Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
1
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the words that have been adopted into English from other languages, the reasons for their
adoption and their lexical-semantic meanings as a result of their use. At the same time, a number of adaptations from
Latin, French and English, their phonetic, morphological and grammatical characteristics are also presented with
examples.
KEYWORDS
Latin language, French language, borrowings, phonetic changes, morphological changes, grammatical changes.
INTRODUCTION
Borrowing is one of the processes of expanding the
content of the vocabulary, as a result of which
elements of a foreign language enter and settle in the
native language. The process of assimilation of words
is an integral part of the functioning of the language
and its centuries-old development.
For almost three hundred years, a number of issues,
such as determining the laws of language interaction,
studying the reasons and features of language
assimilation, defining their roles and functions in the
assimilated languages, have been studied by world
linguists. Therefore, the meeting of more or less
Research Article
FEATURES OF BORROWINGS IN ENGLISH
Submission Date:
February 01, 2023,
Accepted Date:
February 05, 2023,
Published Date:
February 10, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue02-01
Khidoyatova Feruza
Master At Uzbekistan State University Of World Languages, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
2
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
adopted words and phrases in almost all of the existing
developed languages in the world, and even the mixed
features of some languages, first of all, attract the
attention of everyone who pays attention to language,
in addition to linguists has been attracting.
Over the years, we see that foreign words have been
transferred to other languages mainly through oral
communication. Verbal communication occurred when
neighboring peoples moved from one place to
another, during trade and commerce, or at least when
they waged wars with each other. These factors
characterize one side of the characteristics of the
origin of words, and on the other side, they depend on
the spirit of the people. Because "compared to a
person's hand and eye, his ear and tongue are quick
and active."
In the current period, the growth of social life and
production, the gradual penetration of the revolution
of civilization and scientific technology into all corners
of the world, completely destroyed the ability of
peoples and languages to live separately from each
other. In addition, there is not a single nation on earth
that is the nations of the outer world during its
development and his ear and tongue are quicker and
more active than his eyes.
Today's social life and production growth, civilization
and scientific-technological revolution, which has
gradually penetrated into all corners of the world,
completely destroyed the ability of peoples and
languages to live separately from each other. In
addition, there is not a single nation on earth that
during its development ignored the successes of the
nations of the outside world and did not learn from
them. Naturally, all of this first of all manifests itself in
language and through language. According to
linguists, there are more than 7,000 borrowed words
in Latin, which is considered a dead language, several
tens of thousands in German, more than half of English,
and more than ten percent in Russian.
In the 15th century, it was written in English language
manuscripts that it was in contact with several other
languages, in particular, Latin, French and Old
Scandinavian languages. The addition of words from
these sources indicates several historical reasons. Due
to the great influence of Roman civilization, Latin was
used for a long time as the language of education and
religion in England. The Old Scandinavian language was
the language of the colonists who quickly assimilated
into the local population in the 9th, 10th, and the first
half of the 11th centuries, and brought with them new
concepts of advanced feudalism, i.e., a high social
system. French, another colonial language, was the
main language of the upper classes, schooling, and
official documents from the mid-11th century to the
end of the 14th century.
The main emphasis in the study of the elements of the
English language is based on the rule that existed in the
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
3
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
medieval English period. In the following periods,
assimilation became the goal of research only in recent
years. The flow of borrowings was continuous and
continuous. The largest number of borrowings came
from the French language. They describe various
spheres of socio-political, scientific and cultural life.
Most of the appropriations are scientific and technical
terms. Most of the borrowed words give us
information about the relations between people and
their level of culture. Appropriations are often called
historical events. If we examine a list of English
loanwords, grouped according to their meaning, we
can gain a lot of valuable information about England's
relationship with other nations. cannot properly
explain their effects, they cannot be new things and
ideas. For example, the words air-havo, place-place,
brave-brave are borrowed from the French language.
It should be noted that the general historical reasons
for the acquisition of purely linguistic features from
various studied languages with significant levels are
still being researched. Many borrowings are not only
related to the historical event, but also related to the
continuity of the nature of communication relations, as
well as the level of genetic and structural proximity of
languages. The closer and clearer the languages, the
deeper the effect. A comparison of the influences
between Scandinavian and French in English is well
appreciated. Under the influence of Scandinavian
languages closely related to Old English, some group
words were borrowed from related or unrelated
languages (pronouns such as they, their, them); a
number of Scandinavian adaptations seem to be
derived from national words, and the connection
between them is easily seen, as they have the same
root. For example: drop-drip(scand), true-tryst
(scand);
In the development of the grammatical structure of
the English language, the level of influence of
Scandinavian words accelerated. Borrowings enter the
language in two ways: through oral speech (through
rapid communication between people) and through
written speech (through indirect communication
between books). Oral assimilation happened mainly in
the early periods of history. In recent years, written
learning has become important. The spoken words are
usually short. (inch, mill, street) and they have
undergone great changes during their use. Written
borrowings
retain
some
features
of
their
pronunciation, sound forms, and their assimilation is a
long and difficult process.
