Vol. 5 No. 06 (2025)

This article presents a comparative analysis of Poetics in the writings of two major medieval Islamic philosophers: Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī (Al-Farabi) and Abū ‘Alī Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna). Both scholars engaged deeply with Aristotle’s Poetics, integrating it into the Arabic-Islamic intellectual milieu. Al-Farabi’s Canons of Poetry and Ibn Sina’s Poetics (as part of his encyclopedic Kitāb al-Shifā’, “Book of Healing”) are examined to elucidate their respective theories of poetic art. Key areas of comparison include their classification of poetics within the Aristotelian logical corpus, their conceptions of poetic syllogism and imaginative “assent,” and their treatment of tragedy and comedy as high versus low forms of art. Drawing on Aristotle’s legacy and the Neoplatonic context, Al-Farabi and Avicenna each made distinct contributions: Al-Farabi emphasized the logical and social function of poetry (often linking it to rhetoric and political philosophy) while Avicenna expanded the moral and psychological dimensions of poetics. Influences from Aristotle’s Poetics and late antique commentary are traced, alongside insights from modern scholars (e.g. Dimitri Gutas, Jon Walbridge, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, and Abd al-Raḥmān Badawī). The study concludes that Ibn Sina’s commentary builds upon and departs from Al-Farabi’s foundations – for instance, by rejecting the notion that poetic syllogisms must be false and by affirming the role of imaginative discourse in eliciting emotional responses and conveying moral insights. This comparative inquiry sheds light on how medieval Islamic thinkers preserved, interpreted, and transformed Aristotle’s Poetics, laying groundwork for subsequent literary theory in both the Islamic world and, via Ibn Rushd (Averroes), medieval Europe.

Environmental degradation in Uzbekistan—from the shrinking Aral Sea to rising urban heat stress—has intensified public concern and placed youth at the forefront of sustainability debates. This article explores how environmental awareness has developed among Uzbek youth since 2021, identifies the educational, social-media, and volunteer mechanisms that shape it, and assesses prospects for deeper engagement by 2030. Using a mixed-methods design, the study triangulates (i) a systematic review of forty-three policy and research documents, (ii) statistical analysis of national programme data, and (iii) a qualitative survey of 145 young eco-activists from six regions conducted between September 2024 and April 2025. Results indicate that the nationwide “Yashil Makon” campaign, digital advocacy networks, and curriculum reforms have raised literacy on climate concepts and stimulated tree-planting, waste-sorting, and eco-entrepreneurship initiatives. Nevertheless, knowledge depth and sustained behaviour vary significantly between urban and rural locales, and institutional bottlenecks limit scaling. The discussion situates Uzbekistan’s case within global youth-environment literature and suggests policy measures such as integrated green curricula, participatory budgeting, and streamlined certification for eco-start-ups. Strengthening youth environmental awareness is shown to be essential to achieving national climate-resilience targets and fostering a culture of ecological stewardship.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive and skillful exploration of what a podcast is, its origins, its role and significance in journalism, and its potential as a new media format.

Biographical analysis is a type of analysis based on an approach to a work of art through the author me. The author's high personal observations are reproduced in the work. Analysis of these states in relation provides integration between the creator's life statement and his work.

Speaking is a vital component of communicative competence and an essential skill for English language learners. Unlike receptive skills such as listening and reading, speaking demands immediate and spontaneous language use, often presenting significant challenges to ESL students. This article examines effective, research-based strategies for teaching speaking in ESL classrooms. These strategies include Task-Based Learning, Communicative Language Teaching, technology integration, scaffolding, error correction methods, and creating a supportive classroom environment. Emphasis is placed on balancing fluency and accuracy while promoting learner autonomy and confidence.

This article examines the hierarchical structure of morphemes in the Uzbek language, focusing on their role in word formation and inflection. As an agglutinative language, Uzbek constructs words through the sequential addition of affixes to a root, following a relatively fixed morpheme order. The study analyzes the distinction and interaction between derivational and inflectional morphemes and explores how their hierarchical positioning affects grammatical meaning and syntactic behavior. Particular attention is paid to the placement of morphemes in both noun and verb forms, as well as to exceptions and morphophonological processes that may alter standard patterns. Drawing on examples from contemporary Uzbek, the paper aims to clarify the rules that govern morpheme sequencing and contribute to a deeper understanding of Uzbek morphological typology. The findings are relevant for linguistic theory, language teaching, and computational applications such as natural language processing and automatic morphological analysis.

This article explores the Chinese perception of happiness within the linguistic worldview. It examines various conceptualizations and approaches to happiness in the Chinese context. Special attention is given to the analysis of traditional Chinese philosophical categories such as wǔxíng (五行 – the Five Elements), wǔlún (五伦 – the Five Cardinal Relationships), and wǔwèi (五纬 – the Five Dimensions). The article demonstrates, through linguistic examples, how the notion of happiness is systematically structured in the national linguistic consciousness of the Chinese people.

While media reporting of suicide has long been scrutinized for its potentially harmful influence, recent research emphasizes the constructive role that responsible media can play in suicide prevention. This article explores the Papageno effect—named after a character in Mozart’s opera—highlighting how stories of resilience and help-seeking behavior can protect vulnerable audiences. Drawing on empirical data and international best practices, the paper underscores the importance of evidence-based journalism in mental health advocacy.

This study explores the interaction between paralinguistics and pragmatics in the expression of compliments in Uzbek and English cultures. Compliments are considered speech acts in which nonverbal elements (gestures, facial expressions, intonation) play a crucial role in conveying sincerity and politeness. The research analyzes cultural variations in paralinguistic strategies based on linguistic and cultural features of both societies. A comparative analysis is conducted on gestures and intonational patterns used to express approval and praise. The findings provide valuable insights for specialists in intercultural communication, linguistics, and pragmatics, as well as for foreign language educators. The Interaction of Paralinguistics and Pragmatics in the Expression of Compliments in Uzbek and English Cultures.

This article analyzes the interpretation of Sufi concepts in A. Navoi's works, particularly the categories of "fano" and "baqo" in lyrical works. The study illuminates the thinker's attitude to Sufism and the artistic expression of these concepts.

The article examines interrogative units and their functional-semantic aspects, the importance of interrogative units in the organization of the communicative field. The main function of interrogative units is to ask for content, which is revealed in examples. The article also scientifically analyzes the structure, semantics, and methodological use of interrogative sentences.

