American Journal Of Philological Sciences
231
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
231-234
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue05-62
Arabic Verb Tenses and Their Grammatical Analysis
Yusupboyev Nuriddin
Trainee Teacher at Oriental University, Uzbekistan
Received:
23 March 2025;
Accepted:
19 April 2025;
Published:
21 May 2025
Abstract:
Verbs hold significant importance in all languages of the world, playing a central role in linguistic
structure. Among world languages, Arabic stands out for its unique grammatical rules and is considered one of
the richest languages in terms of vocabulary. In this article, we examine the classification of verbs according to
tense in Arabic, the rules governing their usage, and the distinctive features that differentiate them from one
another.
Keywords:
Arabic language, verb tenses, arabic verbs, grammatical analysis, morphology, syntax.
Introduction:
The Arabic is one of the richest languages
in the world, with very extensive and diverse
grammatical rules. Verbs in Arabic are divided into two
main tenses: the "past tense" and the "present-future
tense," with an additional imperative form. Each tense
has its own specific formation and usage, which is of
great importance in learning the language.
1.
Past tense (
يضاملا
):
يضاملا نمزلا يف لمع لوصح ىلع لدي لعف لك وه يضاملا لعفلا
(The past tense verb is any verb that indicates that an
action or event occurred in the past.)
ةلثملأا
: Examples:
بلكلا ى َرَج
—
The dog ran,
لج َّرلا َفَق َو
—
The man stopped,
تْنِبْلا ِتَءاَج
—
The girl came,
باتِكلا َعاض
—
The book was lost,
دلا تضاب
ةجاج
—
The hen laid an egg.
ُّل دَي اهنم ًلاك نلأ ؛ لااعفأ اهدجت ةقباسلا ةلثملأا يف ىلولأا تاملكلا لمأت
صاخ نمز يف لَمع لوص ح ىَلَع
اهنم لك يف َنَم َّزلا اذه َت ْرَّبَدَت اذِإ َو ،
ةملكف ، ًايضام ًانمز هَتْدَج َو
«
ى َرَج
»
ىرجلا ىلع ُّلدت لولأا لاثملا يف
لا يف
ةملكو ؛ ملكتلا لبق ىضم يذلا نمز
«
فقو
»
لدت يناثلا لاثملا يف
كلذلو ، ارَج َّم لَهو ، اًضْيَأ ملكتلا َلْبَق ىَضَم يذلا نمزلا يف فوقولا ىلع
تاملكلا نم ةملك لك ىَّمس ت
«
نم ىتلا تاملكلا عيمج كلذكو ، ًايضام ًلاعف
ِع ْوَّنلا اذه
.
If you pay attention to the first words in the previous
examples, you will see that all of them are verbs. This is
because each of them indicates an action that took
place at a certain time. If you consider the tense of the
verbs in these examples, you will know that they all
belong to the past tense. For example, the word "
ى َرَج
"
(ran) in the first example indicates that the running
happened before the time of speaking. The word "
َفَق َو
"
(stopped) in the second example also means that the
stopping occurred before the speech
—
similarly for the
others. Therefore, each of these words is called a "past
tense verb." All words belonging to this group are
named accordingly.
Thus, the past tense verb expresses that an event or
action has passed. Certain suffixes or changes are
added to the end of the verb to agree with person,
number, and gender.
For example, if we look at the verb "
لعف
" (to do)
conjugated in the past tense:
1.
َلعف
–
he (male) did.
2.
ْتَلعف
–
she (female) did.
3.
لاعف
–
they two (male) did.
4.
اتَلعف
–
they two (female) did.
5.
اولعف
–
they (males) did.
6.
َنْلعف
–
they (females) did.
7.
َتْلعف
–
you (male) did.
8.
ِتْلعف
–
you (female) did.
9.
امتْلعف
–
you two (male) did.
10.
امتْلعف
–
you two (female) did.
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
232
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
11.
متْلعف
–
you all (males) did.
12.
نتْلعف
–
you all (females) did.
13.
تْلعف
–
I did.
14.
انْلعف
–
we did.
In Arabic, verbs conjugate in 14 forms. Unlike Uzbek,
Arabic also has a dual form.
There are also particles that emphasize the past tense
verb. These are the particles
ْدَق
and
ْدَقَل
. When added to
a past tense verb, they emphasize that the action has
definitely been completed. For example:
ةسردملا ىلإ بهذ
—
translates as "He went to school,"
whereas
ةسردملا ىلإ بهذ دقل
—
means "He has already gone to
school," emphasizing that the action is certainly done.
Also, every language has negation forms for verb
tenses. In Arabic, to negate the past tense verb, we use
the negation particle
ام
(ma). For example:
باتكلا دمحأ أرق
—
means "Ahmad read the book,"
but with negation:
باتكلا دمحأ أرق ام
—
means "Ahmad did not read the
book."
Another negation particle used for the past tense verb
negation is
مل
(lam). For example:
ةسردملا ىلإ دمحم بهذ
—
"Muhammad went to school."
