Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
7
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
07-11
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the given article, it was observed the stages of development of units related to geology in the English and Uzbek
languages, which are linked with the period and system in both languages. In the XVII
–
XX centuries, most of the field
terms came from the English language; they entered the Uzbek language through the intermediate Russian language,
adapting to the phonetic and grammatical rules. During this period, word acquisition is also important in the
development of the geological terminology of the Uzbek language.
KEYWORDS
Terminology, mining, minerals, foreign term, word acquisition, terminological units, scientists.
INTRODUCTION
Geology as an independent branch of natural science
was formed in the middle of the 18th century. The first
attempts to create scientific geology are associated
with the names of three prominent scientists of that
time, namely M.V. Lomonosov (in Russia), A.G. Werner
(in Saxony), and D. Hatton (in Scotland). It is no
exaggeration to say that the role of these scientists in
the
formation
of
geological
terminology
is
incomparable. Because the research of these scientists
proved that geology is a separate science [1]
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE XVIII-XX
CENTURIES
Submission Date:
February 01, 2023,
Accepted Date:
February 05, 2023,
Published Date:
February 10, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue02-02
Barno Turdikulova
Teacher, Gulistan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
8
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
07-11
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
"The transition of geological terminology to a separate
system of terminology corresponds to the heyday of
mining terminology and production in Central Europe
(from the XI-XII centuries to the end of the XVI
century). During this period, a system of mining
geological terminology in German appeared in Europe.
The discovery of the printing press in Germany and the
publication of books on mining greatly influenced its
spread. One of the first works on geology and mining
terminology in Europe is G. Agricola's book "About
Mines and Mines in Old and New Eras," written in 1546
. In this work, the creation of mining geological terms
was carried out on the basis of three languages: Latin
(this language is distinguished by its wide possibilities
for describing the phenomenon and object in more
detail), ancient Greek, and modern Agricola , that is,
the professional speech of Saxon miners. It is worth
noting that during this time period, the English, French,
Italian, and Spanish languages developed mining
geological terminology with the root of Latin "mine"
(mine-mine), and they formed terminological nests
related to mineral exploration and extraction. The
formation of the system of mining geological
terminology in the Russian language dates back to the
18th and 19th centuries [2]. Therefore, it is important to
note that most of the geological terms in the Uzbek
language came from the English language through the
intermediary of the Russian language. Therefore, we
believe that it is appropriate to study the research of
Russian scientists in geological terms.
METHODS
The Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov developed a
group of geological terms and a terminological system
following the following scientific rules in his work
"About the Layers of the Earth." They are as follows: a)
foreign scientific words and terms must be translated
into Russian; b) untranslated words should be left
unchanged only when it is impossible to find a
complete equivalent of a Russian word or when it has
become widely popular as a word borrowed from a
foreign language; c) in this case, it is correct to give the
foreign term a form specific to the Russian language
[1]. Based on these rules, the scientist created various
field terminologies consisting of scientific terms, and
most of them serve many specific sciences to this day.
At this point, based on the opinion of the above-
mentioned scientist, we considered it permissible to
mention the following theoretical conclusions that we
should attach importance to in the formation of the
geological terminology of the Uzbek language.
1. Foreign scientific words and terms must be fully
translated into Uzbek.
2. It is appropriate to leave the untranslated words
unchanged only if it is impossible to find a complete
alternative (equivalent) of the Uzbek word or if it
becomes widely popular as a word borrowed from a
foreign language.
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
9
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
07-11
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
3. In this case, it is correct to give the foreign term a
form specific to the Uzbek language.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Furthermore, when developing new terms, it is critical
to pick words from new lexical units with the right
meaning using the literary language's national
vocabulary. For example, in English: observation,
phenomenon, acid, fire glass, earth's axis, air pump,
experience, motion, particle, fire-breathing mountain,
laws of motion, refraction of rays, balance of bodies,
slaked and quicklime, specific gravity, magnetic needle,
etc.
In Uzbek: observation, event, acid, stained glass, earth
bullet, air pump, experiment, motion, particle, fiery
mountain, laws of motion, refraction of rays, balance
of bodies, slaked and unslaked lime, specific gravity,
magnetic needle, etc.
Acid and a magnetic needle in the Uzbek examples
given above can be examples of our second theoretical
conclusion. In the 19th century, geology as a separate
science developed rapidly. In turn, the number of
lexical units that make up geological terminology has
increased and improved. During this time, terms like
bank, reef, underwater plateau, young platform,
anthropogenic relief, asymmetry of the relief, buried
relief, river terrace, fossil relief, coral structure, coral
reef, channel, border, reef dunes appeared in the
geological terminology of the Uzbek language.At the
same time, in the systematization of the terminology
of mining and geology, it was important to use the
term in accordance with the content of a certain
concept and to create special explanatory dictionaries
that show the functional-semantic boundaries. As a
result, the first "Mining Dictionary" in Russian was
published in Russia in 1841.This dictionary included
about 3,800 terms related to geology, metallurgy,
chemistry, physics, mechanics, and construction. Thus,
the publication of this dictionary contributed to the
creation of the first complete system of mining and
geological terminology [2] in Russia at that time,
organized alphabetically in Russian.
