and enlightened ideas. The classification of lyrical poems in the collection "Xinjiang Uzbek Poets" indicates that Vasliy wrote about themes that have been common to poets in Uzbek classical poetry and creatively followed them in terms of artistic style. Getting acquainted with the work of such poets indicates the extent of creative cooperation between Uyghur and Uzbek poets in East Turkestan of that period and their attitude to classical traditions.

This article examines the concept of presupposition within the framework of cognitive linguistics, offering a modern interpretation that extends beyond traditional formal and pragmatic approaches. It focuses on how presuppositions are rooted in mental representations, background knowledge, and conceptual structures that shape meaning in discourse. The study explores key cognitive mechanisms—such as mental spaces, frames, and conceptual integration—that contribute to the generation and interpretation of presuppositional content. By emphasizing the dynamic, context-sensitive nature of presupposition, the article highlights its role in the interaction between language and cognition, and underscores the importance of considering cognitive factors in linguistic analysis.

This article presents a comparative analysis of pronouns in Russian and Karakalpak, two typologically distinct languages. While Russian, a Slavic Indo-European language, utilizes an inflectional system marked by grammatical gender and extensive case usage, Karakalpak, a member of the Turkic language family, features agglutinative morphology and gender-neutral structures. The study explores various categories of pronouns including personal, possessive, demonstrative, reflexive, interrogative, indefinite, and relative pronouns. Through this comparison, key differences and similarities are highlighted, with a focus on morphological, syntactic, and semantic aspects. The research underscores how these languages encode meaning through different grammatical strategies and reflects on the implications for language learning and translation studies.

In this article, much attention is paid to the syntactic and semantic study of the lexicon of the acquisition layer in the Uzbek language. Borrowed words played an important role in the historical development of the Uzbek language. They entered the language through cultural and scientific relations, trade and other fields and enriched it. Borrowed words from Arabic, Persian, Russian and other languages increased the vocabulary of the Uzbek language and contributed to the further development of the language.

This article explores the phonostylistic and phonopragmatic strategies used by Uzbek comedians to construct humorous situations in performance discourse. It investigates the role of phonetic manipulation—particularly vowel elongation, consonant gemination, and stress variation—in conveying irony, sarcasm, intensification, emotionality, and cultural symbolism. Drawing on examples from well-known performers such as Hojiboy Tojiboyev and Avaz Oxun, the study demonstrates how these phonostylistic tools enhance communicative effect, evoke laughter, and reflect national identity. The findings highlight the anthropocentric and functional nature of sound alteration in comedic speech, underscoring its relevance for the broader study of Uzbek phonostylistics.

This article discusses the origins and the role of Uzbek legal terminology in the development of the language. It explores the contributions and significance of the research carried out by linguists and legal scholars in the study of legal terms. The paper examines the stages of development of Uzbek legal terminology and reviews various scholarly perspectives. Furthermore, it analyzes the challenges involved in aligning Uzbek legal terms with international standards and highlights the advantages of increasing the share of Uzbek legal terminology in the national legislative system.

This research article analyzes the linguistic translation of the English-language documentary series Time Warp into Uzbek. The focus lies on how metaphorical expressions, expressive phrases, emotional connotations, and cultural adaptation strategies are implemented in the target language. The study evaluates the translator’s ability to balance literal and stylistic approaches and addresses challenges in finding equivalent expressions in Uzbek.

The article explores the impact of the linguistic situation in Uzbekistan on the acquisition of Russian pronunciation among native Uzbek speakers. It analyzes phonetic challenges caused by articulatory differences and language interference. The role of the linguistic environment and learner motivation is also examined. The paper proposes methods for overcoming pronunciation difficulties.

This article aims at exploring the principles as well as concepts of language assessment accompanied by a specific classroom profile and it addresses language skills as well. Additionally, it provides the reader with deeper comprehension of creating assessments aligning with standards or learning objectives and addressed various needs of language learners making attempt to deliver valuable information for reporting future instructions.

This article aims at investigating the ways of teaching ESP to EFL learners focusing on needs analysis according to learners’ needs of engineering field learners and it highlights the usage of two model frameworks to design ESP course project.

This article examines the initial scientific approaches to the study of speech culture and its role in communicative competence. Speech culture, as an interdisciplinary field, encompasses linguistic, rhetorical, ethical, and cultural dimensions that ensure clarity, expressiveness, and appropriateness of oral and written communication. The study outlines early theoretical interpretations and highlights the importance of speech culture in the educational and professional development of individuals, with emphasis on its normative and stylistic aspects.

This article analyzes the scholarly research of the prominent literary scholar Olim Anqaboy Quljonov on jadid literature. It explores the author's views on the jadid movement, its enlightenment ideas, literary-aesthetic concepts, and the stylistic methods used to express them. A. Quljonov’s in-depth analysis of the works of prominent jadid writers such as Abdurauf Fitrat and Hamid Olimjon is discussed, highlighting their role and significance in the period of national awakening. His research evaluates jadid literature not merely as a historical phenomenon, but as a crucial source that continues to influence contemporary literary thought. The article also examines Quljonov’s assessments of key Jadid figures and their place in today’s literary process.

This article analyzes the psycholinguistic characteristics of specialized texts and the process of their perception. It first explores the concept of text, its types, and the specific features of specialized texts. Lexical, grammatical, and structural features that distinguish specialized texts from other types of texts are identified. Additionally, the cognitive and psychological mechanisms involved in perceiving specialized texts—such as attention, memory, interpretation, and conscious strategies—are described. The article also emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and offers recommendations for studying specialized texts in the educational process. These analyses are considered relevant for the fields of linguistics, psychology, and education.

Etiquette is a word of French origin meaning manner of behavior. It includes the rules of politeness and courtesy accepted in society. Diplomatic etiquette originated from court etiquette, since it was at royal courts that foreign embassies were received.

In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication was decisively influenced by solemn and magnificent rituals, whose purpose was to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, strength and superiority. Later, when issues of cooperation between states began to play a major role at court, diplomats had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette, since they represented not so much themselves as their country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could flare up due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states became more and more regulated. Violation of the rules of international politeness can damage the authority and prestige of the state.

This study explores the functional characteristics of idiomatic expressions in the English language that contain a person-related component, such as “man”, “person”, or “fellow”. Using a qualitative, descriptive method, a selected set of idioms was analyzed from major dictionaries and corpora for their semantic structure, pragmatic function, and thematic roles. The findings show that person-component idioms serve evaluative, descriptive, and cultural functions, often reflecting societal values, stereotypes, and behavioral norms. Through contextual examples and categorization, the study demonstrates how these idioms contribute to effective communication and cultural understanding in English discourse.

