American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue06 2025
PAGE NO.
331-337
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue06-86
Literary Cities And Literary Tourism
Zebokhon KOBILOVA
Professor of Kokand University, Doctor of Philology, Uzbekistan
Ergashev Shahboz
Researcher, Professor of Kokand University, Doctor of Philology, Uzbekistan
Received:
13 April 2025;
Accepted:
17 May 2025;
Published:
27 June 2025
Abstract:
This article focuses on the importance of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and its “Literature”
direction in the development of literary tourism. Necessary and clear thoughts are given about what work was
done to include the city of Kokand in this organization, what the results would be if it became a member of the
network.
Keywords:
Literary tourism, creative city, travel, creativity, literature, enlightenment, economy, history, literary
environment, library, museum, development.
Introduction:
Literary tourism is a form of tourism in
which travelers dedicate their trips to exploring
activities based on literature, writers, their works, or
places related to literary history. Literary tourism
attracts many tourists because it offers cultural,
historical, and creative experiences for readers,
writers, literary enthusiasts, and the general public.
Literary tourism has the following advantages:
1. It helps to preserve and study the cultural heritage of
the region.
2. Through writers and their works, historical and
cultural traditions are passed on to future generations;
3. Many new tourists are attracted, which brings
economic benefits through services such as hotels,
restaurants, transportation, souvenirs, and bookstores;
4. Cities and regions engaged in literary tourism
demonstrate their cultural and creative potential on a
global scale, which increases their reputation.
5. Literary tourism provides travelers with the
opportunity to gain new knowledge about literature,
history and culture.
Based on such opportunities, literary tourism in the
world has grown as a separate independent sector and
is developing day by day. UNESCO also fully supports
the development of literary tourism in countries
around the world. The "Creative Cities" network of this
organization, especially literary cities, plays a very
important role in the development of literary tourism.
Cities recognized by UNESCO develop literary tourism
by promoting their creative potential and cultural
heritage around the world. Considering that each city
of our paradise-like country has its own tangible and
intangible objects, it is extremely important to include
cities in the UNESCO "Creative Cities" network for
sustainable development in order to develop them in
all aspects and bring literary tourism to a new level.
This article will discuss what is the Creative Cities
Network? What is its significance? What work has been
done to include the ancient and ever-young city of
Kokand in the “Literature” direction of the UNESCO
Creative Cities Network? What will be the results if the
city joins the network? We will answer these questions.
The UNESCO Creative Cities Network is a global
initiative established in 2004, the purpose of which is
to develop creative activity around the world, preserve
cultural heritage and strengthen cultural ties between
cities. This network encourages cities to be creative and
support innovation, and also ensures social and
economic development through creative industries.
“The Creative Cities Network covers 7 creative areas:
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1. Decorative and applied and folk arts.
2. Design.
3. Cinema.
4. Gastronomy.
5. Literature.
6. Media arts.
Music”. [1, https://www.unesco.org/en]
Member cities of the network undertake to cooperate
and develop cooperation in order to develop the
creative and cultural spheres, exchange best practices,
increase the level of cultural participation, and take
culture into account in the development of economic
and social development plans.
The “Literature” direction, which is important for us,
occupies an important place in the UNESCO “Creative
C
ities” network. Because literature has historically
been an integral part of human culture and has the
power to unite different peoples, cultures, and
languages. Cities in the literature direction define the
development of literature, support for the work of
writers, and increase interest in literature as their main
goals. Currently, about 300 cities around the world
have joined the “Creative Cities” network, of which 53
are members of the “Literature” direction. These are
the cities of Angouleme, Baghdad, Barcelona, Beirut,
Bremen,
Bucheon,
Dublin,
Dunedin,
Durban,
Edinburgh, Gothenburg, Granada, Exeter, Heidelberg,
Hobart, Iasi, Iowa City, Jakarta, Kozhikode, Krakow,
Kuhmo, Kutaisi, Lahore, Ljubljana, Leeuwarden,
Lillehammer,
Lviv,
Lyon,
Melbourne,
Milan,
Manchester, Montevideo, Nanjing, Obidos, Odessa,
Norwich, Nottingham, Quebec, Okayama, Prague, Rio
de Janeiro, Reykjavik, Seattle, Slemani, Taif, Tukums,
Tartu, Ulyanovsk, Utrecht, Vilnius, Wonju, Wroclaw. Of
these, Dublin is famous as the city that raised Nobel
Prize winners, while cities such as Melbourne,
Barcelona, Krakow, Montevideo are among the main
cities where literary traditions, international writers
meet, various literary events, and festivals are held. In
addition, some of these cities have many libraries,
while others have many literary museums. There is
another type, in which cities are realized in the works
of writers. For example, James Joyce's "Ulysses" takes
place on the streets of Dublin, in particular in places
such as Trinity College and the Martello Tower, while
Peter Carey's "Oscar and Lucinda" depicts important
places in Melbourne.