This study investigates the linguistic features and formation processes of pedagogical terminology in the Uzbek language, with a specific focus on the standardization and unification of these terms. It explores the role of neologisms, word formation methods, and the terminological properties of phraseological units within the context of Uzbek pedagogy. Drawing on the works of X. Sarimsoqov, the research analyzes the challenges and strategies involved in creating standardized educational terms that facilitate communication and understanding in both academic and practical pedagogical settings. The findings of this study are aimed at contributing to the development of a unified terminological system for teaching and learning in the Uzbek language, with implications for educators, linguists, and policymakers involved in the standardization of language use in education.

The article analyzes the philosophical views of Abu Hamid Ghazali, including his works “Ey Farzand” and “Kimyoi Saodat” dedicated to the issues of man and his spiritual maturity.

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has progressed from a narrowly defined branch of applied linguistics into a cornerstone of professional preparation in non-Anglophone contexts. Although its contribution to subject-related language proficiency is well documented, the ways in which ESP catalyses broader professional competence remain under-researched. The present mixed-method study investigates the impact of an integrated ESP programme on engineering undergraduates at three Central Asian universities. Quantitative data, obtained from a pre- and post-course Professional Competence Self-Assessment Scale (n = 186) and performance-based tasks, were complemented by qualitative evidence from classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and corpus analysis of student artefacts. Results demonstrate statistically significant gains across cognitive, social, and affective dimensions of competence, with the largest improvement linked to intercultural teamwork and reflective problem-solving. Qualitative findings reveal that authenticity of tasks, iterative genre practice, and dialogic feedback were key drivers of change. The article argues that ESP functions as a boundary object connecting disciplinary knowledge, language expertise, and workplace practice, thereby fostering employability and lifelong learning dispositions. Policy implications for curriculum design, accreditation standards, and faculty development are discussed.

This article explores the action and aspectual features of behavioral verbs in English, focusing on how the progressive and perfect aspects shape the meaning of verbs describing human behavior. It discusses the dynamic and stative nature of behavioral verbs and how temporal distinctions (ongoing and completed actions) are encoded in the progressive and perfect aspectual forms. The analysis emphasizes how different verb types (dynamic and stative) interact with aspect and how duration and completeness are represented in everyday language. The study highlights the importance of aspectual distinctions in expressing ongoing and completed actions, particularly in relation to physical and mental behaviors.

The article discusses the formation of stylistic convergence as a result of the combined use of several syntactic-stylistic devices. This phenomenon is considered a characteristic of the author's idiolect, and the impact of stylistic changes in speech composition, as well as their influence on the artistic and aesthetic function of speech, are discussed.

This study explores phraseological units containing color components through the lens of linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, and cultural studies. The research draws on comparative analysis of color terms and their symbolic functions across English, Russian, and Karakalpak languages. A historical and theoretical overview of color semantics is provided, incorporating insights from evolutionary linguistics, psycholinguistics, and linguistic relativity. Seminal works by Sapir, Whorf, Berlin, Kay, Goethe, Wierzbicka, and Frumkina are reviewed to examine the physiological, semantic, and cultural aspects of color perception. The hypothesis is that extralinguistic factors cause differences in how various cultures conceptualize and linguistically encode color. Structural and semantic changes in phraseological units are explored in connection with their cultural significance. Findings highlight the universality of basic color perception and the deep cultural divergence in meaning, with a focus on phraseological expression, symbolic richness, and cognitive structuring of color semantics. The research contributes to the understanding of color as a complex semiotic and cultural phenomenon embedded in language.

This article analyzes the 4th issue of the newspaper "Jadid", which began to be published in 2024 (January 19, 2024). It analyzes the words borrowed from the Russian language found in the newspaper's language from phonetic, semantic, stylistic and functional aspects. The role of Russian terms and expressions in the modern Uzbek publicistic language, their adaptation to the national context and sometimes critical assessment serve as the main research object of the article. During the analysis, based on precise textual quotations, the ideological load of the borrowed words and their place in the modern Jadid language are highlighted.

This article discusses the novel genre, its characteristics, the history of its emergence, and the characteristics inherent in today's Uzbek novels. It also discusses the works of which writers have observed changes in the work of current Uzbek novels that do not meet the requirements of the genre. The leading elements in current novels, the aspects of works that attract readers, and the differences between novels of the last century and today's Uzbek novels are discussed.

This article constructively explores the emergence and development of realism in Victorian literature, particularly within the novel genre. It provides insight into the socio-political context of the period and discusses the creative methodologies utilized by influential writers like Charles Dickens, George Eliot and the Bronte sisters. By examining the transition from romantic to realist narrative modes, the study highlights the significant contributions of Victorian novels in portraying complex social realities and giving a voice to marginalized groups. Furthermore, it underscores how these works contributed to the moral and intellectual development of society. The paper also reflects on how the genre’s formal features, such as scope, character complexity, and length, effectively mirror the broader cultural transformations occurring in 19th-century Britain, fostering a deeper understanding of the literary landscape of the time.

This article explores the semantics of English modal verbs through the lens of cognitive linguistics. It examines how these verbs express various meanings related to possibility, necessity, and permission, highlighting the cognitive processes underlying their use. The study investigates the role of context, conceptual metaphors, and mental spaces in shaping the interpretation of modal verbs. By integrating insights from cognitive linguistics, the article offers a comprehensive understanding of how speakers use modal verbs to communicate nuanced meanings in everyday language.

This article explores the structural components of phraseological competence in students and modern approaches used in its development. It pays particular attention to the methods that help learners identify and understand phraseological units effectively.

