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ABSTRACT
This article discusses the essence and significance of the cluster method in the development of the country's economy.
The importance of the cluster in the economy of a developed country is described, the types and features of the cluster
are presented, and the main goals and results expected from the introduction and development of innovative clusters
in the regions.
KEYWORDS
Cluster, informatization, competition, competitiveness, integration, clustering, innovation, capital, economy,
investment, industry group, innovation cluster, motivation, entrepreneurship.
INTRODUCTION
In the world, the rapid introduction of informatization
processes into economic sectors is considered as the
main means of development of integration processes
in the economy. Integration processes in the economy
contribute to the processes of strengthening and
increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, regions
and countries as a whole, which unite the sellers,
suppliers and consumers of production and services
and products by mastering new regional markets and
establishing a network of enterprises as a driving force
of development.
Research Article
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CLUSTER METHOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE UZBEKISTAN ECONOMY
Submission Date:
June 05, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 10, 2023,
Published Date:
June 15, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue06-09
Khajiyeva Nazokat Davronbekovna
Muhammad Al- Khorazmi Tashkent Information In The Name Technologies University " Management And
Marketing" Department Assistant, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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The economies of developed countries are based on
the activities of the largest integrated enterprises,
which operate on the basis of strong cooperation with
small business structures. Today, the economy of
developed countries has moved to an innovative type
of development. At the macro level, integration is
carried out in the economy of this country through the
formation of economic blocs - clusters. Clusters are
made up of firms and organizations related to final
product production and geographic location. Clusters
should be considered as places of concentration of
human capital, scientific, innovative and production
potential. Clusters will be stable, systematically
developed and competitive only when there is such a
combination [1]. In foreign countries, clusters have
already become a leading system in all sectors of the
economy. Clustering serves as a new aspect of world
economic development. Clustering covers more than
50% of the economy of leading countries . For example,
there are more than 2 thousand clusters in the
European Union. They cover 38% of the workforce. This
method has been fully implemented in the industries of
Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. In the US, 32%
of people in the private sector work in clusters, and in
Sweden, 39% of working-age citizens work in clusters.
More than 60% of the country's exports are produced
in Indian clusters[2].
A cluster is a set of economic entities of various
interdependent
sectors,
whose
elements
are
interconnected and interdependent, and which work
together towards a specific goal, united in a single
organizational structure. The formation of effective
technological chains from several independent
business entities is a strategic process, and their
implementation
primarily
requires
long-term
investments, and a positive indicator is achieved as a
result of the conditions created for potential systems
and the effective use of existing opportunities. In order
to develop the cluster system, it is first necessary to
create a system of additional benefits for each of the
business entities operating in mutual cooperation, and
to create certain incentive mechanisms to form a single
activity system that provides a unified system.
It should be noted that the cluster development of the
economy is a specific business tool. In an economy
based on a market economy, the activities of business
entities are shaped by certain rules, laws, relations, the
banking sector, support systems and many other
infrastructural objects. Therefore, the cluster formed
within the framework of these rules will consist of a
specially organized space that allows for the successful
development of a complex of organizations consisting
of large firms, small enterprises, suppliers and service
enterprises, infrastructure facilities, scientific centers
and universities [3].
Clusters are a set of firms participating in a specific
market united on the basis of long-term contracts in
order to effectively use resources and existing internal
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capabilities for the implementation of innovative
projects in cooperation [4].
In order to understand the essence of the content of
clusters, we will highlight its specific features.
According to the research conducted by foreign
experts, clusters can be represented by the following
indicators: research and development opportunities;
workforce skills; development of labor potential;
proximity of suppliers; availability of capital; access to
specialized services; relationships with equipment
suppliers; interconnected structures; intensity of
network formation; entrepreneurial spirit; innovation
and learning; team thinking and leadership.
A distinctive feature of a cluster is targeted
entrepreneurial activity in a certain direction. Within
the framework of the cluster, not only production and
service enterprises, scientific research centers,
universities,
but
also
innovative
business,
comprehensive management of product quality, and
after-sales service enterprises are united. Unification of
the efforts of entrepreneurs, state bodies, scientific
research centers, universities, investment and
innovative activity entities in a certain area gives,
above all, significant competitive advantages,
rationalization of production and market processes,
redistribution of business risks and necessary in rapidly
changing conditions in the external environment. helps
implement flexible policies.
