American Journal Of Philological Sciences
113
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue06 2025
PAGE NO.
113-117
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue06-31
The Functional Styles of Speech
Asranov Mirzaolim Ortikovich
Senior Lecturer of the University of Business and Science, Uzbekistan
Received:
14 April 2025;
Accepted:
10 May 2025;
Published:
12 June 2025
Abstract:
In this article, the similarities and difference of the styles of conversation, official, scientific, publicist
and arty speech aspects and other characteristics are analyzed. The styles of speech of each language within its
own entirely holistic system are discussed, and for the purpose of expression, language’s characterizati
on based
on the organization and repetition openly discussed. The coloring of the styles of speech based on the words,
grammatical shape and grammatical structure are strongly highlighted. The styles of speech are separated subject
to nationwide language materials system and it is interpreted within mentioned scope of system as well.
Keywords:
The styles of speech, arty word, language, speech, national language, language tools, attention to
speech, methodology, all activities of speech, conversational style, official style, scientific style, publicist style, arty
style, expression.
Introduction:
The identical repetition and regularity in
the work of a particular field, and this uniqueness is
called style. The word "style" is used in all fields. For
example, a building in the Eastern style, music in the
Eastern style, clothing in the European style, etc.
The concept of "speech style" also relates to the
specificity associated with the greater or lesser use of a
particular form in the process of exchanging ideas.
In the process of interaction, people selectively use the
phonetic, lexical, phraseological, and grammatical
means of language. ..." As the main means of charm,
the writer places style first." [1:199] Such selective use
of common language tools leads to the emergence of
various forms of speech, which are called "speech
styles."
Speech styles differ lexically and grammatically. For
example, in conversational style, the usual order
changes differently, while terms, complex
Each of the speech styles operates within the
framework of a whole system of language and is
characterized by the organization and repetition of
language means according to the purpose of
expression. For example, the use, organization, and
repetition of terms such as noun, case, possessive,
adjective, original, relative, subject, predicate,
secondary part, etc., in scientific works on linguistics is
one of the peculiarities of the scientific style.
When defining speech styles, the stylistic coloring of
words, grammatical forms, and grammatical structure
is taken into serious account. For example, grammatical
categories, such as shamol, kuldi, aytdi, gapirdi are
characteristic of colloquial speech; tabassum qildi,
so'zladi, sabo, boda are characteristic of artistic speech.
Of course, the expression of a positive or negative
attitude of a word cannot always be the basis for
determining the style of speech. However, most of the
words that form a synonymous series are characterized
by the fact that they are used in colloquial and literary
style, and in official-departmental and scientific style
they can be selected only in a few cases.
Dialectisms, jargon, slang, barbarisms, and vulgarisms
are used to create images in an artistic style. They are
not characteristic of other speech styles, although from
a sociolinguistic point of view, words and forms specific
to certain groups, dialects are one of the forms of
language existence, but they are outside the
framework of the common language.
Thus, speech styles are distinguished and interpreted
on the basis of materials of the national language. In
this respect, the terms are unique: they are mainly used
in the speech of scholars. However, since science is the
spiritual property of a certain nation, a certain people,
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
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an important indicator of the level of development of
this people, terms are considered as a means of the
national language.
Speech styles improve over time, acquire their own
stable tools, and emerge anew. For example, the
official-departmental, artistic style was enriched after
the 50s of the last century, while the journalistic and
scientific style emerged anew, and today each style is
further developing due to innovations in society.
Speech styles are closely related to written and spoken
forms of speech. Written speech differs from oral
speech in its thoroughness and thoughtfulness, the
appropriate use of each word, grammatical form, and
construction, logical consistency, and the absence of
repetition.
Speech styles, regardless of their form or field, adhere
to the rules of the national literary language.