This article explores the effective integration of internet resources into foreign language teaching, focusing on the adjustment and customization of application methods to enhance student engagement and language acquisition. With the increasing role of digital tools in modern education, it is essential to evaluate which online platforms, applications, and multimedia tools yield the most significant outcomes in language instruction. The study discusses various approaches to incorporating resources such as educational websites, interactive apps, social media platforms, and video content. Additionally, the paper outlines practical strategies for teachers to adapt these tools to learners’ levels, needs, and contexts. The findings suggest that the deliberate and flexible use of internet resources fosters communicative competence, learner autonomy, and motivation.

This research aims to explain the distinctions between the Korean linguistic terms 표준어 (standard language), 방언 (dialect), and 사투리 (regional dialectal speech). Many people are not clearly aware of the differences among these three concepts. Therefore, I will attempt to present a scientifically grounded analysis.

This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of teaching Arabic using modern technologies. The paper explores fast vocabulary acquisition, gamification methods, and the effectiveness of simple cartoons in Arabic. It also provides an overview of newly developed electronic dictionaries related to the Arabic language.

This article analyzes the case systems in Turkish and Uzbek from morphological and syntactic perspectives. Although both languages belong to the agglutinative type, there are significant differences between the forms of cases, their rules of usage, and the functional load of certain morphemes. These differences are illustrated with examples, and the grammatical structures are explained through a comparative approach.

This article explores the role of podcasting in developing students' auditory competence in foreign language learning. It discusses the importance of listening as a key speech activity and highlights the advantages of using podcasts in educational settings. The paper examines various definitions of podcasts and videocasts, their didactic potential, and methodological applications in foreign language teaching. Additionally, a step-by-step guide to podcast creation is provided, demonstrating its effectiveness as an innovative tool for enhancing linguistic competence. The study concludes that podcasting offers significant benefits in improving students' listening and speaking skills, vocabulary acquisition, and overall engagement in language learning.

This article delves into the concept of “collocation” exploring its origins, its role within linguistics, and its overall significance. Collocations, which refer to the natural and expected co-occurrence of words, are fundamental to understanding language structure and usage. The article offers various perspectives on defining collocations, differentiating them from other linguistic concepts such as idioms and phrases. It also highlights the practical applications of studying collocations, particularly for language learners, who can benefit from a deeper understanding of how words naturally combine. Furthermore, the article suggests potential avenues for future research in the field of collocations.

Hedges and boosters are essential linguistic devices that can be used in oral and written discourses. Hedges are important in conversing politely and cautiously, expressing the speaker’s or writer’s uncertainty, and convincing others of their statements. Boosters demonstrate the speaker’s or writer’s confidence, reinforce statements, and persuade others of their statements.

This article studies linguistic devices: “Hedges” and “boosters” in communications and academic writings.

This article examines the terms and terminology system related to transport engineering from a linguistic perspective. Using analytical-descriptive and comparative methods, English, Russian, and Uzbek transport-related terms are compared to identify their morphological, semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive characteristics. The study focuses on the adaptation of loanwords, translation challenges, and compliance with international standards. The linguistic analysis of terms contributes to improving terminological normalization, systematization, and effective technical communication in the field of transport engineering.

Poetics is one of the significant means of belles-lettres fiction. The concept   of poetics is considered as widely encircled notion in literary criticism. The article studies theoretical investigations on poetics by the world, russian, uzbek scientists in literature and basically analyses the stories by Khurshid Dustmuhammad. Particularry, the article deals with high artistic value of images, their general and special peculiarities metaphoric features of prose in the stories.

Good wishes and praises are two commonly observed speech acts across many languages. These utterances represent a significant linguistic category through which speakers express their internal emotions and evaluative attitudes toward the interlocutor. Due to the distinctive nature of these expressions, scholars have analyzed them from a range of linguistic and extralinguistic perspectives, including religious frameworks. Numerous theoretical arguments and interpretative models have been proposed to examine and critically assess the structure and function of such utterances in various contexts. The semantic interpretation of these expressions largely depends on shared background knowledge and socio-cultural understanding between the speaker and the listener. While some languages possess a limited repertoire of good wishes and praise expressions, others—such as Uzbek—demonstrate a rich inventory of such utterances, which are frequently used in everyday communication. This article investigates good wishes and praises as complex speech acts, analyzing their communicative functions through theoretical frameworks and contemporary linguistic research. By exploring these acts across diverse cultural and linguistic contexts, with particular emphasis on Uzbek discourse, the study reveals the intricate mechanisms underlying positive linguistic expressions.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the use of the passive voice in English and Karakalpak languages. Although both languages feature passive constructions, they differ significantly in terms of grammatical structure, frequency of use, and communicative function. English forms the passive voice analytically using auxiliary verbs and past participles, allowing a wide range of tenses and modal expressions. In contrast, Karakalpak constructs the passive voice morphologically through verb suffixation, with limited tense variation and context-driven interpretation. Furthermore, English tends to use the passive voice extensively in academic and formal contexts, while Karakalpak favors active voice in writing but employs the passive more in oral storytelling and culturally sensitive situations. The study highlights the structural and functional implications of these differences and suggests their relevance for translation studies, second-language teaching, and cross-linguistic research.

This article explores the key challenges related to syntactic markup in the Uzbek language. As an agglutinative language with free word order, Uzbek presents significant difficulties for natural language processing (NLP). Particular attention is paid to morphological ambiguity, the lack of large-scale annotated corpora, and the insufficient adaptation of algorithms to the linguistic specificities of Uzbek. Solutions are proposed, including the development of specialized corpora, adaptation of existing machine learning models, and the creation of new markup algorithms tailored to the language.

This article explores the semantic and cultural dimensions of the abstract emotional concept hope, focusing on its linguistic realizations in English (hope) and Uzbek (umid). Anchored in the theory of lexical-semantic fields, the study examines how individual lexemes serve as cognitive and cultural signposts, contributing to broader worldview construction within a given language. By employing componential analysis, contrastive lexicography, and cultural linguistics, the article maps the core and peripheral meanings associated with hope/umid, identifying both universal emotional structures and culture-specific semantic patterns. The article demonstrates that lexical items like hope and umid are not merely linguistic units but carriers of cultural memory and emotional worldview, highlighting the dynamic relationship between language, thought, and cultural identity.

This scholarly paper explores the sociolinguistic dimensions of politeness as manifested in contemporary Uzbek social media discourse. In light of the rapid digitalization and the growing prevalence of platforms such as Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram in Uzbekistan, the study investigates how conventional norms of politeness are recontextualized within virtual communicative domains. Anchored in foundational politeness theories and informed by sociolinguistic perspectives, the analysis delves into the nuanced employment of linguistic forms, address terms, honorifics, emoji usage, and indirect speech mechanisms. The paper foregrounds the persistent influence of socio-cultural variables—namely age, gender, and social status—on digital language practices, while also illuminating the transformative impact of global digital trends on indigenous communicative conventions. Findings suggest a dynamic interrelation between continuity and innovation, wherein traditional values are both preserved and renegotiated in response to the evolving affordances of digital interaction.