The article explores the linguistic and cultural difficulties that arise when translating craftsmanship realia between English and Uzbek. Craftsmanship realia—names of traditional tools, materials, techniques, workplace practices and stylistic conventions—constitute a densely allusive lexical stratum that encodes the technological history and value systems of artisanal communities. Accurate transfer is complicated by the absence of direct equivalents, the coexistence of multiple in-culture synonyms, and strong connotative overtones. The study integrates a 512 436-word parallel corpus of museum catalogues, UNESCO nomination files, export documents, tourist brochures and academic monographs with semi-structured interviews of fifteen professional translators. A five-value taxonomy—borrowing, phonological adaption, descriptive translation, functional substitution and omission—guides the coding of 1 116 realia pairs. Quantitative analysis shows that descriptive translation dominates, accounting for 56 percent of Uzbek-to-English and 44 percent of English-to-Uzbek renderings, expanding text length by an average of 43 percent and increasing terminological drift. Borrowing appears mainly with high-visibility artefacts (“ikat”, “suzani”, “pichoq”), whereas functional substitution prevails in promotional genres targeting non-specialists. Interview data confirm that house-style guidelines, audience expectations and fear of misinterpretation drive domestication. The article proposes a salience-based hybrid model that calibrates borrowing, description and supplementation according to ethnographic prominence and communicative function. Recommendations include a bilingual terminological database, integrated visual glossing for museums and a training module on craft heritage for translators.

This article analyzes the differences in the style of presenting legal topics in blogs and official websites within the online environment. In the context of individualized information consumption, the blogosphere is gaining importance as a source of legal information. The author emphasizes that legal content in blogs is often presented in a popular, simplified, and emotional manner, based on personal experiences and events. At the same time, the article highlights the potential risks of such an approach from a legal perspective – namely, the possibility of errors and misinterpretations arising due to the lack of reliance on official sources.

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to transform language education, offering adaptive, data-driven approaches that are especially valuable in the formative years of schooling. This article investigates how AI-based solutions—ranging from adaptive learning environments and natural-language-processing chatbots to automated speech-recognition tutors—can enrich English instruction in grades 1–4. Drawing on a mixed-methods design that combined classroom interventions in three Uzbek primary schools with longitudinal analytics from an adaptive learning platform, the study tracked 216 pupils over two academic terms. Quantitative results demonstrate statistically significant gains in vocabulary depth, phonological awareness and reading fluency, while qualitative classroom observations reveal heightened learner motivation and more diversified teacher feedback loops. The findings highlight the importance of carefully aligned human–AI pedagogy: when algorithms personalise pacing, error correction and multimodal stimuli, teachers gain time for higher-order formative assessment and socio-emotional support. The discussion situates these outcomes within sociocultural theories of early literacy and argues that equity of access, ethical data stewardship and teacher professional development are pre-conditions for sustainable AI integration.

This article analyzes the continuation of tradition in the construction of artistic composition in youth prose and its renewal in contemporary interpretation. Based on examples, it examines how skillfully organized compositional integrity can become an important factor in revealing the author's artistic intent and aesthetic position. It also analyzes how some compositional devices, having become an interperiodic literary tradition, continue to exist in contemporary storytelling.

This article explores the concept of language play in advertising discourse, with a comparative analysis of Uzbek and English advertisements. It examines how linguistic creativity is employed to engage consumers, enhance brand recall, and create persuasive messaging. The study delves into rhetorical strategies, phonetic, morphological, and syntactic features, as well as cultural implications of language games in advertisements. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper provides insights into how linguistic play influences consumer perception and market success.

This article examines the expressive and narrative function of artistic and characterological detail in literary texts, focusing on works by Anton Chekhov and Uzbek authors such as H. Sultonov and Erkin Vohidov. The analysis shows how seemingly minor details –gestures, shifts in speech, symbolic objects, and spatial descriptions—serve to reveal deep emotional and psychological layers of character. Drawing on Chekhov’s “Sleepy,” “Fat and Thin,” and “The Chameleon,” as well as Vohidov’s poem “A Legend About Ignorance” and Sultonov’s short story “Yo Jamshid,” the study explores how details operate as subtle yet powerful devices of stylistic intensification, symbolic resonance, and character construction. The findings confirm that such details are not decorative, but structurally integral to the ideological, aesthetic, and psychological dimensions of the narrative.

This article contributes to the history of the debate and development of New Era drama and dramaturgy in China in the 1980s and 1990s. The formation of new era drama was influenced primarily by two factors: the experience of the "Seventeen Years" period of 话剧 (huà jù, spoken drama), and the concepts and practices of Western modernist drama. Five major dramatic systems from Europe and America—including Brecht's epic theatre, absurd drama theory, Grotowski's poor theatre, Peter Brook's intense drama, and others—had a significant impact on Chinese dramaturgy. The text highlights the discussions around dramaturgy concepts in the 1980s, focusing on the re-examination of realism, modernism, and classical dramatic models in China. Theories of Gao Xingjian and other dramatists, new dramatic forms, creative explorations, and perspectives on contemporary Western drama are analyzed.Furthermore, the text provides information about new dramaturgical tendencies influenced by social themes, modernist styles, symbolism, expressionism, and absurd drama. It also covers creative discussions among the public and specialists regarding dramaturgy, alongside its theoretical and practical aspects. Through examples of plays by Ma Zhongjun, Gao Xingjian, Yan Haiping, and others, the text outlines the stages of formation and development of new dramaturgy in China. During this period, dramaturgy sought a balance between realism and modernism while striving to express social, cultural, and philosophical issues through artistic means.

As a word, the character 把 “bǎ” in the Chinese lexicon is somewhat complex, yet it is one of the most frequently used, flexible, and widely applicable words in the language. This is due to its ability to occupy different syntactic positions in a sentence, thereby expressing various meanings and performing multiple functions. Chinese linguists have proposed a variety of perspectives and interpretations regarding the analysis of the character 把 “bǎ” in their research. This article presents and discusses the views of these scholars concerning the usage and functions of 把.

The Integrated Skills Approach (ISA) has emerged as a pivotal pedagogical method in English language teaching, aiming to foster comprehensive communicative competence by simultaneously developing learners' listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of ISA in various instructional settings, emphasizing its alignment with real-world language use. Drawing on contemporary research and classroom-based case studies, the paper analyzes how integrated instruction enhances learner motivation, language retention, and authentic communication. The study also examines the challenges educators may face in implementing this approach, such as curriculum constraints, assessment issues, and teacher preparedness. The findings underscore the importance of teacher training and curriculum design in effectively integrating language skills to support meaningful learning experiences. Ultimately, the article advocates for a balanced, context-sensitive use of ISA to enrich English language pedagogy and meet the diverse needs of modern learners.

This work is devoted to the study of the case system of the modern Russian language, taking into account its historical development; the main stages of the formation and transformation of case forms are considered, as well as the reasons for the ambiguity of modern cases in connection with the merging of extinct cases with them.