Speech styles are mainly divided into five major types:
1. Conversational style.
2. Official-departmental style.
3. Scientific method.
4. Journalistic style.
5. Artistic style.
Conversational style is understood as oral speech that
ensures mutual communication in people's daily
activities. [2:9] In this style, dialectal elements, words
and phrases characteristic of passive vocabulary, in
other words, phonetic, lexical, morphological, and
syntactic phenomena that do not conform to literary
language norms, are freely used.
Speech style has its own peculiarities, which
distinguishes it from other speech styles phonetically,
lexico-phraseologically,
morphologically,
and
syntactically: phonetically, the position of sounds
changes: yo'g'mir (rain), turpoq (soil); the sound falls:
tashla (throw), ke (come), yudi (washed); the sound
increases: chechmoq (to untie), yilon (snake), istakan
(glass); the sound changes: minan (with), sammi (you),
munchoq (bead); the root-affix change occurs: opke
(bring), qo'yibvor (release).
In addition to words related to everyday life, such as
osh, non, tuz, yer, osmon, quyosh, bola, xotin, o'rtoq,
ko'z, qo'l, oyoq, men, sen, u, biz, siz, bir, besh, olti, o'n,
ishladi, o'qidi, yetdi, keldi, ketdi, tez, sekin, as well as
words related to art, literature, politics, words with
stylistic coloring such as farzand, jujuq, churvaqa,
zormanda, arzanda, pismiq, shalparpishiq, xomkalla,
akillamoq, bobillamoq, to'ng'illamoq, po'ng'illamoq are
more commonly used in colloquial speech.
Another characteristic of colloquial style is the use of
the word in an abbreviated and figurative sense. For
example, kilo (kilogram), photo (photography), metro
(metropoliten), automaton (automatic telephone),
lunch (lunch meal), to go to football (go to watch a
football game), sit down to eat (sit down to eat), we
fulfilled the cotton plan (we fulfilled the cotton plan).
Such words as Iskovich, tosh, (person), chayon (one
who offends with words), beliga tepmoq (to interfere),
loyini chiqarmoq (to expose a secret, to complicate a
matter) are also mainly characteristic of the
conversational style.
Some obsolete words such as patta, chipta, chek,
pattachi, porim, shayton arava, miri (bir pul, ikki pul)
are also lexical features of the colloquial style.
The most frequently used morphological forms in
colloquial speech are mainly diminutive- endearing
nouns, intensively forming affixes of adjectives, and
affixoids. The "distorted" use of certain forms of verbs
- borib edi (boruvdi), boringizlar, kelingizlar are also
characteristic of the colloquial style.
Since the conversational style is mainly dialogical in
nature, gestures, additional comments, repetitions (in
words), repetitions; (in a sentence), hand, head, and
div movements are used as an additional means of
expressing thoughts.
The dialogic nature of this speech requires the use of
more incomplete sentences depending on the speech
situation. In addition, inversion, simple sentences,
forms of direct speech in the middle of the author's
speech, and the type of complex sentence "he said that,
he said that" are more common in colloquial speech.
The peculiarities of the official-departmental style are
reflected in legal and diplomatic documents, state laws,
resolutions, orders of institutions and organizations,
treaties, agreements, and peculiar ways of choosing
words and means of expressing thoughts in people's
correspondence with various organizations. Although
the official-administrative style is very broad and
diverse, it unites into a common system with the
integrity of word choice and means of expression. This
style encompasses all correspondence in a broad sense.
3: 5
Stamped expressions are characteristic of the official-
departmental style. For example, in resolutions, orders,
and decrees, the predicate of the sentence is often in
the imperative voice.
In this style, each field has its own terms.Some words
used in the common language can become a term in
the official-departmental style, a word with only one
meaning (monosemantic).For example, words used in
the colloquial style of the common language, such as to
work, to rest, to study "Citizens of Uzbekistan have the
right to work, study, and rest." The article of the
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Constitution of Uzbekistan reflects the single concept
of "honest work in the interests of society, education,
and paid rest (vacation) after 10-11 months of work."
In
the
official-departmental
style,
figurative,
polysemantic, ceremonial (artistic) words are not used.
