Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
9
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
09-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Translation schools took place an important role in the development of translation theory and interpretation in the
Medieval ages. Particularly, Europe was the first to open translation schools in the Medieval ages. Therefore, the
article presents the investigation of the translation schools in the Middle ages in Europe.
KEYWORDS
Translation, history, schools, middle ages, Europe, word-for-word translation.
INTRODUCTION
In the Middle Ages, mainly church literature was
translated. The key to understanding medieval
translation theory lies in relation to the word. The
veneration of the text of Holy Scripture was based on
the veneration of the Word, which connected man
with God.
Research Article
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION SCHOOLS IN EUROPE IN
MEDIEVAL AGES
Submission Date:
January 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
January 11, 2023,
Published Date:
January 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue01-03
Bekbosinova Dilfuza
A Master Student Of Linguistics (English Language) Of Ksu, Scientific Advisor, Phd Of Ksu, Uzbekistan
Kurbanbaev Dj.
A Master Student Of Linguistics (English Language) Of Ksu, Scientific Advisor, Phd Of Ksu, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
10
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
09-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
With the emergence of nations and national languages,
translations of the Bible and religious literature were
carried out into all European languages. One of the
earliest monuments, the Gothic Bible, was created by
the monk Wulfil by word-for-word translation from
Greek using transcription and tracing of words missing
in the Gothic language.[4.8].
The practice of word-for-word translation led to direct
borrowing of Latin and Greek grammatical structures,
which were then often assimilated by the receiving
language.
When translating the Bible, the principle of cultural
adaptation was occasionally used, when the source
text was processed poetically (a poetic transcription of
the Bible into Old Saxon). Simultaneously with the
adaptation, the principle of "logical alignment" of the
original text was applied to facilitate perception.
Speaking about the specifics of the translation of the
Middle Ages, we primarily mean written translation.
The functional scope of interpretation remained
limited.
In the Middle Ages, monasteries and royal courts
became the centers of translation in Europe. Ireland in
the 4th century St. Patrick founds a monastery where
scriptoria were located, engaged in copying and
translating manuscripts into Latin. At the court of
Charles the Bald in the IV century. lives Irish monk Scott
Erigena, who, in particular, translates the writings of
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite from Greek into
Latin. Theological, historical and philosophical writings
are translated into Old English by members of a circle
organized by King Alfred the Great in the ninth
century.[3].
In 1130, a school of translators from Arabic was
founded in Toledo (Spain). It was the only known
school with official status. The translations were
heavily influenced by the Arabic language. Thanks to
the work of Toledo translators, the achievements of
Arabic science and culture became available to
Europeans: works on mathematics, astronomy,
physics, alchemy, and medicine. They also introduced
into the culture of Europe the works of famous Greeks:
Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, Galen, Hippocrates.
The prominent American historian of the Middle Ages
C. Haskins (1870-1937) wrote: "The most important
channel through which new knowledge reached
Western Europe was the Iberian Peninsula" [5, 284].
Among the centers of translation from Arabic - and it is
in this language that many ancient Greek works have
survived - one can mention many Spanish and French
cities: Barcelona, Tarragona, Segovia, Toulouse,
Montpellier, Marseille. However, although some of
these centers predate Toledo, the number of
translations and their importance left the Toledo
School out of reach.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
11
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
09-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Despite the prevalence of the concept of the Toledo
school, not all scientists agree wi
th the term ‘school’ in
relation to this association. Recently, especially
categorical opinions have been expressed that this
community of translators cannot be considered a
school due to the fact that they worked in different
parts of Europe [3; 7]. So, in the article of the
researcher H.-S. Santoyo "Blank Spots in the History of
Translation" [5], the existence of the Toledo school is
categorically denied. He writes: “It is time to stop
talking about the so-
called “Toledo School of
Translators”. There was
never such a school in Toledo,
not even in the 12th century. under Bishop Raymond,
nor in the XIII century. under King Alphonse X the Wise.
However, this “school” has proven to be one of the
most enduring myths in the history of modern culture,
presenting everything from the Encyclopedia
Britannica to thousands of pages on the Internet.
Amable Jourdain, in 1819, made the mistake of
mentioning "college des traducteurs" in a Spanish city,
when in fact the translators whom he ranked as the
"School of Toledo" performed assignments in different
parts of the country, places very far from Toledo -
however, this error soon spread throughout Europe,
and after Jourdain, many other scientists of the XIX
century. referred to this “school”” [2, 31].
Starting from the XII-XIII centuries. among the
monuments of translation, the share of secular texts is
increasing. Across Europe, thanks to translations, the
romance of chivalry is spreading. Popular among
European translators is the Old French epic Song of
Roland, which, starting from the 12th century, has been
translated into various European languages.
In the Arab world, the heyday of translation activity
falls on the VIII-XIII centuries. directly related to the
spread of Islam. A special place is occupied by India,
which in terms of the volume and number of
translations surpasses not only the entire medieval
East, but also Europe.
One of the most prominent translators of the second
half of the 12th century was the Archbishop of Segovia
Dominic Gundissalinus and Gerardus Cremonensis.
They translated the main works of Aristotle and
Avicenna and Arabic works on mathematics and
medicine. D. Gundisalvi arrived in Toledo at the
invitation of the archbishop and was the first director
of the Toledo School.He actively participated in the
translation of Avicenna's encyclopedia "The Book of
Healing" and al-Khorezmi's work on mathematics "A
Brief Book of Completion and Contradiction", from the
name of which the term algebra originated, translated
Avicenna's "Metaphysics", the works of one of the
founders of Sufism al-Ghazali and the treatise of the
outstanding Arab scientist, adherent of Aristotelianism
al-Farabi "On the classification of sciences", in which
the first complete classification of this kind was
presented. He translated into Castilian with his own
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
12
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
09-12
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
comments and skipped, in his opinion, less important
parts of the original.[1.1231-1238].
Strict word-for-word translation continued to be
constantly em-ployed during the Middle Ages, and
even much later in most Euro-pean countries to
perform translation of scientific, philosophic and
juridical matter. An illustrative example of this is found
in Germany of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. Thus, the prominent translator and literary
critic Nicolas von Wyle (1410-1478) openly and officially
demanded that translators of Latin juridical documents
alter the German target language syntactically and
stylistically as much as possible to mirror some
particular peculiarities of classical Latin source
language, which enjoyed the position of a world
language in those times.
CONCLUSION
Overall, translation schools were considered as the
first beginners of the word-for-word translation in the
Middle ages. As ban be seen from the above-
mentioned data, translators of the schools successfully
translated a number of books from different
languages. This led to the increase of the number of
translation schools in Middle ages in Europe. Among a
number of translation schools, Toledo translation
school placed an important role in the development of
the translation schools in Europe.
REFERENCES
1.
Burnett Ch. Translation from Arabic into Latin in
the Middle Ages // Kittel, H., House, J., Schultze,
B. (Hrsg.) Ein internationales Handbuch zur
Übersetzungforschung. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007.
—
S. 1231
—
1238.
2.
Glick T. F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the early
middle ages. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
3.
Haskins C.H. The Renaissance of the Twelfth
Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1927.
4.
Munday, Jeremy. 2008. Introducing Translation
Studies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 8
5.
Robinson, Douglas, ed. (2002), Translation Theory
From Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St.
Jerome.