Most linguists indicate the following as the main
reasons for word acquisition:
-
historical connection of peoples
-
the need to name a new subject, process and
concept
-
to strive for the possibility of speech economy
-
a special type of bilingualism
-
use foreign language words as news
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
4
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
-
such as blindly following the customs or traditions
of a nation.
If the acquisition of a word is to be considered for
specific reasons, it should first be noted that in order
to acquire a word in a second language, the word that
is being acquired is in the receiving language. the main
factor is that it means and expresses something
necessary and related to vital needs in that language.
For these cases, as a rule, the acquisition of the names
of things, objects, events and concepts adopted from
a foreign language is characteristic.
At the same time, the semantic changes of the
meanings of the acquired words in the receiving
language,
that
is,
their
concretization
or
generalization, narrowing and expanding of the
meaning, negative or positive meaning, polysemic
word z has a number of aspects such as being
monosemic or, on the contrary, turning a monosemic
word into a polysemic one, being used to increase the
variety of speech, which are also the reasons for the
object of word acquisition. One more source is added
to the list of reasons for word appropriation
mentioned above. This is the establishment of many
information bureaus in all countries of the world and
the fact that these bureaus deal with many languages.
They will have to process messages from different
parts of the world in different languages in their native
language and deliver it to their people in detail quickly
and accurately. Also, if radio, television, and other mass
media are included, it is not necessary to prove that the
cooperation of languages is increasing at an
unprecedented level. The mass media also use words
in three different ways:
1. unchanged 2. copied and translated word for word
3. it is delivered to the public on the basis of semi-
baked, i.e. mixing.
The fate of newly introduced words, i.e., whether they
are completely adopted or whether they are spoken
and used once, depends on the position of the word,
the power of expressing the vital and daily needs of the
people from whom the word is adopted, and so on.
depends on the internal capabilities of the language.
The analysis of these, first of all, will focus on the issue
of word assimilation and assimilation.
He went through the process of analyzing how the
borrowings have adapted to their characteristics and
the important changes in the English language. All
variations of the acquired elements are divided into
two large groups. On the one hand, here there are only
changes of words that have been clearly assimilated.
The purpose of these changes is to adapt foreign
words to the norms of the language being learned. For
example, the origin of consonant combinations such as
(pn), (ps), (pt) in the Greek words pneumatics,
psychology, Ptolemy is simplified to (n), (s), (t), and
(ps), ( pt),(pn) consonant combinations are often
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
5
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
found at the end of English words sleep, stop, never at
the beginning.
The suffixes -ar, -or, -ator in Latin borrowings replaced
the suffix -ere in Old English. For example: L. Caesar-
OE, Casere, L.sutor-OE.sutere etc. On the other hand,
we witness that such changes and assimilation are
characteristic of local words. These changes are the
result of word development according to the laws of
the given language.
There is phonetic, lexical and grammatical assimilation
of borrowings.
The process of assimilation of loanwords includes
changes in sound structure, morphological structure,
grammatical features, meaning, and linguists
distinguish loanwords phonetically, lexically, and
grammatically. Phonetic assimilation includes changes
in the basic stress and sound structure. For example:
the long "e" is a borrowing from the French language,
it is expressed with the help of the sound "ei" in
English: communiqué, chaussee, cafe.
Sounds and sound combinations that are unfamiliar to
the English language are replaced by sounds and sound
combinations of other words that correspond to the
norms of the language. For example, spitz became
English spitz. In the process of assimilation, some
words remain in the foreign pronunciation for a long
time before the foreign sound is replaced by local
sounds. Even the borrowed words seem to have the
same origin. For example OE. Skill-Scand. Skill;
OE.scinn- Scan. Skinn; OE. Ran-Scan. Ran; the phonetic
structure of the word has undergone some changes,
for example, during the history of the language, each
language is characterized by the feature of correct
pronunciation of sounds.
In foreign sources, mainly in words added to English
from French and Latin, the stress falls on the first
syllable. Words such as honor and reason are
pronounced in the same way as the local words father
and mother. Grammatical assimilation. Words that
have entered the English language from other
languages lose their previous grammatical categories
and characteristics and acquire new grammatical
categories and patterns through proximity to other
English words. But some words in the modern English
language have remained in their original form for
several centuries. The majority group of proper nouns,
all terms or literary words introduced in the 15th
century, have preserved the previous plural form
today. For example: phenomenon.L- phenomena;
addendum.L.-addends; parenthesis. Gr- parentheses.
Other assimilations of this period have two plural
forms: local and foreign. For example, vacuum L.-
vacua, vacuums; virtuoso. It- virtuosi, virtuosos.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say that the process of word
assimilation is a law of language in constant motion,
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
6
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
02
Pages:
01-06
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
many words have been absorbed into English from
other languages over the years, and they certainly have
a significant impact on the English lexicon.
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Baranov M. A, Sorokov A. S, Abduazimov A. A.
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Usmanov S. "General Linguistics" T., 2002.
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