This article analyzes the main aspects of one of the new directions of pragmalinguistics - communicative linguistics. The scientific and theoretical significance of studying the problem of communicative intention, strategy, and tactics was analyzed based on the speech of Uzbek women.

The article comprehensively examines the pedagogical, psychological, and sociocultural mechanisms of student socialization through a foreign language. In the process of learning a foreign language, it is highlighted how a person's self-awareness, respect for the culture of others, tolerance and empathy are formed, as well as how the abilities of social adaptation and integration are developed.

This article examines the relevance of implementing innovative methods in the process of teaching Russian to Uzbek philology students specializing in Russian language and literature. It emphasizes that the functional principle of instruction becomes the central element in Russian language education, while communicative competence of students is prioritized. The paper highlights the ongoing search for new approaches, formats, and innovative teaching methods, where the directive model is being replaced by an interactive, student-centered approach that has proven to be more productive.

The article argues that the formation of Karakalpak children's folklore was based on children's heritage. Children's songs were typologically compared and genesis issues were analyzed.

This scientific article examines the use of antithesis in paremiological units, specifically proverbs, in English and Uzbek languages. As a rhetorical device, antithesis enhances the expressive power of proverbs by juxtaposing contrasting ideas within a concise structure. Through comparative analysis, the study identifies the structural, semantic, and cultural dimensions of antithetical proverbs, highlighting their role in conveying universal truths and cultural values. Employing a qualitative methodology, selected proverbs from both languages are analyzed to reveal patterns and differences in the application of antithesis. The findings indicate that while both languages utilize antithesis to emphasize moral and philosophical insights, cultural context shapes the choice of imagery and thematic focus. The research contributes to cross-linguistic paremiology and underscores the significance of proverbs as cultural artifacts. This work elucidates universal and culture-specific features, aiding in the understanding of rhetorical strategies.

This article examines the impact of historical and ongoing Russian cultural suppression on the development of Ukrainian national identity and the current level of national unity. It analyzes how policies and practices aimed at diminishing Ukrainian language, culture, and historical narratives have shaped Ukrainian society and contributed to its resilience in the face of external aggression. The study draws on historical accounts, sociological research, and political analysis to explore the complex interplay between cultural suppression, identity formation, and national cohesion in Ukraine.

Literary translation is not merely the process of rendering words from one language to another, but a complex creative act aimed at preserving the author's artistic intent, imagery, stylistic devices, and tone. In this context, not only the external form of the text (lexical and grammatical units) is important, but also its inner substance – aesthetic impact, emotional depth, semantic richness, and stylistic nuance. This is particularly true in the translation of poetic or dramatic works, where imagery and tone are key literary components requiring the translator’s deep philological knowledge and creative skill.

This article examines the challenges and strategies involved in preserving artistic imagery and the original tone in literary translation, especially when translating into the Uzbek language. It analyzes how to convey the semantic load of images, maintain stylistic devices such as metaphor, epithet, and personification, and retain the musicality of the text – including rhythm, intonation, pause, and other phonetic elements – within the stylistic system of the target language. It concludes that preserving imagery and tone in translation is not merely a linguistic issue but also a matter of intercultural understanding and poetic aesthetics. The findings demonstrate the translator’s role as both an interpreter and a re–creator of the literary world in the target culture.

This article analyzes the poetics of memory, self-deception, and social influence in Kazuo Ishigura's The Remains of the Day. The work shows not only through the inner psychological journey of the main character - Butler named Stevens, but also through poetic means how society's influence and class norms were formed in his life views. The article highlights Stevens's style of speech, the structure of time and space, symbols, landscapes, and self-awareness through key images, fragmentarity of memory, and reflections of social pressure in consciousness. The metaphor "remnants of the day" in the work expresses the experiences and regrets that occur at the last stage of life.

This article examines the poetic depiction of mythological images in contemporary Uzbek poetry. In particular, it is analyzed how the images of the fairy and Khizr in the imagination of the ancient people perform an aesthetic function in the poetry of contemporary poets - Halima Akhmedova, Guli Askarova, Iqbol Mirzo, Erkin Azam, how national and universal ideas are expressed through these images. It is highlighted that mythological images appear in poetry not only as an artistic symbol, but also as a symbol representing human spiritual experiences, hopes, and moral values. The study reveals the harmony of mythological images with modern poetic thinking and their place in today's literary process.

This article explores the syntactic and semantic relations underlying oxymoronic constructions in Uzbek literary and colloquial discourse. While oxymoron is traditionally treated as a stylistic figure based on semantic contradiction, this study demonstrates that its internal structure is governed by systematic syntactic connections and valency patterns. Drawing upon examples from contemporary Uzbek literature, the article identifies five major types of syntactic relations within oxymoronic expressions: predicative, attributive, objective, circumstantial, and oppositive. Through detailed linguistic analysis, it is shown that despite their paradoxical semantics, oxymorons preserve grammatical coherence and reveal subtle mechanisms of expressivity, emotional intensity, and cultural coding. The findings affirm that oxymoron, as a syntactic phenomenon, not only enhances stylistic effect but also reflects the richness of Uzbek conceptual and communicative frameworks.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is increasingly recognized as a powerful methodology for foreign language acquisition. This article explores psychological traits and characteristics that significantly impact students' outcomes when CLIL is implemented in language education. Key factors including motivation, anxiety, self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility are examined, providing insights into enhancing language learning through tailored pedagogical strategies.

This article presents a comparative analytical study of the representation of the Second World War in the novels “Hot snow” by the Russian writer Yury Bondarev and “Years in overcoats” by the Uzbek author Shukhrat. The research examines both the national and universal dimensions of wartime experience, foregrounding the stylistic and ideological distinctions between the two texts as well as their reflection of historical and cultural realities. Drawing upon the perspectives of I.Dustova, O.Gradinaru, and other scholars, the study undertakes a thorough exploration of the authors’ narrative techniques, systems of characterization, poetic devices, and ideological frameworks. The analysis provides a comprehensive comparison of narrative structures, character systems, and the mechanisms through which each novel articulates its vision of the war.

This article explores the recent transformations in the management of television channels, which occupy a central position within the mass media system. It emphasizes the correlation between ownership structures and management approaches, and examines the evolving demands placed on modern broadcast administration.