This article examines effective strategies for enhancing English vocabulary knowledge among 10th–11th grade students in Karakalpak-language classrooms. Emphasizing interactive methods—such as games, role-play, project work, and digital tools—the study highlights how these techniques boost student engagement, improve retention, and develop communicative skills. Drawing on classroom examples and educational research, it argues that culturally relevant, interactive instruction leads to more meaningful and lasting vocabulary acquisition, better preparing students for real-life language use.

Stylistics, a subfield of linguistics, explores how language elements function across different contexts and purposes. This study examines the “discussion” type of speech within two contrasting functional styles – scientific (academic) and colloquial (everyday) discourse – with a focus on the Uzbek language. Drawing on examples and a functional stylistic framework, we analyze how phonetic, lexical, and grammatical choices adapt to context and communicative goals in each style. In scientific discussion, argumentation is typically structured, objective, and terminology-rich, aiming for clarity and precision. In colloquial discussion, by contrast, expressiveness and interpersonal engagement are prominent, with informal phrasing and emotive language shaping the discourse. In particular, Uzbek academic discussions employ precise technical terms and carefully structured explanations, whereas everyday discussions use informal language, interactive dialogue, and context-dependent reasoning. The literature review synthesizes theories of functional styles and stylistic markers, while the methodology combines discourse analysis and comparative stylistics to systematically contrast the two styles. Findings highlight a distinct stylistic typology: scientific discussions prioritize logical argumentation, specialized terminology, and clarity, whereas colloquial discussions emphasize expressiveness, common vocabulary, and pragmatic flexibility. These insights contribute to functional stylistics and pragmatics, illustrating how communicative context drives stylistic adaptation in Uzbek and offering broader implications for comparative stylistic studies across languages.

The lexical item that denotes the basic chromatic category of “black” manifests a remarkable semantic mobility in many languages, migrating from a neutral designation of the darkest colour on the visible spectrum to a dense network of figurative, axiological and culture-specific meanings. Building on approaches from cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics and cultural semiotics, the research addresses two objectives: first, to trace the diachronic and synchronic trajectories of literal and figurative meanings of both lexemes; second, to reveal how culturally embedded value systems motivate convergences and divergences in their semantic extensions. A hybrid corpus consisting of the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the Uzbek National Corpus, complemented by a manually compiled sub-corpus of folklore, proverbs, media discourse and literary texts, was subjected to qualitative analysis supported by quantitative frequency measures. The findings demonstrate that although both lexemes share core symbolic associations with darkness, secrecy and moral negativity, the Uzbek qora displays a wider range of ambivalent or positive meanings linked to fertility, protection and social hierarchy, whereas English black is more rigidly polarised between negative and reclaimed positive values. The discussion interprets such asymmetries through the prism of cultural metaphor theory and historical contact influences. The study contributes to cross-cultural semantics by illuminating how identical perceptual stimuli generate distinct semantic constellations when refracted through different cultural lenses.

This article explores the theoretical foundations of dialectology, language changes, and contemporary research. Dialectology is a significant branch of linguistics that studies the regional and social varieties of a language, namely dialects and vernaculars. Language changes occur under the influence of social, cultural, and economic factors within society. The article also provides detailed information on the development of Uzbek dialectology and its achievements during the independence period.

This article examines the anthroponyms used in Mirzo Ulugbek's work "History of Four Nations", identifies the lexical and semantic groups of onomastic units used in the work "History of Four Nations", sheds light on the semantics of onomastic units used in the work: anthroponym, toponym, ethnonym, hydronym and other units, analyzes the level of use of Arabic, Persian-Tajik onomastic units used in the work. The article shows that the semantic field of anthroponyms is significant because it is studied.

This article presents a linguocultural analysis of the epic poem "Kuntugʻmish", one of the largest examples of Uzbek folk oral art. The study studies the cultural thinking, mentality, moral views and historical thinking of the people through the lexical, phraseological, phonetic and morphological features of the epic. Words, folk expressions, proverbs and sayings reflecting the ancient social system in the epic language are analyzed as cultural codes expressing the worldview of the people. Also, national aesthetic views, gender roles and images of nature in the epic images are covered from a linguocultural perspective. The results of the study show that the epic poem "Kuntugʻmish" has great scientific, cultural and educational significance not only in artistic terms, but also in linguocultural terms.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the artistic features of Uzbek folk proverbs from the work "Devonu lug‘ati-t-turk". It is based on the active use of such arts as saj’, iyjoz, ishtiqaq, tazod, takrir, which serve to strengthen and emphasize the meaning in folk proverbs.

This article explores the development of floristic lexicon in the Uzbek language, its historical roots, and its integral role in the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage. The study examines plant-related lexical units from an etymological, semantic, and ethnolinguistic perspective, revealing how these words function as carriers of traditional knowledge, symbolism, and folk beliefs. The article also investigates the integration of modern botanical terminology and its adaptation within the Uzbek linguistic system. The research applies descriptive, historical-comparative, and semantic field analysis to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of this lexical stratum.

This article is dedicated to the commentary on the ghazals with the radifs “Bolam,” “O‘tdilar bu dunyodin dilxohlar...,” and “Kishi” from the work “Rohati dil” by Khojanazar Huwaydo. The article analyzes the texts of the ghazals and reveals the artistic imagery means.

Diplomatic documents are documents used in official relations between states, drawn up in accordance with the norms of international law. They are used to establish cooperation in political, economic, cultural, military, or other spheres between states, international organizations, or their representatives, to conduct negotiations, conclude agreements, or regulate relations. Known types of diplomatic documents include notes, statements, memorandums, official letters, and communiqués.

 In the era of information, the necessity for speed and efficiency in every field, including linguistics and education, is growing rapidly. In the process of teaching Uzbek as a native or foreign language, it is essential to ensure a targeted, systematic, and gradual acquisition of language skills. Identifying the frequency of usage of verb morphological forms in speech, and determining their linguistic basis, is a pressing issue in Uzbek linguistics. This paper discusses the scientific and social necessity of analyzing verb forms through corpus-based, statistical, and CEFR-aligned approaches, providing a foundation for developing frequency-based dictionaries and improving Uzbek language teaching materials.