To be approved as a City of Literature, cities must meet
a number of criteria set by UNESCO: The Secretariat of
the UNESCO Creative Cities Network sends a standard
application form, which must be completed in
accordance with the word limit. First, the names of the
city, country and means of communication are filled in.
Then, a general presentation of the city is given, the
main
opportunities
and
challenges
for
the
development of the city are highlighted, global
development strategies and policies are outlined, the
expected impact of membership on the sustainable
development of the city is presented, the process of
preparing the application is described, the applicant
city’s comparative assets are presented to the network,
initiatives are presented to contribute to the
achievement of the network’s objectives, the periodic
membership
monitoring
report
is
submitted,
participation in the network’s annual conferen
ces is
presented, and the forms of providing information to
the secretariat are described. Having carefully studied
these criteria, we have firmly set a goal to include our
city of Kokand in the UNESCO “Creative Cities” network
in the “Literature” category
, and we have been
continuously conducting practical work for two years.
The result is increasing as the applications are
processed.
It is known from history that the city of Kokand has had
its own literary environment since the second half of
the 18th century. After the Fergana Valley separated
from the Bukhara Khanate and the independent
Kokand Khanate was founded here, the capital city of
Kokand flourished as a center of science and culture.
The literary environment of Kokand, which was formed
especially during the reign of Umar Khan Amiri (1810-
1822), occupies an important place in the cultural life
of the khanate. “Written historical sources contain
information indicating that the tradition of artistic
creativity in Kokand, in particular, poetry writing, began
in the 18th century.” The poetic histories of poets of
that time, such as Mirzo Masum Kosani and Mirzo
Shohi, dedicated to some important historical events in
the Kokand Khanate (the birth, accession to the throne,
death of rulers, the construction of palaces, fortresses,
mosques, and madrasas), serve as evidence for our
ideas. In history, the city of Kokand was called Khoqand
Latif, which means “latif”, “a pleasant city”. Its people
were hospitable, fond of poetry, and exchanged ideas
in rhyme when they spoke. That is why stories and
events were written more in a poetic manner. The
literary environment of Kokand has existed for more
than two centuries and has flourished in various fields.
Since the 19th century, the number of poets and
writers in Kokand has exceeded 300 hundred. Since the
city of Kokand has been the capital of the khanate since
ancient times, its cultural and literary environment has
been developing over the years. The works of dozens of
representatives of the Kokand literary environment,
such as Amiriy, Nodira, Uvaysiy, Gulkhaniy, Makhmur,
Mukimiy Furqat, Zavqiy, Hamza, have become the
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spiritual wealth of the Uzbek people. For the first time
in the history of Uzbek literature, Kokand also produced
female writers. A number of poets such as Nodira,
Uvaysiy, Mahzuna, Nozik, Anbar Atin, Niso, and Khaniy
made a significant contribution to the development of
classical Eastern poetry. Throughout the 20th century,
many poets and writers have emerged from this literary
environment. Thus, Kokand has always been a city of
literature, patronizing outstanding talents and making
a huge contribution to the development of literary
science. In the past five years, this development has
reached a new level, and various programs aimed at the
development of literature have been implemented. For
example, in 2019, in collaboration with the Writers'
Union of Uzbekistan, anniversaries were held in honor
of Zokirjon Furqat, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyozi, and Ozod
Sharofiddinov. The historical and artistic film "The Wind
of Kokand", which tells the story of the life and work of
the great poet Umarkhon Amiri, the organizer and
patron of the Kokand literary environment, and filmed
based on our script, was shown in all educational
organizations and enterprises of the Republic. "The
Wind of Kokand" is also one of the most frequently
shown films on television.