This article examines the development of the field of film dramaturgy, the reflection of the issue of the national idea in film dramaturgy. The work of Erkin A'zam in the field of film dramaturgy, the skill of incorporating the national idea into the work are analyzed.

From the beginning of translation studies to the present, many translation schools, literature on translation studies, and terms and specific terms that directly unearth the secrets of this science have emerged. One such term is “a unit of translation”. This article discusses this term, which has emerged in translation studies. According to the definition given to this term by various translators and translation scholars, a translation unit can be a phoneme, a morpheme, a word, a phrase, and a text. The article discusses the lexical translation unit, and the author presents the opinions and comments expressed by various scholars, translation experts, and linguists on this unit. In addition, examples of lexical translation units are given.

This article explores the teaching profession as more than just the delivery of knowledge, emphasizing its educational, moral, and social dimensions. It highlights key aspects of pedagogical mastery, including the application of knowledge to real life, didactic strategies, use of innovative technologies, and individualized approaches to students. The teacher’s ethical and social responsibilities — patriotism, fairness, honesty, and serving as a role model — are also discussed. The article underscores modern educational priorities and the essential role of teachers in societal development.  

Abu Ya‘qub Sakkaki is regarded as one of the prominent scholars who left a profound impact on both classical and modern linguistic studies. His significance lies in the distinctive nature of his approach, which diverged from traditional methodologies. His work is marked by precise linguistic organization, a departure from conventional authorial styles, and a logical structure influenced by philosophical reasoning. Drawing upon the insights of earlier scholars most notably ‘Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani and his theory of naẓm (systematic composition) Sakkaki’s Miftaḥ al-‘Ulum (The Key to the Sciences) rose to prominence as a foundational text in the field of Arabic linguistics. This work continues to hold a lasting place in the history of scientific linguistic inquiry in the Arabic language.

Among the critical issues in which Sakkaki followed Jurjani are the concepts of meaning, the meaning of meaning, and the challenges related to reception and semantic indication.

In this article the tanslators skills in using words in the process of translating the verses of Makhtumkulu are analyzed, the value of a word is discusussed in belles-letters translation.

The scientific article is devoted to identifying the usage features of variant phraseological units, including lexical variants, in the language of Karakalpak heroic epics. The variant phraseological units found in the epics have been analyzed and their meanings have been revealed.

This article discusses the work done in implementation the credit-module system in higher educational institutions, the work done inclusion of elective subjects and syllabus in educational programs.

This article examines the role of realia - culturally specific linguistic units - in Uzbek lullaby texts (alla), focusing on how they reflect national traditions, beliefs, and worldview. Lullabies, as a form of oral folklore, serve not only as expressions of maternal affection but also as a rich source of ethnolinguistic data. The analysis identifies various categories of realia, including those related to food (plov), clothing (atlas ton, doppı), household items (beshik), cultural rituals (tonbichar), and place names (Oqrabot). These elements represent linguistic markers of identity and embody deeply rooted cultural meanings. Particular attention is paid to how realia function within the communicative structure of lullabies and how they contribute to the symbolic transmission of national values across generations. The study concludes that lullaby realia serve not only as carriers of lexical and cultural information but also as key instruments in shaping the collective memory and worldview of the Uzbek people.

This article explores the multifaceted concept of speech influence within the framework of modern linguistics, highlighting its increasing relevance in contemporary society due to the growing use of persuasive language in media, politics, and digital communication. The study outlines the linguistic and psychological mechanisms that underpin effective persuasive speech, drawing on theories and findings from both Western and Russian linguistic traditions. Key contributions by scholars such as D. Carnegie, R. Lakoff, T. Ulloa, I. Sternin, and O. Issers are discussed to differentiate between forms of influence such as convincing versus persuading. The paper emphasizes the importance of lexical choice, emotional appeal, message clarity, and speaker credibility in the process of speech influence, and concludes by identifying the interdisciplinary nature of this phenomenon, integrating insights from psycholinguistics, rhetoric, communication theory, and sociolinguistics.

 In this article the work of the Hero of Uzbekistan, Abdulla Aripov was chosen to analyze. Thus, it also expresses the analyze of the symbol of women in his works and refers to the creative identity in the literary interpretation of this topic.

Language policy plays a critical role in shaping and enriching a nation's lexicon by guiding linguistic development through political, cultural, and educational mechanisms. This article examines how language policy in English-and Uzbek-speaking societies has influenced the evolution and expansion of their respective word stocks. While English, as a global lingua franca, has undergone enrichment primarily through borrowing, coinage, and technological innovation, Uzbek has experienced lexical enrichment through revitalization, standardization, and incorporation of international terminology, particularly after its independence from the Soviet Union. Comparative analysis reveals that proactive language policies–whether liberal or protectionist–impact the rate and manner of vocabulary growth. The paper concludes by highlighting the significance of strategic language planning in preserving linguistic identity while enabling adaptability to global communication needs.

This article analyzes the semantic and linguocultural characteristics of phraseological units on marriage within the framework of the family concept. Phraseologisms are considered as an expression of national mentality and social values, through which the attitude towards marriage in society, customs and traditional views are highlighted. The study analyzes phraseological units on marriage in the Uzbek language based on examples, revealing their layers of meaning, level of imagery and functional role in the context. The article also shows the connection of phraseological units with folk oral creativity and cultural memory. The results of the study serve to further understand the expression of the concept of marriage at the phraseological level.

The article examines the functions of "writing" as a way of contrasting the characters in W. Thackeray's novel "Vanity Fair". It is noted that the "letters" in the novel play an important role on a compositional and motivational level. Special attention is paid to the representation of the concept of "wealth" in the "letters" given in the novel. This analysis is informed by the current trends and approaches in reading narratives from the Victorian era, with a focus on the relations between Thackeray’s letters and imperialism, emotional distance, and performativity.

Speech always affects other discourses and undergoes interaction and change during communication. The main content of speech is its social and cultural interactions. According to his theory, each discourse interacts with other discourses and undergoes changes during communication. The main content of speech is manifested in its social and cultural interactions. Communication is a complex activity of linguistic (discourse) thinking. As a result of this activity, discourse structures are formed, and the “traces” of the activity of linguistic thinking are preserved in the structure of these structures.

This article explores the nominalizing suffixes derived from verbs in the Altaic languages, specifically focusing on Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic-Manchu, and Korean languages. It examines the verb-to-noun derivational affixes in the Turkic languages as the base language and compares them with their counterparts in other Altaic languages. The study analyzes their meanings and origins and reconstructs their forms from the Proto-Altaic period.