The following period of rapid development of
geological terminology corresponds to the final
quarter of the nineteenth century. This period can be
considered an important stage in the origin and
subsequent development of earth sciences, specifically
geology. The terms of this period indicate the
development of all scientific and technical ideas in the
geological industry and the systematic and progressive
organization of terminology. As a result, the geological
terminology is as follows: cract hole, cractlayer , crack,
bogrelief , accumulative terrace , accumulative terrace
, steppe accumulative plains, orogen - orogeny
(formation of a mountain ), denudation - denudation
(emergence of rocks on the surface of the earth),
plateaus denudation , abrasion platform - abrasive
(peak-shaped) coasts, abrasive platform, anticline -
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
10
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
07-11
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
anticlinal structure (a ridge-shaped fold of layered
rocks, in which the layers slope down from the peak),
the valley of the U-shaped - U-shaped valley, estuary -
estuary (of the river confluence ), couloir - gorge (
steep, narrow ravine on the mountainside ), mesorelief
- mesorelief ( relief forms, the height amplitude of
which is usually not more than a few tens of meters
between macrorelief and microrelief forms of medium
size (valleys of small rivers, ravines, secondary ridges of
ridges, moraines hills, dunes, mud volcanoes, etc.),
mountainous terrain, blocky mountains, accumulative
shore - filled with accumulative shore and other field
terms [3].
During this period, word acquisition is also important in
the development of the geological terminology of the
Uzbek language. Therefore, we found that although
most of the field terms came from the English
language, they entered the Uzbek language through
the intermediate Russian language, adapting to the
phonetic and grammatical rules. Below, we consider it
necessary to give an example of these borrowed
terms. For example: Uzbek minus, plus, diameter,
radius,
formula,
barometer,
horizon,
ecliptic,
microscope, meteorology, optics, horizontal, vertical,
periphery; Russian minus, plus, diameter, radius,
formula, barometer, horizon, ecliptic, microscope,
meteorology, optics, horizontal, vertical, periphery;
visual minus, plus, diameter, radius, formula,
barometer,
horizon,
ecliptic,
microscope,
meteorology, optics, horizontally, vertically, etc.
If the above-mentioned geological terms were formed
in the English language in the 18th century, we can
observe that they were widely used in the terminology
of various fields in the Russian and Uzbek languages at
the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the
20th century.
The number of lexical units in geological terminology is
proportional to the amount of knowledge and skills
acquired in the historical stages of the development of
the field. After all, the need for new words and terms
expands with the increase of field knowledge. In most
cases, this need is covered by the acquisition of words
and terms from different fields, and the creation of
new words and terms. The numerical growth of
geological terminology in English and Uzbek is closely
related to the general development of the lexical fund
of the literary language in both languages .
It was observed that the stages of development of
units related to geology in English and Uzbek
languages are inextricably linked with the period and
system in both languages. Although geological lexical
units have been used in Uzbek and English for a long
time, some of them became international terms in the
19th and 20th centuries.
CONCLUSION
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
11
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
07-11
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It should be noted that new periodical publications,
educational and scientific literature, the emergence of
new fields, and the rapid development of science and
technology ensure that the process of term formation
is somewhat disorganized and disorderly. Therefore, as
a result of our analysis, we put forward three scientific
views directly related to the formation of geological
terms: 1) Field terminological units formed on the basis
of current English and Uzbek literary languages; 2)
terminology of other languages firmly embedded in
and mastered by the people; and 3) using terminology
of other languages to create new terms in both
languages, indicating that word acquisition is effective
in forming geological terminology.
REFERENCES
1.
James Hutton: The Founder of Modern
Geology American Museum of Natural History
2.
Agricola G. About deposits and mines in the old
and new times. M., Nedra, 1972.
3.
Kozlovsky E.A. Mountain Encyclopedia. M.:
TSB, 1984 - 1990, 560 pages.
4.
Kadochnikova, K. Russian literary language of
the middle of the XVIII century. and the
significance of the works of M.V. Lomonosov
for the history of the Russian literary language
/K. Kadochnikova [Electronic resource].
–
Access
mode:
http://ricolor.org/history/eng/enciklop/lomono
sov/lang/.
5.
Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms.
6.
Denisov P.N. About some general aspects of
studying
the
languages
of
science.
Modern problems of terminology in science
and technology. - M.: Nauka, 1969.- S.
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254
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T.Mirzaliev,
E.Yu.Safarov,
A.Egamberdiev,
Zh.S.Koraboev. Atlas of Cartography -
Tashkent: "University", 2015. - 248 p.
8.
Barno, T. (2022). Lexical-Semantic Features of
Geological Terms and Lexemes in English and
Uzbek Languages. Central Asian Journal of
Literature, Philosophy and Culture, 3(12), 148-
152.
9.
Turdikulova, B. T., & Akhmedov, O. S. (2022).
Prospects for the Development of Dictionaries
of Geological Terms and Their Features.
International Journal of Social Science
Research and Review, 5(5), 7-12.
10.
Turdikulova, B. T., & Akhmedov, O. S. (2022).
International Journal of Social Science
Research and Review.
11.
Saporbayevich, A. O., & Toirkulovna, T. B.
Translating Methods of English Geological
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Lexicography.
International
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