This paper explores the pivotal role of education in fostering creative thinking among learners in the 21st century. With the rapid transformation of knowledge economies and technological advances, creativity has emerged as a core competency in both academic and professional contexts. The study analyzes educational strategies, pedagogical innovations, and learning environments that support the development of creative capacities. By integrating interdisciplinary approaches, such as STEAM education, problem-based learning, and digital pedagogy, the research identifies effective frameworks for nurturing students' creativity. The findings suggest that education systems must shift from rigid content delivery to learner-centered, exploratory models to meet the demands of the creative economy.

This article focuses on the importance of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and its “Literature” direction in the development of literary tourism. Necessary and clear thoughts are given about what work was done to include the city of Kokand in this organization, what the results would be if it became a member of the network.

This article examines the study of Alisher Navoi’s works in England, focusing on the research conducted in Britain on “Sanglox” and “Maboni ul-lug‘at,” which are based on Navoi’s writings. The contribution of British researchers to Navoi studies is acknowledged.

This article examines the concept of social status in linguistics and its expression in speech. It provides information on the foundations of euphemism formation, their functions, and the conditions under which they are used in speech. A brief overview of the political-literary and political-figurative types of euphemistic expressions is presented, supported by examples from literary works.

The article analyzes the development leaders of the political parties operating in the process of deepening democratic reforms and the formation of civil society in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the ideologies they rely on.

This paper examines the stylistic and linguistic features of Alisher Navoi’s Nasoyim al-muhabbat, with a focus on the functionalization of Sufi terminology and symbolic expressions. Inspired by Jami’s Nafahāt al-uns, Navoi’s work demonstrates a distinct narrative style, rich in mystical imagery and spiritual symbolism. The study analyzes how terms like Mahbub (Beloved), Soqiy (Cupbearer), Lab (Lips), Qosh (Eyebrows), Bel (Waist), and Ko‘z (Eyes) are recontextualized to convey deeper Sufi meanings. A particular emphasis is placed on the use of parcellation—a stylistic device that separates syntactic units for expressive and communicative effect. The article argues that this technique enhances the poetic and aesthetic quality of the text, especially in dialogues. Through textual analysis, the study reveals how Navoi’s language reflects a profound engagement with Naqshbandi teachings and Sufi thought, elevating his work beyond mere hagiography into the realm of spiritual philosophy and stylistic mastery.

Although sincerity is universally valued, its linguistic expression and cultural framing vary significantly across speech communities. This article examines the parallel concepts of sincerity in English and samimiylik in Uzbek, focusing on their semantic structures, pragmatic realisation and culturally embedded norms. Drawing on a corpus of 270 naturally occurring dialogues from British and Uzbek television talk-shows, advice programmes and informal YouTube vlogs, the study combines corpus-driven semantic analysis with ethnographically informed discourse interpretation. The findings show that while both cultures align sincerity with truthfulness and emotional transparency, English discourse tends to foreground individual authenticity and mitigate overt affect through politeness strategies, whereas Uzbek discourse embeds sincerity in relational warmth, solidarity and culturally salient metaphors of the heart. These differences affect how praise, criticism and disagreement are performed. The article argues that a nuanced awareness of such divergences can enhance intercultural communication and guide pedagogical practice in English-Uzbek translation and language teaching.

This article explores the origin, development, and classification of the concept of competence, which has become a central theme in modern education and professional training. The study provides an overview of how the term "competence" emerged, how it evolved over time, and how it is interpreted in different scientific and pedagogical contexts. Particular attention is paid to the contributions of various scholars who have shaped the theoretical understanding of competence, including its cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. The article also analyzes the types of competences relevant in contemporary education systems, highlighting their importance in learner-centered and competency-based approaches.

This classroom-based study explores how varying instructions for a single writing task enhanced student engagement among intermediate EFL learners. Instead of altering the core activity—writing an opinion essay on fast fashion—the teacher modified instructions by assigning distinct framing angles, such as writing from the viewpoint of a designer, consumer, or environmentalist. Despite working on the same task, learners demonstrated significantly higher interest, motivation, and output quality when given varied perspectives. Data collected from classroom observation, task completion, and student reflections showed near-total participation. The findings highlight that instructional variation is a simple yet effective tool for activating diverse learners and fostering ownership in writing.

This article outlines the pedagogical conditions, methods, stages, and mechanisms for developing self-assessment skills in students of school educational institutions. Self-assessment is revealed as a crucial component of self-awareness in the process of an individual's activity. The stages of the formation of the self-esteem movement are analyzed.

This study investigates the semantic structure and cultural underpinnings of equestrian lexical units in English and Uzbek. Drawing on corpus data (150 million English words; 40 million Uzbek words), specialised glossaries and ethnographic commentary, it identifies central and peripheral members of the semantic field that centres on the lexeme horse (ot). Componential, contextual-collocational and cognitive-onimic analyses reveal both universal and culture-specific patterns of lexical differentiation. English demonstrates fine-grained terminological density in breeding, conformation and competition, whereas Uzbek shows greater lexical granularity in ethno-equine practices such as kopkari, ceremonial processions and steppe horse husbandry. Despite typological distance, both languages share a tripartite core of basic zoological, functional and metaphorical meanings anchored in Indo-European and Altaic conceptual schemata of mobility, status and vitality. The results have implications for bilingual lexicography, translation studies and intercultural communication in veterinary and sport-management domains.

This article investigates the role of cultural cognition in shaping private discourse within Uzbek detective fiction. By analyzing how linguistic structures and narrative strategies reflect culturally influenced cognitive processes—such as collective reasoning, emotional decision-making, and gender-specific strategies. Drawing on cognitive linguistics and cultural studies, it examines the use of propositional, schematic, metaphorical, and metonymic models. The analysis underscores how Uzbek cultural values, such as collectivism and loyalty, shape narrative cognition, distinguishing it from Western detective fiction. The findings contribute to understanding the cultural dimensions of cognitive processes in literary discourse.

The Uzbek language, a Turkic language with a rich historical and cultural heritage, holds the status of the state language in Uzbekistan. Despite its official recognition and significant cultural importance, its development and broader societal integration face several contemporary challenges. This article explores these multifaceted issues, including the impact of historical linguistic policies, the influence of globalization and other languages, the role of education in language promotion, and the challenges related to standardization and technological adaptation. Drawing upon existing scholarly discussions and public discourse, this paper highlights the complexities involved in fostering the growth of the Uzbek language in a rapidly changing world. It emphasizes the need for concerted efforts in linguistic research, educational reform, and digital integration to ensure the vitality and functional expansion of Uzbek in all spheres of modern society.