The article explores the modernization of information and library services in Uzbekistan, focusing on how libraries are evolving to meet the needs of readers in the digital age. It highlights major government initiatives and legal reforms aimed at improving access to information, preserving cultural heritage, and automating library processes. Special attention is given to the implementation of the Unified Electronic Catalog (Y.E.K.) system, which enhances information sharing between libraries, simplifies book searches, and supports electronic services for users. The article emphasizes the role of digital technologies in creating a more efficient, user-friendly, and culturally significant library system.

This article explores the essential balance between facts and emotions in publicism, a genre that combines informative content with persuasive expression. It discusses the distinct yet complementary roles that factual accuracy and emotional appeal play in engaging readers and enhancing credibility. The article further examines the challenges of maintaining this harmony and outlines key techniques used by publicists to integrate objective data with human experiences effectively. Through this balanced approach, publicism not only informs but also motivates and influences public opinion, fostering deeper understanding and social engagement. Ultimately, the harmony of facts and emotions is shown to be fundamental for the success and ethical integrity of publicist communication.

This article discusses the meanings in which some words undergoing semantic development are used in speech processes. The speaker's ability to use the lexical-semantic capabilities of words that can express different shades of meaning in accordance with the speech situation, as well as the characteristics of the change of the corresponding linguistic unit in this process, are discussed. It is emphasized that the metaphorical naming of new concepts, renaming concepts through a portable meaning, etc. are the main factors in the emergence of semantic development. It is shown through relevant examples that even units used in a vulgar sense, first of all, become vulgar units through widespread popularity in speech processes. It is emphasized that when filling out explanatory dictionaries describing the lexical composition of the literary language, it is necessary to take a serious approach to the semantic properties of words.

Vocabulary is important for the correct and clear expression of thoughts, ideas and feelings. Understanding and using homonyms correctly also helps in increasing linguistic knowledge and developing critical thinking. The article discusses the importance of using homonyms in increasing students' vocabulary. It also presents methods and tasks used in developing vocabulary based on scientific research, experiments conducted on this issue, and their conclusions. The research highlights the effectiveness of using homonyms in developing students' vocabulary and speech.

This article investigates the important role of global English in modern tourism discourse and examining its effects on how this field (tourism) shared and understood within various cultures. Beyond confessing English as international language, this study investigates how Global English influences business aspects, cultural backgrounds of tourism. Through analyzing this approach, different topics can be identified such as: managing cultures, advertisements, online reviews and travel blogs, astounding destinations and the usage of the English during these contexts. In this research, all information gathered from reliable sources such as articles, scientific magazines and books, website from various tourist destinations, and also including several blogs about tourism. Several topic related vocabulary were identified in English language by observing their role and impact in tourism discourse. The fact is that Global English plays dual crucial role because it is very important for international communication and accessibility. it can be a LINGUA FRANCA for indigenous people who are travelling within countries and it allows them to communicate or share information internationally.  In general English and Tourism are directly connected with each other, this research will provide vital data and facts precisely with focusing on details more deeply by pointing out relationships of English and tourism within several concepts.

This article analyzes the artistic and semantic features of the names of characters in Said Ahmad's stories. The writer skillfully uses names to create characters in his works, to reveal their character and social status. The article studies the writer's style in choosing names, the dependence of names on the national and historical context, as well as their poetic and satirical interpretation. As a result of the research, the literary and aesthetic significance of the poetics of names in Said Ahmad's stories is highlighted.

This article examines the structural-semantic types of “life” (hayot) and “death” (o‘lim) within English and Uzbek, focusing on how cultural, religious, and social factors influence the relevant lexical items and expressions. It explores various subfields—ranging from basic synonyms to euphemisms and metaphors—to illustrate how speakers of both languages articulate life and death in nuanced ways. The discussion also reveals how Islamic and Christian beliefs, as well as evolving social practices, contribute to the creation of idioms and figurative expressions. By highlighting the overlaps and divergences in these semantic fields, the article underscores the rich interplay between language, worldview, and cultural identity.

This аrtiсlе еxрlоrеs thе struсturаl аnd sеmаntiс intriсасiеs оf соmроund sеntеnсеs in nаturаl lаnguаgе, fосusing оn thе lоgiсаl соnnесtiоns аnd thе rеlаtiоnshiрs bеtwееn individuаl рrороsitiоns. Соmроund sеntеnсеs соnsist оf multiрlе сlаusеs, еасh rерrеsеnting а рrороsitiоn, whiсh аrе intеrсоnnесtеd thrоugh vаriоus lоgiсаl аnd sеmаntiс rеlаtiоns suсh аs сооrdinаtiоn, саusаtiоn, соnditiоn, аnd соntrаst. Undеrstаnding thеsе rеlаtiоnshiрs is сruсiаl fоr аnаlyzing sеntеnсе mеаning, disсоursе соhеsiоn, аnd thе sреаkеr's intеnt. Drаwing uроn thе wоrk оf lеаding linguists inсluding M.А.K. Hаllidаy, Gеоffrеy Lеесh, аnd Еvе Swееtsеr, this study highlights hоw lоgiсаl соnnесtоrs соntributе tо mеаning-mаking in соmрlеx syntасtiс struсturеs. Thе аrtiсlе аlsо еmрhаsizеs thе rеlеvаnсе оf thеsе соnсерts in fiеlds suсh аs disсоursе аnаlysis, lаnguаgе tеасhing, аnd соmрutаtiоnаl linguistiсs.

This article reports on the gothic novel and its characteristics, which move and heighten human emotions through the description of scary, fantastic, ghostly events. Aim of the planned article: The aim is to counteract the lack of clarity in the descriptions of the genre as well as in the literary terminology of the gothic novel in order to develop a more strictly differentiated concept of the genre. It is also about understanding the origins and cultural-historical significance of the horror novel as a popular border phenomenon between the Enlightenment and modernity.

The rise of English as a global lingua franca has significantly influenced international diplomatic communication, reshaping the way countries interact, negotiate, and resolve conflicts. This article explores the impact of global English on diplomacy, examining its advantages and challenges. English facilitates the standardization of communication, accelerates negotiations, and increases the accessibility of information, thus enhancing the efficiency of diplomatic processes. However, it also presents challenges such as language inequality, cultural misinterpretations, and the marginalization of linguistic diversity. By analyzing key examples such as the Iranian Nuclear Deal and the Brexit negotiations, this article demonstrates how English has been instrumental in fostering diplomatic successes. Ultimately, while global English continues to play a central role in shaping international diplomacy, its implications on fairness, inclusivity, and cultural diversity remain critical areas for consideration.

This article explores the effectiveness of interactive technologies in enhancing English language lessons. It examines various digital tools such as interactive whiteboards, language learning applications, virtual classrooms, multimedia resources, and collaborative platforms. The study highlights how these technologies improve learner engagement, facilitate active participation, and support the development of essential language skills. Furthermore, the article provides practical recommendations for educators, including comprehensive teacher training, blended learning approaches, infrastructure investment, student digital literacy development, and feedback mechanisms. By integrating these strategies, English lessons can become more dynamic, personalized, and effective in meeting diverse learner needs.