Negated:
ِةسردملا ىلإ ٌدمحم ْبهذي مل
—
"Muhammad did not go to
school."
In this form, after the negation particle
مل
(lam), the verb
is written in the present tense form, but it takes the
Jazm (sukun) state, indicating negation in the past. This
is how the Arabic language expresses the negation of
past tense verbs.
To form a question with the past tense verb (
لعفلا
يضاملا
), the interrogative particle
له
(hal) is placed
before the verb. For example:
؟باتكلا اذه تأرق له
—
"Did you read this book?"
ه
؟ةنيدملا نم متجرخ ل
—
"Did you leave the city?"
Thus, the past tense verb can be formed into a question
using
له
.
2. Present-Future Tense (
عراضملا
):
Rule:
ع ِراَض مْلا لْعِفْلا
is any verb that indicates an action
occurring in the present or future. It must begin with
one of the present tense particles, which are
ة َزْمَهْلا
(hamza),
نوُّنلا
(nun),
ءاَيْلا
(ya), or
ءاَّتلا
(ta).
Examples:
ىدَي لِسْغَأ
—
I wash my hand.
بلكلا حَبْنَي
—
The dog is barking.
يبايِث سَبْلَأ
—
I put on my clothes.
بَتْنَي
سراَحلا ه
—
The guard is alert.
ِة َر كْلاِب بَعْلَن
—
We play with the ball.
تْنِبْلا ل كْأَت
—
The girl is eating.
لو ق حلا يف يشْمَن
—
We walk in the fields
لَمَع ىَلَع ُّلدي اهنم لاك نلأ ، لاعفأ اهلك ةقباسلا ةلثملأا يف ىلولأا تاملكلا
. صاخ نَم َز يف
اَّمِإ هَتْدَجو اهنم لك يف َّصاَخلا َنَم َّزلا اذه َت ْرَّبَدَت اذإو
نمزلا يف لسغلا لوصح ىَلَع ُّل دَي ، لِسْغَأ لعفلاف ، لاَبْقَتْس م اَّمِإو ًارضاح
لعفلاو ، لبقتسملا وأ رضاحلا
«
يف سبللا لوصح ىلع ل دَي ، سَبْلَأ
عف لك ىَّمَس يو ، لبقتسملا وأ رضاحلانمزلا
عونلا اذه نم ل
«
ًاعراضم ًلاعف
» .
هَتْدَج َو اههابشَأ َو لاعفلأا ِهِذه ْنِم لعف لك يف لولأا فرحلا ىلإ َت ْرَظَن اذِإو
ةعبرلأا فرحلأا هذه ىَّمَس تو ، ءات وأ ءاي وأ ًانون وأ ةزمه
«
فرحأ
ةعراضملا
».
The first words in the above examples are verbs
because each of them denotes an action occurring at a
certain time. If we carefully examine the tense of each
of these actions, we see that they indicate the present
or future tense.
For example, the verb "
غأ
لس
" (I wash) denotes that the
action of washing is happening now or will happen in
the future. Similarly, the verb "
سبلأ
" (I wear) indicates
that the action of dressing occurs in the present or
future. Such verbs are called “fe’li muzori” (present
-
future tense verbs).
If you pay attention to the initial letter of these verbs,
you will notice that they all begin with one of the letters
hamza (
ء
), nun (
ن
), ya (
ي
), or ta (
ت
). These four letters
are called the “muzori harflari” (present tense letters).
The present-future tense verb conjugates into 14
forms, just like the past tense verb. For example, the
verb "
لعف
" (to do) conjugated in the present-future
tense is as follows:
لَعفي وه
–
he (male) does.
لَعفت يه
–
she (female) does.
ِنلاعفي امه
–
they two (male) do.
ِنلاعفت امه
–
they two (female) do.
َنولعفي مه
–
they (males) do.
َنْلَعفي نه
–
they (females) do.
لَعفت َتنأ
–
you (male) do.
َنيلَعفت ِتنأ
–
you (female) do.
ِنلاَعفت امتنأ
–
you two (male) do.
ِنلاَعفت امتنأ
–
you two (female) do.
ولَعفت متنأ
َن
–
you all (males) do.
َنْلَعفت نتنأ
–
you all (females) do.
لَعفأ انأ
–
I do.
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
233
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
لَعفن نحن
–
we do.
To form the negation of the present-future tense verb,
we use the negation particle
لا
(laa). For example:
ةلاسرلا بتكأ
—
"I am writing the letter,"
أ لا
ةلاسرلا بتك
—
"I am not writing the letter," or "I do not
write the letter."
Similarly:
نلآا ةديرجلا دومحم أرقي
—
"Mahmoud is reading the
newspaper now,"
ةديرجلا دومحم أرقي لا
—
"Mahmoud is not reading the
newspaper."
In the present-future tense sentence, the exact tense
(present or future) is understood from the context or
words that indicate time. For instance:
لبجلا ىلإ ادغ رفاسن
—
"We will travel to the mountain
tomorrow."