In 2022, under our leadership, a practical project on the
topic of “Creating a website and electronic platform on
the life and work of the creators of the Kokand literary
environment” was implemented under the number AL–
322103020, aimed at promoting the Kokand literary
environment. The following work was carried out
within the framework of the project:
- the scientific biography, family environment, and
literary heritage of the creators of the Kokand literary
environment
were
supplemented
with
new
information based on literary and historical manuscript
and lithographic sources;
-
the anthology “Kokand Literary Environment” was put
into scientific circulation based on manuscripts and
lithographic publications;
- based on the analysis of the ghazals and mukhammas
of Zullisonayn poets in the Uzbek and Tajik languages,
the issues of literary tradition, interaction, continuity,
and originality were examined, and a number of new
views on this issue were substantiated based on
examples;
- through the study of the system of images, weight
characteristics, and artistic arts of the poetry of the
poets of the literary environment, the criteria of artistic
and aesthetic thinking in the Kokand literary
environment of the late 18th - early 19th centuries
were identified;
- The historical reality related to the life of the creators
of the Kokand literary environment, the ideological and
artistic features of the literary heritage were
demonstrated through scientific research, audio and
video materials;
- Feature and documentary films and programs created
about the creators of the Kokand literary environment
were posted on the electronic platform;
- Images of literary, historical and architectural
monuments related to the history and development of
the Kokand literary environment were posted on the
electronic platform, thereby contributing to domestic
and foreign tourism in our country;
- Artistic analysis and reviews of the finest works
characteristic of the creativity of representatives of the
Kokand literary environment were carried out,
prepared for publication and are regularly posted on
the website;
- Copies of manuscripts and lithographic works of
representatives of the Kokand literary environment
stored in foreign libraries and museums were obtained,
which paves the way for future research;
- Applications for IOS and Android platforms aimed at
promoting the literary heritage of the creators of the
Kokand literary environment have been created, and
through them the national and universal values
reflected in our classical literature are being widely
promoted;
- within the framework of the project, an international
conference was held in May 2022 on the topic "The
Kokand Literary Environment and the Third
Renaissance".
In April 2022, a conference was organized in honor of
the literary scholar and critic Ashurali Zohiri from
Kokand, and as a result of this event, a book was
published with the contributions of famous scholars.
From September 2 to 12, we were in the Republic of
Turkey and managed to obtain two facsimile copies of
the Divan of Umarkhan Amiri, which is kept in the
Istanbul Library. From November 15 to 22, we
organized an international co
nference on “Literature of
Turkic Peoples, Literary Relations and Translation” in
Baku, Azerbaijan. More than 150 scholars from the
Republics of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, and
Tajikistan participated in the conference with their
articles. By December of this year, our delegation
visited the libraries of the Sughd region of the Republic
of Tajikistan and studied sources related to the literary
environment of Kokand. On September 21, the “Amiri”
library was opened in Kokand with the participation of
regional and city officials, the mayor of Kokand, literary
scholars, and literature lovers. In addition, from 2022
to the present, literary conversations reflecting the life
and work of representatives of the Kokand literary
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environment have been continuously broadcast every
Wednesday in the series "Ghazal Bostoni" and
"Educational Conversations" of the National Television
and Radio Company of Uzbekistan "Uzbekistan
Television and Radio Channel".
On April 13, 2023, the “Boburshah” conference
dedicated to the 540th anniversary of Zahiriddin
Muhammad Babur was held at Kokand University. On
June 11-15, Kokand University was awarded a letter of
gratitude from the Minister of Culture and Tourism for
its contribution to the high-level organization of the
“Turkic
-spea
king Youth” international festival held in
Kokand.
Kokand is considered a “sister city” with the cities of
Sheki and Kuytun in the world. On February 24, 2023,
the city of Kokand and the city of Sheki of the Republic
of Azerbaijan were declared “sister cities”. According to
the agreement, it is intended to strengthen the ancient
friendly relations between the peoples of Uzbekistan
and Azerbaijan, and further strengthen economic,
scientific-technical, cultural-literary ties between the
two countries.