This article explores the sociolinguistic significance of imprecations (curses) as a discursive practice embedded in cultural norms, gender dynamics, and power structures. Through an integrated comparison of the theoretical insights of William Labov, Erving Goffman, Deborah Tannen, Janet Holmes, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and Judith Butler, the study evaluates how curses function as expressions of identity, resistance, and social control in Uzbek, Russian, and English-speaking societies. Using a comparative sociolinguistic methodology, it demonstrates how curses operate across social strata, genders, and communicative contexts. The findings underscore the performative, symbolic, and stratifying functions of imprecations, while revealing their discursive potential to resist and reproduce social hierarchies.

This article explores how digital tools enhance the development of independent study among learners in modern educational settings. It examines the integration of technologies such as learning management systems, mobile applications, AI-based platforms, and digital libraries in promoting learner autonomy. The study emphasizes the role of digital tools in fostering self-regulation, personalized learning, and access to global educational resources. Drawing on recent literature and empirical findings, the article discusses both opportunities and challenges associated with digital learning environments. The findings suggest that when effectively integrated, digital tools significantly support independent learning and academic success in diverse educational contexts.

The article discusses terms formed through the word-formation type of word addition. The description of mainly complex terms and their composition further demonstrates their expression. The types, composition and semantic meaning of complex terms are of great importance. Their specific features show that they differ from word combinations. Therefore, by showing the specific features of complex terms, we will be able to further explain the topic of the article. In the article, complex terms are substantiated by examples and proven by scientific ideas.

Proverbs demonstrate the harmony between emotional and intellectual cognition, the generalization of judgments and conclusions, and the expression of axiological processes in natural and social reality. They figuratively convey the lifestyle, inner world, and viewpoints of the people, reflecting both national and universal values. Axiolinguistic analysis of proverbs enables the study of values as an integral part of language, the identification of axiological units, and the elucidation of the communicative and pragmatic features of language. The expression of axiological lexicon in proverbs, sayings, and wise words, which are examples of oral folk art, reveals the people’s attitude towards certain concepts.

Using the concept of the author’s point of view in literature lessons as a tool for analyzing a literary text serves to develop a holistic understanding of the author’s role in the work, the uniqueness and complexity of the author’s worldview in students. This article discusses the factors influencing the understanding of the author’s point of view, and approaches to guiding students to understand the text by engaging them in the author’s personality.

The article also touches upon the controversial issue of using the term dialectism in relation to words included in the lexical fund of classical sources. Ismailkhan Fakiri is one of the greatest representatives of Uzbek literature, in whose works the wealth of oral folklore is presented through artistic language. In the linguistic analysis of Fakiri's works, his unique lexical capabilities and linguistic features characteristic of the Kashkadarya region are of particular importance. The article examines the vocabulary of Ismailkhan Fakiri's works, as well as the relationship and analysis of the historical dialects of Kashkadarya.

This article analyzes the linguo-statistical and semantic-structural features of animal names belonging to the order Rodentia in the English language. The research is based on a sample of 51 names. The article statistically examines the structural composition of animal names by the number of words and the frequency of one-word, two-word, and three-word names. Furthermore, it highlights the main principles used in naming rodents, particularly methods such as adding a modifier to a base species name and referring to the animal's specific characteristics or habitat. The most frequent base words and their role in name formation are identified. The research findings reveal the regularities of zoological lexis formation and naming strategies in the English language.

This article provides information about the work of Uzbek writer Aydin Sobirova. Adiba's stories analyze the image of women and their role in society. The influence of the social environment on women's dreams, aspirations, and dreams has been studied.

The study of language as a cognitive and cultural phenomenon often intersects with scientific systems, such as units of measurement, that help humans understand and organize the physical world. This article investigates the multifaceted relationship between units of measurement and linguistics, analyzing how language encodes, reflects, and shapes human experiences with quantification. By examining the semantic, morphological, historical, and cross-cultural aspects of measurement terms, this paper argues that measurement units serve as both linguistic and cognitive tools. Drawing on comparative analyses, historical linguistics, and cognitive semantics, the study demonstrates that measurement systems not only mirror scientific understanding but also embody deeply rooted cultural and linguistic structures.

This article presents a comparative analysis of expressions related to plant components encountered in the Uzbek language, along with their translations. The study discusses issues such as the unity of form and meaning, imagery, literary details, similes, and the re-expression of rhyme and refrain. The advantages and challenges of translating from closely related languages are illustrated with examples. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of direct translation from Uzbek into English. Additionally, idioms specifically related to flora components are examined in depth from semantic and pragmatic perspectives.

The use of information technologies is one of the pressing issues in modern education.

Verbs hold significant importance in all languages of the world, playing a central role in linguistic structure. Among world languages, Arabic stands out for its unique grammatical rules and is considered one of the richest languages in terms of vocabulary. In this article, we examine the classification of verbs according to tense in Arabic, the rules governing their usage, and the distinctive features that differentiate them from one another.

This article explores the interpretation of poetic imagery in the works of Sa’dulla Hakim, focusing on how associative and symbolic elements enrich the emotional and philosophical depth of his poetry. The study analyzes the poet's use of metaphors, metonymy, and cultural allusions to convey complex inner experiences and national values. By examining selected poems, the article reveals how Sa’dulla Hakim constructs a multi-layered system of imagery that reflects both personal and collective memory, and engages the reader in an active process of meaning-making. The research also highlights the dynamic interaction between traditional poetic forms and modern stylistic innovations in his work.

This article examines the lexical-semantic analysis of monosemantic and polysemantic Arabic loanwords in Alisher Navoi's work Nasoyimu-l muhabbat. The study highlights Navoi's exceptional mastery in utilizing the semantic nuances and expressive potential of Arabic loanwords, particularly in the context of Sufism. The analysis focuses on key terms such as ilm (knowledge), iltiyom (connection/healing), iltifot (favor/attention), and imon (faith), demonstrating their polysemantic nature and stylistic functions within the text. The article also identifies monosemantic loanwords, such as iloho (O Lord) and ilhom (inspiration), which retain a single meaning. Navoi's ability to use both types of loanwords underscores his linguistic prowess, with approximately 55–60% of the lexicon in Nasoyimu-l muhabbat consisting of Arabic loanwords. The study categorizes these terms based on their semantic roles, including place names, titles, and religious concepts, and explores their synonymous relationships. The findings confirm Navoi's status not only as a literary figure but also as a profound linguist whose work reveals the richness and versatility of the Uzbek language.