Today, the use of the cluster approach in the world
practice is considered as one of the most effective
methods of socio-economic development of regions,
activation of investment policy, increase of export
potential and expansion of foreign economic relations,
development of free entrepreneurship.
The experience of developed countries shows that the
task of ensuring the technological competitiveness of
enterprises based on combining the resources of high-
tech industries with the potential of the scientific-
research sector is effectively solved within the
framework of clusters [5].
Therefore, during the last decades, the cluster concept
of socio-economic development occupies a leading
position in the world economy and determines the
prospects of increasing the competitiveness of
regions.
The introduction and use of the cluster system in the
world community is growing rapidly, and clusters are
becoming the main component of the socio-economic
development plans of countries and regions.
A cluster or industrial group is a group of interrelated
companies and related organizations operating in a
certain area characterized by common activities and
complementing each other[6].
There are three main types of clusters in world
practice;
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•
regional (territorial associations of scientific or
industrial centers located in a certain area);
•
vertical (associations within a single production
process, for example, the "raw material supplier -
manufacturer - marketer - customer" chain);
•
horizontal (unification of various industries into
one megacluster, for example, "Agro-industrial
cluster introduced in Uzbekistan").
While clusters were initially used by developed
countries to study competitiveness issues, this
approach has over time been used to address broader
issues, including:
•
in the analysis of state, region, industry
competitiveness;
•
as a basis of national industrial policy;
•
in the development of regional development
programs;
•
as a basis for stimulating innovation;
•
began to be used as the basis of mutual relations
between large and small enterprises [7].
As a result, according to international practice, Provard
has become a hub or centers that attract residents by
specialization, clusters formed around scientific
centers and enterprises cooperating with universities.
The conditions for the formation of effectively
functioning clusters in practice can be mentioned as
follows:
1.
Existence of competitive enterprises. The
following can be indicated as indicators of
competitiveness:
relatively
high
level
of
productivity of the companies and industries
included in the cluster; high level of export of
products and services; economic indicators of
companies.
2.
Availability of competitive advantages in the region
for cluster development. For example, convenient
geographical location; access to raw materials;
availability of specialist personnel, suppliers of
components and related services, specialized
educational institutions and educational programs,
specialized organizations conducting research and
development, necessary infrastructure and other
factors.
3.
Geographic concentration and proximity. Cluster
participants are geographically close to each other
and have opportunities for active interaction.
Geographical location may vary depending on the
type and characteristics of the cluster and may
cover one or more regions of the country. Various
indicators describing the high degree of
specialization of a particular area can be seen as
indicators of geographic concentration.
4.
Availability of a certain number of participants. A
cluster may consist of companies that produce
final products and services that are usually
exported outside the region, suppliers of
components, equipment, and services, as well as
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educational
institutions,
research
centers,
universities, and other supporting organizations.
5.
Communication and cooperation between cluster
members is one of the main success factors. These
relationships are formalized relationships between
the parent company and suppliers, between
suppliers themselves, cooperation with suppliers
of equipment and specialized services; it can be in
the form of relations between companies,
universities and research institutes within the
framework of cooperation on the implementation
of joint scientific research and educational
programs [8].
In practice, a complex combination of competition and
cooperation is formed in innovative processes in
clusters operating in practice. Taking into account the
specific characteristics of the field, the following types
of clusters are distinguished[9]:
1.
Discrete clusters include enterprises producing
products consisting of discrete components,
including enterprises of the automobile industry,
aviation industry, shipbuilding, engine industry,
and other branches of the machine-building
complex. As a rule , these clusters consist of small
supplier companies developing around assembly
plants and construction organizations.
2.
Technological clusters are formed by enterprises
belonging to so-called technological industries,
such as chemical, pulp and paper, metallurgical
industry, as well as agriculture, food industry, etc.
3.
Innovation clusters are developing in so-called
"new sectors" such as information technologies,
biotechnologies, new materials, as well as in
service areas related to the implementation of
creative activities. Innovation clusters include
many new companies emerging in the process of
commercialization of technologies and results of
scientific activities implemented in higher
education institutions and research organizations.
4.
Tourist clusters are formed on the basis of tourism
assets in the area and consist of enterprises of
various sectors related to tourism services, for
example, tour operators, hotels, catering sector,
souvenir manufacturers, transport enterprises,
etc.
5.
Transport-logistics clusters include a complex of
infrastructure and companies specializing in the
storage, tracking and delivery of goods and
passengers. The cluster may also include
organizations
providing
services
to
port
infrastructure facilities, companies specializing in
sea, river, land, air transport, logistics complexes
and others. Transport-logistics clusters are
developing in areas with great transit potential.