On the contrary, there are many periods when words
and phrases with a clear meaning, complex sentences,
the structure of which consists of parts and paragraphs,
serve a single purpose. In the official-departmental
style, internal division (podstil) also has its own terms
and phrases, syntactic structure. For example, in court
cases, such terms as supreme court, open court, closed
court, comradely court, arbitration court, accused,
defense counsel, prosecutor, executor are used; in the
diplomatic sphere, such terms as declaration,
ratification, contract, agreement, consul, consulate,
status, visit, ultimatum are used; in official and
departmental relations, such terms as contract, act,
contract, partnership, farmer, contractor, fine,
payment, credit, accounts receivable, payment are
used.
Official correspondence, such as certificates, receipts,
summonses, explanatory notes, invitations, powers of
attorney, and others, also has standard forms and
stamps, which facilitate writing. For example, the
certificate also contains ready-made copies of
documents beginning with "Given this to... about this,"
which are filled out only when necessary.
In the scientific style, it is characteristic to reveal the
internal and external features of the events of the
objective world, to come to a conclusion, and to
describe it. A characteristic form of scientific style is the
posing of the problem, its significance, scientific
research, its results, and drawing appropriate
conclusions. Any scientific work reflects this
commonality.
Scientific style is distinguished by the use of more terms
from each field, logical connection in grammatical
construction, consistency, accuracy, and completeness
of parts.[4:4] A number of words used in colloquial style
can serve as terms in scientific style. For example, in
linguistics - voice, sound, throat, noun, number,
sentence, subject; in biology - white soil, black soil,
yellow soil, root, vein.
The scientific style in the natural sciences is
distinguished by its richness of formulas. These
formulas perform an ideomatic function and serve for
clarity of thought, simple expression.
In the scientific style, the means of artistic
representation, ceremonial vocabulary, etc., are
practically not used. However, there are also popular
science works where the speaker (writer) deviates from
purely scientific narration, trying to use artistic-
journalistic, as well as colloquial words, phrases, and
sentences to make their thoughts and scientific
conclusions understandable. Scientific-popular works
serve as a vivid example of this. All works covering
socio-political issues belong to the category of
journalistic works.[5:11] This genre appeared in the
Uzbek literary language system at the beginning of the
20th century. The publication of the "Newspaper of the
Turkestan Region," followed by the expansion of
printing and publishing activities, and the inclusion of
propaganda in the works of democratic poets like
Furqat, Ayniy, and Sattorxon, spurred the development
of journalism. Over time, this genre developed further.
Especially in the subsequent period, such factors as the
penetration of radio, press, television, and others into
the life of the people, the conduct of lectures and
conversations, became an important factor in the
development of journalism.
The journalistic style has written and oral forms, the
written form consists of editorial articles of newspapers
and magazines, feuilletons, pamphlets, appeals,
appeals, declarations, and the oral form is the art of
public speaking. Oral form also includes daily
information, commentator's speeches.
Both forms possess such qualities as political activity,
quick-wittedness, sharp and expressive speech, logical
dignity, and propaganda.
In the journalistic style, the author's attitude towards
reality is clearly felt. The author analyzes, proves, and
tries to explain life's issues through deep reflection, and
by providing convincing details and facts to the listener,
creates a negative or positive attitude towards the
depicted reality and influences it. Therefore, all means
of language can be used in this style.
The artistic style differs from other speech styles in that
it covers all spheres of human practical activity, is
general-oriented, and is intended for all professionals.
[6:10] In the artistic style, simple information about life
events and people is not given, on the contrary, they
are embodied before the reader's eyes, in a vivid way,
with the help of word colors, all details and character
traits are embodied behind the curtain of imagination,
arousing aesthetic pleasure in the reader, a serious
attitude towards negative or positive personality,
events, a sense of struggle is created, as well as the
reader is drawn into reality and as a result receives high
artistic pleasure.
Thus, the task of the artistic style is to evoke aesthetic
pleasure and a certain attitude towards reality.