This article explores the use of mixed methods research to study how Technology-Assisted Language Learning (TALL) affects language acquisition. By combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the research captures a complete picture of how digital tools support vocabulary growth, grammar improvement, learner motivation, and autonomy. The findings show that TALL has the potential to significantly enhance the language learning experience when designed and used effectively.

This paper examines the conceptual and practical distinctions among terms, terminology, and nomenclature within the field of irrigation. Terms function as basic linguistic units denoting fundamental concepts or objects, while terminology represents the structured collection of specialized words that experts rely upon for precise communication. Nomenclature, often governed by formal rules, contributes clarity by systematically naming components, processes, and classifications relevant to irrigation. These three linguistic elements collectively shape how knowledge is transmitted across research, policy-making, and daily operational practices. Through an interdisciplinary lens, this study underscores how consistent usage of a shared vocabulary enhances collaboration, reduces ambiguity in both scholarly and field-based applications, and fosters global alignment on best practices for sustainable water management. Recognizing the evolutionary nature of terminology is equally vital, as innovation and changing environmental conditions continuously introduce new methods and concepts. Thus, maintaining flexibility in linguistic structures while preserving core definitions emerges as a key strategy for addressing contemporary challenges, including water scarcity and climate variability. Ultimately, precise communication through well-defined terminological frameworks is an operational necessity, supporting the adaptability and resilience of irrigation systems on both local and international scales.

In the field of linguistics, there exist multiple techniques for examining literary works that enable us to explore different dimensions of the language and stylistic choices of poets and authors. Below, we concentrate on the most prevalent and significant methods of examination aimed at investigating the author's unique linguistic style.

Saadi Shirazi’s Gulistan (1258 CE) and the Uzbek folk-tale tradition belong to different linguistic, temporal and geographic spheres, yet they share the broad purpose of transmitting ethical wisdom through narrative. This article undertakes a comparative, genre-oriented examination of Gulistan’s didactic anecdotes and representative Uzbek folk tales recorded in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on narratological theory, Persian and Turkic poetics, and Soviet-era folkloristics, the study employs a close reading of one hundred twenty-four Persian prose episodes and one hundred sixty-three Uzbek oral texts filtered through archival transcriptions. Qualitative analysis is complemented by a quantitative mapping of plot functions, actant structures and formulaic motifs. The findings show that Gulistan fuses adab prose conventions with sermonising verse to create a hybrid “mirror for princes” genre, whereas Uzbek tales retain epic and trickster subgenres with a cyclical plot architecture governed by formulaic openings and closings. Both corpora employ concise moral coda, but they differ in the distribution of humour, the role of supernatural intervention and the calibration of social hierarchy. The comparative perspective illuminates the historical diffusion of Persianate literary values in Central Asia while underscoring the resilience of indigenous Uzbek narrative patterns.

J.L. Austin played a pivotal role in the linguistic turn in philosophy during the twentieth century, particularly through his influence on both analytic and ordinary language philosophy. Unlike many philosophers who saw the study of language as a philosophical priority, Austin approached it as a matter of common sense and scholarly responsibility. His methods, focused on the systematic study of linguistic expressions, led to significant contributions in areas like lexical semantics, speech act theory, and the philosophy of perception. Austin’s distinction between ‘constative’ and ‘performative’ utterances, and his development of illocutionary acts, paved the way for future work in speech act theory, influencing philosophers such as Searle. In his later work, Sense and Sensibilia, Austin applied his methods to the philosophy of perception, rejecting the view of direct perception of material objects and contributing to the debate on realism in perception. This paper explores Austin’s methods, his theory of illocutionary acts, and his approach to philosophical analysis, highlighting their lasting impact on the philosophy of language and perception.

The article briefly touches upon the life and work of Hoji Muin Shukurullo o'g'li, one of the representatives of the Jadid movement.

This article explores the semantic structures and stylistic features used in newspaper headlines in both Karakalpak and English-language media. By examining linguistic elements such as word choice, syntactic patterns, and stylistic devices, the study highlights key similarities and differences in how news is framed and communicated. English headlines frequently use puns, alliteration, and emotionally charged language to attract attention, often focusing on individual responsibility and sensational content. In contrast, Karakalpak headlines tend to follow a more formal, respectful tone, emphasizing collective values and national development. The research also considers how cultural and socio-political contexts shape the semantics and stylistic choices in both media systems. The findings underscore the importance of linguistic and cultural awareness in journalism and translation, especially in an increasingly globalized information space.

The lexical system, in contrast to the phonetic and grammatical systems, is distinguished by the vast number of its units. It is impossible to determine the exact number of words in any language, as new words are constantly being created while others fall out of use. The number of lexical units used by dialect speakers is especially large.

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence-based chatbots (in particular, ChatGPT) on learner autonomy in the development of written speech skills in English as a foreign language (EFL). The study analyzed the extent to which the use of AI chatbots contributes to the formation of students' independent thinking, self-control, analysis, and editing skills. Based on the analysis of theoretical sources and the results of practical observations, the article found that AI chatbots develop students' motivation and reflexive approach to the writing process, as well as expand students' self-assessment capabilities. The results of the study put forward methodological recommendations for the effective use of chatbots in EFL writing classes.

Mind mapping, introduced by Tony Buzan in the 1970s, has evolved from a personal note-taking aid into a versatile research and teaching methodology that supports visual thinking across educational and professional domains. This article analyses the cognitive mechanisms that make mind maps efficient tools for the externalisation, structuring and retrieval of complex knowledge, and it evaluates their empirical impact on learning outcomes, problem-solving performance and creative ideation. Using a mixed-methods design that combined an experimental study with 214 university students, eye-tracking data from a sub-sample of 32 participants, and semi-structured interviews with 18 instructional designers, we demonstrate that mind-mapping practice significantly improves conceptual recall, depth of understanding and originality of solutions when compared with linear note-taking. Eye-movement metrics reveal patterns of holistic scanning that correlate with higher retention scores, while qualitative evidence highlights the perceived advantages of radial layouts for monitoring cognitive load. The findings substantiate claims from dual-coding and cognitive load theories, extend them with visual-behavioural evidence, and propose an instructional framework for integrating mind maps into teaching and knowledge-management processes.