6.
Mixed-type clusters can combine features of
several types of clusters.
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Today, the main feature of the cluster is its innovative
direction. A clear example of this is the US experience
of supporting and encouraging the formation of
innovation clusters - Silicon Valley. The world-famous
cluster in the USA called "Silicon Valley" is enviable. It
includes 87,000 companies, 40 research centers and
dozens of universities. This innovative cluster
infrastructure is served by 180 venture firms, 47
investment and 700 commercial banks [10] .
There are many companies operating in the field of
electronics and information technology in Silicon
Valley. It has become a technology hub in Silicon Valley,
employing more than 386,000 IT professionals. That's
about 40% of IT engineers working in the US.
Innovation clusters can be formed on a regional scale
with a high concentration of interconnected industries.
At the same time, the direction of the innovative
cluster is showing that it is promising for the national
economy.
Recently,
innovation
clusters
of
enterprises
specializing in high-tech industries are developing
more rapidly than industrial clusters. The most
prominent examples of innovation clusters are: USA-
Silicon Valley, China-National Model Innovation Zone,
India-Software Technology Parks of India-STPI, Russia-
Skolkovo Innovation Center, Israel-Silicon Wadi,
Belarus-High Technology Park[11] .
Unlike the industrial cluster, the innovation cluster
focuses on the creation and technological application
of know-how, and the wide use of knowledge and skills
accumulated within the cluster companies. The
innovation cluster differs from other forms of
economic associations in that the cluster companies do
not merge completely, but create a mechanism of
mutual cooperation within and outside the cluster,
which allows them to retain the status of a legal entity
and at the same time cooperate with other enterprises.
The implementation of the cluster method in
Uzbekistan is being implemented on the basis of
decisions made in recent days. First of all, consistent
measures are being taken to reform the agrarian sector
in our country using the cluster method, to introduce
market mechanisms and modern technologies to it. By
the decree of the head of our state dated October 23,
2019, the strategy for the development of agriculture
of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 was
adopted. In accordance with it, cotton and fruit and
vegetable clusters are being organized in order to
produce products with high added value[12].
In response to the tasks imposed by the decision of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 19,
2017 "On measures to create a modern cotton-textile
cluster in Bukhara region" PQ-2978 "Bukhara Cotton
Textile" Uzbekistan-British JV, which covers the system
from cotton planting to deep processing, further
develops textile and light industry, embodies life
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experience, skills and knowledge of scientists,
production specialists, economists from various fields
of science and education, " 123.1 mln. of Paraglide LTD"
JV and "Petromaruz" (Russia). With the introduction of
foreign investments in the amount of US dollars, the
first innovative "Cotton - textile cluster" complex was
launched[13].
A few years ago, clusters were created only in the
agricultural sector, but now they are appearing in other
sectors as well. In our opinion, the introduction of an
innovative cluster is of great importance in the socio-
economic development of our country .
An innovation cluster is formed as a collection of
innovative activity subjects, consumers of innovative
activity results, participating in the creation of
innovations in the relevant area, without establishing a
legal entity, and the main goal of these subjects,
consumers is to provide a share in innovative activities
through effective cooperation, joint use of resources,
and the exchange of knowledge and skills, as well as
the transfer of technologies. will consist of stimulating
activity[14].
The main goals expected from the introduction and
development of the innovation cluster are as follows:
•
Implementation of an innovative cluster for
information services and creation of a chain of
interested enterprises;
•
creation of new innovative services and products;
•
to combine the potential of subjects of innovative
activity in the field of science, education and
production to satisfy market needs;
•
training and retraining of personnel related to the
activity of innovative clusters;
•
formation of a portfolio of orders related to the
creation of innovations in information services;
•
support the establishment of new industries and
enterprises specializing in the production of new or
improved developments;
•
increase investment attractiveness of regions;
•
increase the export potential of the regions for
providing information services;
•
joint promotion of the results of innovative
activities in the market.
Introduction of innovation cluster in the regions, the
introduction of cluster technologies to unite
enterprises for the purpose of implementing a certain
innovation process serves to increase business activity,
improve the investment environment in the regions of
our country, develop social, economic, information and
integration systems, which, in turn, accelerates the
development of entrepreneurship. , attracting
investments and giving more impetus to the economic
recovery of the regions.
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