Artistic style, like other styles, has its own internal
divisions (podstilles). For example, poetic style, fable
style, fairy tale style, each of which has its own means
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of depiction.
Language is also a tool of artistic style. However, in this
case, language performs the communicative function
by creating images, characters, and elegant scenes,
thereby manifesting its function of influence and
action.
In artistic style, words, phrases, and sentences are
polished, revealing new nuances and meanings. For
example, in the sentence "Quyosh g'uborsiz ko'kda
taltayib porlaydi" (O.), the words "taltayib," "porlaydi,"
"g'uborsiz" are specially polished, acquire a special
luster, a special charm. And the sentence as a whole, in
addition to the function of communication (the Sun has
risen to the sky), served to give aesthetic pleasure, an
artistic impression, and an elevated spirit. Such
examples can be found in any work created with great
skill.
It is known that imagery is the main criterion of any
work of art. Artistic imagery means the art and skill of
using words (phrases, sentences). Literature is
distinguished from other forms of art by this feature.
Therefore, when we say "empty work," "shallow work,"
we mean, first of all, the writer's inability to depict
reality as it is, that is, in a closed form, through the
colors of words.
Each writer has their own unique method of choosing
and using words. A characteristic feature of A. Qahhor's
work is the careful use of words. The writer assigns a
separate task to each word.
A characteristic feature of Uygun's work: "dozens of
examples begin and end with the same words" and so
on.
The most important feature of the artistic style is the
frequent use of solemn-emotional words. These
include: sabo, yel, chehra, tabassum, takalluf,
muhabbat, muyassar, alvon, moviy, silsila. A work of art
can be on different themes and reflect the diverse
activities of different periods. Accordingly, in the
artistic style, all words, phrases, and phraseological
combinations related to the lexical layer of the
language are freely used. For example, in works on
historical themes, archaisms, historicisms, and
grammatical forms characteristic of the language of
that period are freely used. In works on contemporary
themes, they are not used, on the contrary, the lexical
layer of today's language is used, including dialectisms,
jargon, slang, and others. This allows for direct
expression when creating an image - depicting which
dialect or profession the image represents without
additional explanation. [7:55]
In the artistic style, the writer's individual image and
means of expression are noticeable. For example, the
playful and playful tone in the works of H. Olimjon, the
historical-philosophical approach to the issue in the
work of G. Gulom, the philosophical observation in the
work of M. Shaykhzoda, the connection with the
landscape in the work of Uyg'un, the conciseness in the
work of A. Kahhor, the detailed detail in the work of A.
Qodiriy, and the logical-comparative image in the work
of Erkin Vahidov are noticeable.
In the artistic style, there is a process of word creation,
the use of words in a figurative sense, and the
processing of phrases. All this depends on the writer's
skill, the level of his creative abilities. A. Qahhor's
translation of A.P. Chekhov's work "Man in a Shell" as
"Slave of the Shell," G. G'ulom's description of "Ko'kan
himself is very close to me," A. Oripov's address "When
will you become a people, oh crowd," and others
demonstrate the profound knowledge of the
aforementioned writers and poets of the people's
language and folk expressions.
The choice of words also depends on the genre
characteristics of the work of art. For example, archaic
words are sometimes used to show the color of the era,
the character of a person, and sometimes serve for
laughter and mockery. For example, archaic words
used in the novels of A. Kadiri are used to show the
color of the era, and in his satirical works - to mock and
ridicule people.
In the artistic style, grammatical forms are also used for
the purpose of creating images and coloring. For
example, in the novels "Navoi" by Oybek and "Starry
Nights" by P. Kadyrov, one can observe the use of such
forms as -ur, -erdi, andoq, shulkim.
There are colloquial, official-administrative, scientific,
journalistic, and artistic styles of speech, which have
similarities and differences, and these features are
realized in the text.Functional styles of speech are
distinguished and interpreted on the basis of materials
of the national language. Innovations in society lead to
the development of styles.
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