This article discusses the role of expressive reading in literature lessons in developing students' aesthetic taste, speech culture, and artistic thinking. It highlights the main requirements and norms of expressive reading, as well as the methodological approaches employed by teachers during this process. The article also analyzes the significance of such elements as intonation, pause, timbre, and pace in shaping expressive reading culture, along with effective techniques for working with literary texts. In addition, the paper emphasizes the role of modern pedagogical technologies and ICT tools in enhancing expressive reading competencies.

This article analyzes the importance, types, and applications of intertextuality in linguistics.

As a means of communication for the Uzbek people, the Uzbek language continues to fulfill a social function even today. This, in turn, serves to ensure comprehensive communication among members of the nation. The onomastic system of the Uzbek language is a vast, multifaceted linguistic phenomenon rich in content, with its components intricately interconnected. The study of onomastic units found in literary texts is one of the pressing issues in linguistics. In this regard, it is important to analyze the lexical-semantic and stylistic features of anthroponyms used in literary texts.

Furthermore, the contribution of Uzbek linguists, writers, and poets to the current development of the Uzbek language is invaluable. Thanks to their efforts, strict linguistic norms are established in many areas of the Uzbek language, and examples of linguistic usage in communication processes are provided.

This article discusses the role of onomastic units used in the style of literary works written in the Uzbek literary language. It examines the semantic types and distinctive features of such units.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the poetic function of nicknames and their role in the construction of literary characters in the works of prominent Uzbek writer Abduqayum Yuldoshev. The nicknames featured in his stories reflect the author’s satirical perspective, his response to societal issues, and his approach to portraying typical figures rooted in everyday reality. The study highlights the writer’s skill in imbuing nicknames with semantic weight, phonetic nuance, and psychological depth. The semantic potential, folkloric tone, and socially critical function of these nicknames are analyzed through specific literary examples.

Each language possesses its unique characteristics, both grammatically and lexically. It is well known that in the 20th century, the theory of Uzbek grammar was developed based on the Russian language grammar model. This influence is clearly reflected in the number and functional-semantic features of case forms, although these two languages belong to different language families. This article discusses the specific features of the case category in Turkic languages.

In this article, the similarities and difference of the styles of conversation, official, scientific, publicist and arty speech aspects and other characteristics are analyzed.  The styles of speech of each language within its own entirely holistic system are discussed, and for the purpose of expression, language’s characterization based on the organization and repetition openly discussed. The coloring of the styles of speech based on the words, grammatical shape and grammatical structure are strongly highlighted. The styles of speech are separated subject to nationwide language materials system and it is interpreted within mentioned scope of system as well.

This article explores the use of onomastic metaphors in the literary works of Utkir Hoshimov, a prominent Uzbek writer known for his rich and culturally nuanced language. Onomastic metaphors—those derived from proper names such as personal names, place names, and ethnonyms—serve as a significant stylistic device in Hoshimov’s narratives. They not only enrich the imagery and expressiveness of the text but also reflect the national mentality, historical consciousness, and sociocultural context of the Uzbek people. The study analyzes selected examples from Hoshimov’s major works to identify how proper names are metaphorically transformed to convey emotional, symbolic, or evaluative meanings. These metaphorical usages highlight the deep interconnection between language, identity, and cultural memory in Uzbek literature.

This article discusses the importance of corpora in education, their use and practical advantages in the teaching process, panchronic corpus, the possibilities and use of panchronic corpus in language teaching and learning.

The topic of metaphor has long been a focal point for linguists and has been deeply studied by both local and international scholars. Linguists worldwide have expressed their theoretical views and conducted thorough analyses on the main concepts of cognitive metaphor theory, its significance in language and thought, and its role in communication and cognition. This article analyzes the perspectives of the founders of cognitive metaphor theory as well as those linguists who have studied and interpreted it.

This paper explores the typological variety of war- and battle-related lexemes in English, focusing on both literal and metaphorical formations. Using a linguocultural and lexicographic approach, it examines their semantic categories, diachronic development, and conceptual framing, with comparative analysis from Uzbek. The study finds that English possesses a highly diversified lexical field shaped by historical, ideological, and media-driven influences. In contrast, Uzbek equivalents reflect both structural gaps and growing lexical borrowing due to globalization. This research contributes to the understanding of cross-cultural lexical typology and the cognitive framing of conflict.

This article analyzes the semantic and stylistic features of formative morphemes involved in the formation of anthroponyms. It highlights the role of affixal units within the naming system, their contribution to meaning construction, and their functions as markers of both individual and social identity. Using examples from Uzbek anthroponyms, the study explores the functional load and connotative meanings of these morphemes. The findings contribute to understanding how morphological elements in personal names reflect cultural, social, and stylistic contexts.

Diminutiveness represents a multifaceted linguistic category that transcends mere denotation of smallness, integrating morphological, semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive components. This article explores the core functions and forms of diminutives across different language families, with emphasis on their expressive, evaluative, and socio-cultural significance. Drawing upon cross-linguistic evidence, the study analyzes how diminutive constructions serve as communicative tools for encoding affective stance, politeness, irony, and emotional intimacy. It also considers the implications of diminutive use in bilingual and intercultural contexts, highlighting emerging hybrid models. The findings suggest that diminutives are not only morphological artifacts but also cognitive and socio-pragmatic instruments that enrich communicative style and social interaction. The study underscores the need for further empirical inquiry into diminutiveness within translation studies, foreign language pedagogy, and intercultural communication frameworks.

Literature is an integral part of human life. Humanity has appeared that the palette of talent, scattered from its mind and mind, has caused it to live directly with the magic of art and literature, to enjoy the secrets of the universe. And the desire to understand, feel and understand the phenomena that are happening around the Lord in the human soul, we will not exaggerate to say that he served as a tamaddun in the emergence of modern literature. And life is the main source of literature that surrounds a person. Because as life is, so are the societies that arise in it. As society develops, the literature in it also begins to change. The ideological content in literature, while the aesthetic ideal, develops according to the demand of the era and times. While the literary hero embodies both positive and negative aspects, he directly reflects the essence of the period in which the creator lived. Why, by the way, the creator does not take into account the sum of his impressions from the events and phenomena that took place in the life of the society in which he lives, but polished and enriched in his literary thinking. And the reader familiar with the work of art will feel the experiences that the creator felt, will live with him in the life of that time, which we would not exaggerate to say.