In May
2023, a “sister city” agreement was signed
between the city of Kokand and the city of Kuytun of
the People’s Republic of China. According to the
agreement, cooperation between the two cities in the
fields of trade and economy, science and education,
literature and culture, sports and medicine will be
strengthened, thereby contributing to the sustainable
development of the cities. The “Museum of Great
Scholars” of Kokand hosted a photo and craft exhibition
“Kuytun
-
City of Legends on the Great Silk Road” an
d a
scientific and practical conference “New Year and
Navruz according to the Eastern Calendar: Immortal
Traditions of the Uzbek and Chinese Peoples”. In order
to ensure the unity of the youth of China and
Uzbekistan, an International Forum of Uzbek-Chinese
Young Researchers on the topic “Together We Create
Kokand-Siyan-
Zamin Tourism Cooperation” was held at
Kokand University on September 26, 2024.
On February 12-13, 2024, on the occasion of the 583rd
anniversary of Alisher Navoi, a scientific and practical
conference on the topic “The Scientific Heritage of
Alisher Navoi” was held at Kokand University in
collaboration with the International Turkic Cultural
Organization (TURKSOY). The scientific and literary
heritage of Alisher Navoi, the sultan of ghazal poetry, a
great thinker, statesman and public figure, and the
founder of the Uzbek literary language, who has a
worthy place in the culture of the peoples of the world,
was widely studied within the framework of the
conference.
Kokand University became a member of the Union of
Turkic Universities (TURKUNIB). On May 27, 2024, a
creative meeting was held with the People's Poet of
Uzbekistan Usmon Azim and Navoi scholar Olimjon
Davlatov on the topic "The Flame of the Heart". The
event provided valuable information about the literary
environment of Kokand, book reading, poetry of the
past and present, and our literature in general. At the
end of the year, on October 3, a monument to Zokirjon
Kholmuhammad oglu Furqat was unveiled in the "Alley
of Poets" of Kokand.
On January 6, 2025, a memorandum of cooperation
was signed between Kokand University and the
Institute of Uzbek Language, Literature and Folklore of
the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
According to the memorandum, it is planned to jointly
create textbooks, textbooks and monographs in the
field of literature, and jointly hold conferences,
conventions and symposiums at the international and
republican levels. In cooperation with Kokand
University, the Department of the Development of the
State Language, the Academy of Sciences of
Uzbekistan, the Writers' Union of Uzbekistan and the
Uzbek Language Development Fund, the presentation
of the book "Alisher Navoi Encyclopedia" was held on
February 20, 2025 at Kokand University, and on
February 21 at the Andijan branch of Kokand University
in Andijan region. As we have witnessed, efforts to
cultivate attention to literature, a sense of devotion,
and the spirituality and enlightenment of the people
continue unabated in Kokand throughout the twelve
months of the year. The city's residents and scientists,
who are naturally passionate about literature, want this
process to develop further. For this reason, the
inclusion of Kokand in the UNESCO Creative Cities
Network in the "Literature" section and the
formalization of this issue are on the agenda. During
the preparation of the application, 11 meetings were
held with interested parties in Kokand. The events were
actively attended by the rector of Kokand University, 50
philological scientists, 20 members of the Writers'
Union, and 4 directors of local printing houses. In
addition, 5 public meetings were held in the building of
Kokand University to present the plan for joining the
UCCN in 2025. The meeting, organized at the initiative
of the city administration, was attended by 13
community (mahalla) leaders, 2 non-governmental
organizations (“Good intentions for the disabled” and
“Ecology and Health”), and 2 non
-governmental
independent foundations (“Mehr
-
Sakhovat” and
“Khoqandi Latif Kelajagi”). At the requ
est of the
UNESCO National Commission, the last meeting was
held in an online format to discuss the results of the
research and available information resources.
Obtaining the UNESCO Creative Cities Network status
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for literature is of great importance for cities and will
lead to a number of positive results:
1. Increasing cultural and creative prestige. Obtaining
the UNESCO Creative City of Literature status will make
the city known worldwide. This will lead to the city
being recognized as one of the leading centers in the
field of literature. The city will gain global attention not
only in literature, but also in all activities related to
culture and art in general. This, in turn, will expand the
flow of foreign and local tourists, artists and writers to
the city. The city of Kokand has long been a historical
and cultural center due to its literary environment.