This study explores the interface between grammar and pragmatics using a passage from Utkir Hoshimov’s short story “A Stork (Laylak)” from his book “Notes for a Rainy Day (Daftar hoshiyasidagi bitiklar),” originally published in Uzbek and translated into English by F. Bekmurodova. Through a detailed pragmatic analysis, the paper highlights how syntactic repetition, argument structure, metaphor, contradiction, and figurative language enrich the meaning beyond literal semantics. Focusing on grammatical structures, especially repetition, metaphor, and argument omission, the paper applies theories from Green, Goldberg, Recanati, Bach, and Blutner. We argue that while the translation retains many of the original’s pragmatic effects, certain shifts in tone, emotional cues, and speaker stance occur, revealing the challenge of translating pragmatic grammar across languages.

This article provides a methodological approach to the importance of fairy tales in developing speech skills in young children. It also highlights the significance of using modern pedagogical technologies to enrich children's vocabulary, enhance their speech, develop their thinking, and nurture their spirituality through fairy tales.

The article is dedicated to the use of game methods in teaching Russian as an effective tool for increasing students' motivation and productivity. The main types of game approaches are considered: lexical and orthographic games, grammatical quests, role-playing games, and digital applications. Their advantages are described, including developing communication skills, critical thinking, and creativity, as well as simplifying the perception of complex language rules. Special attention is paid to practical examples and recommendations for integrating games into the educational process, taking into account age, training level, and learning objectives. The importance of thorough preparation and control for achieving educational results is emphasized. The article demonstrates that game methodologies not only make lessons engaging but also contribute to deep assimilation of material and formation of love for the Russian language.

In this article, we discussed godonyms studied in the field of toponymy in linguistics. A godonym (Greek ὁδὸς - "road") is the general name for any small objects in a city, including a highway, street, road, avenue, and other small toponyms. In our work, we studied godonyms using the example of the city of Nukus, that is, we divided the godonyms of the city of Nukus into thematic groups and tried to comment on them.

This article examines the syntactic and semantic features of Persian-Tajik izafa constructions within the Uzbek language, focusing on their historical development, structural integration, and phonetic transformation. Through examples drawn from classical Uzbek literature, particularly the works of Alisher Navoi and his successors, the study explores how izafa constructions were adopted and adapted in Uzbek, often resulting in idiomatic expressions with shifted meanings. The research also addresses the typological differences between Uzbek and Tajik, as well as the implications of these structures for modern Uzbek phonology, lexicon, and stylistics. The article argues that the prevalence of these constructions in both literary and spoken Uzbek highlights the profound influence of Persian-Tajik on Uzbek linguistic and cultural identity.

This article provides information about synonyms and their types: lexical synonymy, semantic synonyms, stylistic synonyms, speech synonyms, contextual synonymy and analyzes them through examples.

Hospitality has long served as a normative moral value in many societies, and proverbs have functioned as concise vehicles for transmitting the ethical prescriptions connected with welcoming a guest. Yet proverbs are not static; their semantic load, pragmatic force, and frequency of use evolve in tandem with wider socio-economic and cultural transformations. This article investigates diachronic shifts in the treatment of “hospitality” proverbs in Uzbek, Russian, and English paremiological corpora covering the late nineteenth century, the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, and the contemporary globalized period. Relying on corpus-based frequency analysis, qualitative semantic comparison, and ethnographic interviews with thirty informants born between 1940 and 2005, the study traces how modernization, collectivist ideology, market reform, and digital communication have each altered both the resonance and the rhetorical deployment of canonical units. Results demonstrate a gradual attenuation of unqualified praise for limitless generosity and a parallel rise in cautionary subtexts that index economic scarcity and privacy concerns. The paper argues that these changes signal a broader recalibration of community boundaries and individual agency.

This аrticle аnаlyzes the аrtistic аnd аesthetic significаnce оf lаndscаpe imаges in 20th century pоetry. Pаrticulаr аttentiоn is pаid tо the rоle оf nаturаl lаndscаpes nоt оnly аs аn externаl аppeаrаnce, but аlsо in expressing the humаn psyche, feelings аnd intellectuаl wоrld. In pоetic texts, such tаsks аs enhаncing аrtistic expressiveness thrоugh lаndscаpe аnd cleаrly demоnstrаting the individuаl style оf the аuthоr аre cоvered. The аrticle scientificаlly аnаlyzes the аesthetic functiоns оf lаndscаpe аnd its аcquisitiоn оf а spirituаl аnd philоsоphicаl chаrge using the exаmple оf the wоrk оf а number оf fаmоus pоets in Uzbek literаture. Аt the sаme time, the methоdоlоgicаl аnd expressive feаtures оf lаndscаpe imаges in 20th century pоetry аre reveаled.

This article examines the interrelated concepts of text and discourse in linguistics, highlighting their distinctive features, theoretical foundations, and methodological approaches. Drawing on definitions from leading scholars—T. A. van Dijk, V. E. Chernyavskaya, A. A. Kibrik, V. Maas, and N. D. Arutyunova—it delineates discourse as a dynamic, context-bound communicative event encompassing extra-linguistic factors (intonation, gestures, cultural knowledge) that extend beyond the static product that is text. The discussion outlines key parameters of discourse—coherence, extra-linguistic context, and communicative purpose—and contrasts two principal research orientations: text analysis (structural units) and discourse analysis (participants, goals, context). It surveys major analytical frameworks including systemic-functional grammar, pragmatic macro- and micro-structures, conversation analysis, cognitive models, and critical discourse analysis. The article also reviews contributions from Uzbek linguistics, illustrating how scholars integrate these global theories within local research on dialogic interaction, corpus methods, and socio-pragmatic dimensions. By synthesizing diverse perspectives, the study underscores discourse as a multifaceted phenomenon essential for understanding language as both process and product, and for exploring how linguistic activity reflects and shapes cognition, society, and culture.

In today’s interconnected world, the ability to write effective emails and letters is a vital skill for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. While many traditional EFL writing lessons focus mainly on academic essays and grammar, students also need to develop the ability to communicate in real-life situations—such as writing to friends, teachers, employers, or organizations. Functional writing, including both emails and letters, plays a key role in helping learners build practical language skills they can use in everyday life. This article discusses the importance of teaching these types of writing in the EFL classroom, explaining how they help students improve their fluency, confidence, and understanding of context and audience. The article also outlines the main differences between formal and informal communication, and offers practical teaching strategies like simulations, peer letter exchanges, and template-based writing. These classroom activities aim to make learning more meaningful by encouraging real communication. Furthermore, the article highlights the role of digital literacy and intercultural understanding in modern communication, helping students become more aware of online etiquette and global communication styles. Overall, the article supports teachers in making writing instruction more useful, engaging, and relevant to students’ real-world needs.