This article explores the development of the essay genre in Chinese literature, tracing its evolution from historical roots to contemporary trends. The earliest forms of the essay in China date back to the Tang Dynasty. Sanwen (散文), or the essay, is one of the most prominent genres in Chinese literature, having undergone significant transformations and evolutions over the centuries. Unlike traditional genres such as poetry and prose, sanwen offers readers a distinctive perspective on the world, enabling the author to freely express personal thoughts, emotions, and observations. This study examines the transformation of the sanwen genre in Chinese literature, its historical progression, key authors, and its influence on modern literary discourse.

This scientific article examines the principles and mechanisms of term formation in the field of transport logistics in modern Chinese. It analyzes the linguistic and structural features of the most commonly used terms in this field, paying special attention to their word formation models, sources of borrowing, and semantic adaptation. The study highlights the active role of internationalization and the influence of English on the formation of Chinese logistics terminology, as well as the importance of standardization and unification in professional communication.

This paper explores the synthesis of folkloric motifs, realist narrative techniques, and paranormal elements in the modern Uzbek novella Chambilbelning oydalasi by Sobir O‘nar. The study demonstrates how the author fuses metaphysical thinking with national traditions to articulate spiritual transformation and moral renewal through the depiction of clinical death and out-of-body experiences. The work is evaluated through a modernist lens, revealing its philosophical and symbolic complexity.

The article provides a scientific analysis of the use of artistic means of depiction in folk epics, their artistic interpretation and socio-spiritual content. The study examines the significance of artistic means of depiction in the epic «Ravshan», one of the brightest examples of Uzbek oral folk art, and their place in the epic.

This article discusses the communicative, integrative and competency-based approaches used in language teaching. The views on these approaches in foreign and national literature are studied and analyzed. The relationship between modern approaches and educational technologies is revealed. Information is provided on the role and possibilities of project technology in implementing the communicative approach and its importance in language education.

This article explores the concept of folklorism as a literary and cultural phenomenon, focusing on its terminological development, typology, and application in Uzbek philology. The term folklorism, first introduced in the second half of the 19th century by French folklorist Paul Sébillot, refers to folkloric materials that have been artistically adapted and intentionally incorporated into literary works. Drawing upon the theoretical contributions of A.N. Chistov and Bahodir Sarimsoqov, this study outlines the distinction between folklore and folklorism, highlighting the latter as a stylistic and ideological tool in literature. The article emphasizes the importance of folklorisms in representing national identity, cultural values, and collective mentality, and it discusses the contributions of Uzbek scholars who have advanced the field. The findings affirm the relevance of folklorism in contemporary literary studies and its role in preserving ethnocultural heritage.

This article discusses the studies conducted by Uzbek linguists on the semantic analysis of syntactic units, focusing on the identification of semantic relations arising between parts of compound sentences and microtext components. It also reflects on the development of novel principles of semantic grammar aimed at defining these semantic relations, and the application of such principles to syntactic wholes. The article reviews research carried out within this framework.

This study investigates the structural and derivational features of recreational place names  in English and Uzbek, focusing on simple, derived, and compound toponyms. These place names are not only geographical identifiers but also encode the historical, cultural, and ethnolinguistic heritage of a nation. By analyzing and classifying the names of resorts in both languages, the research identifies typological similarities and differences in the formation of toponyms. The study utilizes descriptive and comparative linguistic methods, drawing on theoretical insights from leading scholars in toponymy. The results reveal that pleace names in both languages exhibit diverse lexical-semantic and morphological patterns, influenced by sociocultural and environmental factors. The article introduces the term "recreatonym" as a linguistically significant category within toponymy, providing a new lens through which such names can be understood.

The article analyzes the concept of the “linguistic worldview” from linguistic and cognitive perspectives. According to linguists, every language reflects a unique worldview and shapes the perception of reality through linguistic images that are directly connected to human thought and culture. Through language, individuals represent the surrounding reality in their consciousness, which forms the basis of their linguistic worldview. The article explores the differences between worldviews in different languages, their cultural and mythological roots, as well as instances of interference in intercultural communication. In particular, it examines how the cognitive features of the linguistic worldview are transferred from one language to another in the speech of bilingual individuals, either from the native language to the newly acquired one or vice versa. Using examples, the paper reveals the significance of these differences in the processes of translation and language learning. This approach helps to better understand the complex relationship between language and thinking, and underscores the relevance of linguocultural approaches in linguistics.

This scientific article provides an in-depth and skillful analysis of what a podcast is, its origins, the role and significance of podcasts in journalism, and its potential as a new media format.

This article examines the problems that arise in the genre analysis of a literary text and the ways to overcome them on a scientific basis. Problems such as the ambiguity of genres, differences in different editions of the text, the level of preparation of students, unnecessary information in literature textbooks, and the variability of modern genres are analyzed. Also, approaches such as the principle of unity of form and content, the method of comparing text variants, taking into account the level of preparation of students, and monitoring the evolution of genres are proposed to overcome these problems. The article emphasizes the need to develop new methodologies and approaches in the genre analysis of a literary text.

The article examines the potential of game technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL). The advantages of gamification and educational games are analyzed in terms of increasing students' motivation, activating cognitive activity and improving the efficiency of learning language material. A classification of game technologies applicable in RFL is presented: board and role-playing games, digital games, interactive platforms. Particular attention is paid to the methodology of integrating game elements into the educational process, as well as the criteria and methods for assessing their effectiveness. The article contains practical recommendations and identifies promising areas for further research in this area.

This article analyzes how moral norms in society are changing based on the theory of the "Overton Window." In particular, it compares the shifting process of moral standards as reflected in mass media, cinema, and internet platforms with theoretical approaches. The article explains the expansion or weakening of social values and moral boundaries observed in modern media content through the stages of Overton’s theory. These transformations are also examined more deeply using examples from the local media context.

This article discusses the classification of Surkhandarya dialects from Uzbek folk dialects and their certain phonetic, lexical, morphological, word-formation, and syntactic differences. Information is also provided on the work of our linguists who have worked on the Surkhandarya Uzbek dialects.

The introduction provides the rationale for the topic focusing on the challenges and solutions in TBL and especially working with students to increase their speaking and listening skills.