Therefore, if attention is increased to the study and
promotion of the Kokand literary environment, the
creative works of representatives of this literary
environment will spread widely around the world. The
flow of travelers and tourists to this place will also
increase. The first literary museum in the republic was
established in Kokand in 1961. Over the past 60 years,
more than 12,000 exhibits have been stored in this
museum. More than 2,000 of these are unique
manuscripts, which are considered one of the richest
manuscript treasures in Uzbekistan. In the future, it is
necessary to scientifically study and publish these
books. In addition, taking into account the special
nature of the Kokand literary environment, organizing
an international literary festival in the city will
undoubtedly yield positive results. In turn, such events
will create favorable conditions for promoting the
Kokand literary environment. It is necessary to erect
statues of major figures of the Kokand literary
environment, organize house museums, and create
documentary and feature films about them. As a result
of the city's inclusion in the network of creative cities,
a scientific research institute for the study of the
literary environment will be established in the city
under Kokand University, and scientific staff will be
hired. New jobs will be created. As a result of the
holding of the "Ayol Dunyūni" international festival of
creative women every 2 years, the city's tourism
potential and attractiveness will also increase. The
creation of a creative home for creative people will
provide them with an opportunity to travel the world.
2. Economic development. Receiving the UNESCO
“Creative City of Literature” status will bring economic
benefits to the city. Literary events, festivals, and book
fairs will increase tourism and trade. As the city
becomes internationally known, tourist flows will
increase, which will have a positive impact on local
businesses and industry, creating new jobs and
opportunities for specialists. Tourism plays an
important role in the economy of Kokand. The city is
the only one in the Fergana Valley that has preserved
Paleolithic monuments, 3,000-year-old artifacts, and
architecture from the Kokand Khanate and the Russian
Empire in a unique way, attracting local and foreign
tourists. Kokand’s rich literary heritage and creative
vision position it as a catalyst for sustainable
development. The designation as a Creative City will
create over 3,000 new jobs in the cultural sector,
including 600 in traditional papermaking and 500 in
bookbinding, cover design and publishing. Special
programs in storytelling, screenwriting and songwriting
will nurture 200 new talents, stimulating growth in the
music and film industries. Kokand also plans to open a
unique Creative Tourism Center, which will provide an
inspiring environment for writers, artists, and
composers. This space will combine traditional Kokand
culture
with
modern
amenities,
promoting
interdisciplinary collaboration and global connectivity.
The city’s initiatives include the construction of a
National Library, a research and education center, and
restored spaces for festivals and creative workshops.
Through these efforts, Kokand will develop its cultural
economy, foster international partnerships, and
become a global model for inclusive creative
development.
3. Development of literature and culture. Cities that
join the UNESCO network will allocate more resources
to the development of their creative and cultural
activities in the field of literature. The city will organize
various events, seminars, training courses, and
programs to support young writers for writers and
literature lovers. The city will have the opportunity to
preserve and develop its cultural heritage by
supporting literary events, book festivals, and
publications. Kokand’s legacy as a literary center in
Central Asia, with over 200 years of influence, offers
opportunities to harness culture and creativity for
sustainable urban development. Kokand has several
research institutions and programs dedicated to
studying and promoting its literary heritage. The
Kokand Literary Museum houses over 2,000
manuscripts and over 10,000 archival documents,
which are being studied by scholars and students.
Programs in collaboration with universities focus on
analyzing these historical texts and their cultural
significance. It is necessary to open a higher education
institution, the School of Creativity, to train highly
educated personnel in the Uzbek language and
literature. As a result, great opportunities will be
created for young people engaged in artistic creativity
and interested in literature or the art of speech. It is
also necessary to establish a Kokand branch of the
Writers’ Union. It can be said that the Writers’ Union
was founded in the former USSR in 1934. Before that,
in 1810, the Union of Writers and Poets was established
in Kokand under the leadership of Amir Umar Khan.