The presence of the word
ادغ
("tomorrow") shows that
the verb expresses future tense.
We can also say:
لبجلا ىلإ نلآا رفاسن
—
"We are traveling to the mountain
now,"
which clearly indicates the present tense.
In Arabic, there are also particles that specifically mark
the verb as future tense: these are
َس
(sa) and
َفوس
(sawfa). They are added before the verb to indicate a
future action.
ةعماجلا ىلإ يلع بهذيس
“
The sentence "Ali universitetga boradi yoki bormoqchi"
("Ali goes to university or intends to go") expresses a
meaning indicating the future tense by the particle
س
(sa). Alternatively, the particle
فوس
(sawfa) can be used
in its place. For example:
رحبلا ئطاش ىلإ ةرسلأا رفاست فوس
—
"The family will travel
to the seaside" or "The family intends to travel to the
seaside."
To form the negation of the future tense, the negation
particle
نل
(lan) is used. The verb with this particle
expresses only the future tense meaning. Moreover,
this particle affects the ve
rb's ending (i‘rāb), so that the
verb is in the nasb (accusative) case. Examples:
ًءيش كل َلوقأ نل
—
"I will not say anything to you."
ةيرقلا َكرتن نل
—
"We will not leave the village."
اينابسإ ىلإ ارفاست نل
—
"You two will not travel to Spain."
When
س
(sa) and
فوس
(sawfa) are used in sentences,
they only appear with affirmative (positive) verbs. For
example:
ملافلأا دومحم دهاشيس
—
"Mahmoud will watch the movies,"
is correct and acceptable.
However, the form
ملافلأا دومحم دهاشيس لا
is incorrect and
considered a mistake.
To negate the future tense, we use the negation
particle
نل
(lan), and it is incorrect to use
س
(sa) or
فوس
(sawfa) with it. For example:
ملافلأا دومحم دهاشي نل
—
"Mahmoud will not watch the
movies," is the correct form.
3. Imperative Verb (
ا
رملأا لعفل
):
Rule:
The imperative verb is any verb that requests an action
to occur in the future.
Definition:
لبقتس مْلا ِنَم َّزلا يِف ٍءْيَش لو ص ح ِهِب بلط ي ٍلعِف ُّلك َو ه رْملأا لعف
(The imperative verb is any verb by which the
occurrence of an action in the future is demanded.)
Examples:
ةركلاب بعلا
—
"Play with the ball!"
ا ًركب م ْمَن
—
"Sleep early!
َكَّطِق ْمِعْطَأ
—
"Feed your cat!"
كبايث فظن
—
"Clean your clothes!"
صح ىلع لدي اهنم ًلاك نلأ لاعفَأ ِةَمِ دَقَت مْلا ِةَلَثْمَلأا يف ىلولأا تاملكلا
لو
اهنم لك يِف َمَّلَكَت مْلا اَنْدَج َو ، لاَعْفَلأا ِهذه اَن ْرَّبَدَت اذإو صاخ نمز يف لمع
نمو ، لبقتسملا ِنَم َّزلا يِف ًلامع يتْأَي ْنَأ هرمأيو بطاخملا نم بلطي ،
لاعفلأا هذه نم لعف لك ىَّمَس ي كلذ لجأ
«
رْمَأ َلَعِف
»
لعفلاف
«
ْبَعْلا
»
يف
ط ي لولأا لاثملا
وهو ، لبقتسملا نمزلا يف بعللا نايتإ بطاخملا نم هب بل
لعفلاو ، رْمَأ لعف كلذل
«
معطأ
»
بطاخملا نِم ِهِب بَلْط ي يناثلا لاثملا يف
اذكهو ، اًضيأ رمأ لعف كلذل وهو ، لبقتسملا نمزلا يف ماعطلإا لوصح
ةقباسلا لاعفَلأا ِةَّيِقَب يف لاقي
.
The first words in the previous examples are verbs
because each of them indicates the occurrence of an
action at a certain time. If we analyze these verbs, we
see that in each case the speaker is asking or
commanding the listener to perform an action, which is
expected to happen in the future. Therefore, each of
these verbs is called an imperative verb (
رملأا لعفلا
).
In the first example, the verb "play (
ْبعلا
)" commands
the listener to play, making it an imperative verb. In the
second example, the verb "feed! (
ْمعطأ
)" commands the
listener to feed, which is also an imperative verb. The
same applies to the other verbs mentioned earlier.
The imperative form is not a separate tense but is
derived from the present-future tense verb form, and
its meaning refers to the future.
Verb tenses in Arabic play an important role not only in
expressing time but also in defining the meaning and
style of the text. The past tense is used for narration
and historical events; the present tense is used to
express thoughts and dialogues; and the future tense
serves to state plans and promises.
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
234
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
Studying Arabic verb tenses helps not only to
understand the language better but also to use it
clearly and effectively. Proper use of these tenses
enriches the learner's vocabulary and provides an
opportunity to engage closely with Arabic language
culture.
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