This article discusses the life and literary heritage of Muhammad Kamran Mirza, the second son of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, a poet and statesman, as well as the study of his life and works.

This study explores the structural comparative analysis of the chronotope in the short story genre, focusing on the relationship between time and space within narrative structures. By examining key works from various literary traditions, the study aims to identify the role of chronotope in shaping the plot, character development, and thematic concerns. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of chronotope, the paper compares different narrative techniques and how they utilize temporal and spatial elements to convey meaning in the short story genre. The findings suggest that the chronotope serves not only as a tool for structuring narrative but also as a lens through which the social, cultural, and historical contexts of the story can be understood. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of narrative structures and the interplay between time, space, and storytelling.

This paper delves into the multifaceted nature of freedom within Christianity, exploring its axiological dimensions and comparing it with Islamic perspectives. Drawing heavily on Scripture, particularly passages from Galatians, Corinthians, Peter, and Romans, we examine how freedom intersects with themes of servitude, righteousness, and love. Ultimately, our aim is to illuminate the nuanced ways in which Christianity articulates freedom, offering insights applicable to contemporary discussions about morality, ethics, and spirituality.

The article analyzes neologism words entering the Karakalpak literary language. Neologism states that words have been largely identified by the formal message genre as processes of collation in other genres. International terms and neologism are compared in a number of examples of words.

The article provides a comprehensive review of the form and content of translations of classical Arabic texts. Translators of Surah Mulk attempt to compare the translations made into Uzbek in the 20th century by Mawlawi Hindustani, Altyn Khan Tura, Sheikh Muhammad Sadyk Muhammad Yusuf, Alauddin Mansur and Sheikh Abdulaziz Mansur, and use authenticity as the main criterion in determining the most accurate and adequate translation. The article examines the issue of unity and harmony of form and content in Uzbek translations of Surah Mulk.

The concepts of loyalty and betrayal are central themes in literature, delving into the depths of the human condition and exploring the complexities of moral choices and human relationships. These concepts serve as a basic framework for understanding how people fulfill their obligations to themselves, others, and society, and how their choices affect broader philosophical and ethical issues. Loyalty is often described as a moral duty that individuals have towards others or towards their own principles and values. It represents loyalty to family, friends, country, or a particular cause. From a philosophical perspective, loyalty is seen as a virtue that strengthens social cohesion and personal integrity. In literature, loyalty is often described as a duty that goes beyond personal interests.

In Alisher Navoi’s Layli and Majnun epic poem, he enriched the system of existing characters typical of the khamsa tradition by introducing supporting figures such as Layli’s nurse, Layli’s two maidservants, a physician, Zayd, a shepherd, Navfal’s daughter, a gazelle beloved by Majnun, and a dog. These characters played unique roles in the development of the plot and in revealing the emotional states of the main protagonists. This article analyzes these episodic characters.

The article examines the problem of studying the phenomenon of intertextuality in world linguistics, the intertextual thesaurus and its intertextual base, the coverage of intertextual units in the intertextual thesaurus, and intertextual competence as a phenomenon that determines the intertextual thesaurus of an individual. The issue of individual culture in the intertextual thesaurus and its types: colloquial speech (oral speech or literary speech), intertextual knowledge of representatives of the middle literary and elite speech cultures are discussed. The data presented are substantiated by examples and analytical conclusions are drawn.

This article provides insights into the specifics of metaphors, classification, functions of thoughts in perception, specifics in the arrival of metaphors in the composition of poems, and their significance. The article highlights the manifestation of metaphors in the poetry of the national poet of Uzbekistan Usman Azim, the conclusions about the ways in which the Figurative meaning exist in analysis of several poems of the poet. References to cognitive and semantic analysis of metaphors that come in poetic verses are covered.

The words used in the literary works discussed in this article differ from those used in everyday speech and in popular scientific texts. Such differences, particularly in terms of speech styles, have been thoroughly examined in the field of linguistics. The use of words in literary works has also been studied in terms of frequency of use. According to the calculations in S.Rizayev and N.Buronov’s “Frequency Dictionary of the Language of the Story of Abdulla Qahhor “Sinchalak”, a total of 37,482 words are used in this work, representing 10,590 vocabulary units. Understanding the content of literary texts in Uzbek language classes largely depends on the extent to which students have mastered lexical and grammatical materials. L.A.Sheiman states that “vocabulary formation is the main way to overcome the language “barrier” that stands in the way of students mastering samples of Russian literature in the original” In the study of samples of Uzbek literature, this path becomes even more important given that the Uzbek speech of Russian-speaking students is not up to standard.

This article analyzes the poet's poems that reflect his prolonged state of depression and melancholy. The tragic event that occurred in the poet's life found its artistic expression in the poems "Mother Dear" and "On My Mother's Death."  In these poems, the poet and the poetic image achieve harmony, as real events are transformed into artistic reality.  The truth of life is elevated to the level of poetic truth. Along with the image of the mother, the article also examines the nature of the lyrical hero.

In both Uzbek and English, phraseological units—also referred to as idioms, set expressions, or fixed phrases—are essential. Cultural values, historical history, and the cognitive quirks of language speakers are all reflected in these linguistic components. This essay offers a thorough comparison of Uzbek and English phraseological units, emphasizing their structure, meaning, and practical use. Their origins, classification, and cross-linguistic parallels and differences are also covered in the study.

This article explores the linguistic, cultural, and encyclopedic significance of Mahmud Kashgari’s seminal work Devonu Lugotit Turk ("Compendium of the Turkic Languages"). As one of the earliest and most comprehensive dictionaries of the Turkic world, the Devon not only documents over 9,000 lexical units but also offers a linguistic map of the 11th-century Turkic-speaking world. The study highlights the functional-semantic, areal, and linguocultural dimensions of the text, positioning it as an invaluable resource for the study of historical Turkic languages, dialectology, ethnography, and intercultural communication. The work has been instrumental in forming the foundation of comparative-historical Turkology and continues to serve as a key source for understanding the lexical and cultural identity of Turkic peoples. Although the Devon has been widely studied, a comprehensive monographic analysis of its linguistic features remains an open and significant field of research in modern linguistics.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in education, significantly altering teaching methodologies and learning experiences. With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data and adapt instruction to individual needs, AI-driven systems are revolutionizing traditional educational models by enhancing personalization, efficiency, and accessibility. The integration of AI in education encompasses a variety of technological advancements, ranging from adaptive learning platforms that personalize student engagement to intelligent tutoring systems that provide customized guidance. AI enables educators to automate routine tasks such as grading assessments, tracking student progress, and generating learning analytics, thereby optimizing time and resources for more meaningful student interactions (Luckin et al., 2018).