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More than 300 poets and poetesses flourished in
Kokand. The creation of a modern library and research
center under the university, named after the name
“Mohlaroyim”, to convert hundreds of manuscripts and
lithographic sources into the modern alphabet,
translate them into different languages, study and
promote their content and essence, is one of the urgent
tasks. This modern facility will serve as a knowledge
center and research platform, which will allow local and
international scholars, writers and researchers to
further develop their work. The establishment of this
library demonstrates the city’s commitment to the
development of literature and support for intellectual
activity (including support for intellectual property
rights). The proposed research institute for the study of
the literary environment of Kokand will serve to further
improve work in this area by conducting in-depth
research on poetry, prose and calligraphy. This institute
will provide open-text resources in Uzbek, Russian and
English, and will establish global access to literary
treasures. In addition, projects such as the translation
and digital preservation of Kokand manuscripts into
several languages are being supported in collaboration
with international research organizations. These
initiatives are aimed at transforming Kokand into a
global center for literary studies and innovation. To this
end, it is planned to establish a Kokand Research
Institute of Literary Studies, digitize manuscripts for
global platforms such as Amazon Kindle, revive
traditional papermaking in Kokand, support publishing,
and provide employment to the population.
4. Opportunities for local residents and communities.
The UNESCO "Creative City of Literature" status
encourages the city to develop its internal resources
and creative potential. By creating various trainings,
courses, and opportunities for local communities and
young writers, the city community increases its interest
in literature and culture. This, in turn, will lead to the
strengthening of social and cultural development
within the city. Educational institutions are expanding
their co-curricular literature programs, offering more
courses and resources for students interested in
literature and creative writing. In addition, Kokand will
see an increase in jobs directly related to the creative
industries. These include positions such as museum
mediators, publishing house specialists, teachers
involved in the promotion and preservation of
literature.
5. International relations and cooperation. Obtaining
the status of “Creative City of Literature” will provide
the city with an opportunity to cooperate with other
“Creative Cities”. The opportunity to exchange
experiences and organize project partnerships with
other cities in literature, art and culture will be further
expanded. It will also help establish the city as a global
center for literature and art. Our city will develop
cultural infrastructure, including an international
literary forum, seminars on calligraphy, bookbinding
and cover design, as well as develop global
partnerships to exchange experiences on sustainable
practices. These initiatives are aimed at enhancing
Kokand’s creative economy, promoting international
communication, cooperation, tourism and inclusive
growth.
6. Improving cultural diplomacy. The UNESCO “Creative
City of Lit
erature” status will also allow the city to
actively participate in the field of cultural diplomacy.
The city can promote its cultural potential
internationally, which will positively promote the city
globally. Through cultural diplomacy, the city will
develop social, cultural and economic ties with other
countries. Kokand also plans to establish a unique
Creative Nomadic Hub, which will offer an inspiring
environment for writers, artists and digital tourists. This
space will combine the traditional culture of Kokand
with modern amenities, foster interdisciplinary
collaboration and global connectivity. The proposed
Research Institute for the Study of the Kokand Literary
Environment will further develop this work, supporting
in-depth studies of poetry, prose and calligraphy. The
institute will provide open source resources in Uzbek,
Russian and English, ensuring global accessibility of
literary treasures. Establishes literary ties with local
universities, international organizations, and foreign
universities. As a result, opportunities for exchange of
professors and teachers, advanced training courses,
access to a fund of unique manuscripts will be created,
the ground will be prepared for the organization of
international scientific and practical conferences and
meetings, and scientific research. The connection of
existing higher education institutions in Kokand with
higher education institutions in the field of literature
around the world will be strengthened, and scientific
activity in the field of literature will develop. By creating
an English version of the “Website and Electronic
Platform on the Life and Creativity of the Creators of
the Kokand Literary Environment”, young researchers
will be provided with work, and a wide path will be
opened for literary diplomacy.
7. Creating new opportunities. Obtaining UNESCO
status will encourage the city to open up new
opportunities and areas of development in its creative
areas. New projects and programs in the field of
literature will create broad opportunities for the
development of the city as a creative center. New
networks and resources will be provided for writers and
artists. The appointment of Kokand as a new member
of the “Creative Cities” network will have a significant
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impact on the sustainable development of the city. This
global recognition will bring a number of positive
changes for various sectors and contribute to the
overall development of the city.
As we have seen, receiving the UNESCO "Creative City
of Literature" status will bring great benefits to the city
not only in terms of cultural and educational, but also
in terms of economic, social and global relations. This
status will strengthen the city as a creative and cultural
center, increase its global reputation and create
opportunities for development.
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