Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
5
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
05-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article presents the investigation of adverbs, its characteristics in English language. In addition to this, the article
depicts syntagmatic and paradigmatic pecularities of adverbs.
KEYWORDS
Adverb, characteristics, paradigmatic pecularity, syntagmatic pecularity, difference, morphology, syntax.
INTRODUCTION
The adverb is usually defined as a word expressing
either property of an action, or property of another
property, or circumstances in which an action occurs
[4.146]. From this definition it is difficult to define
adverbs as a class, because they comprise a most
heterogeneous group of words, and there is
considerable overlap between the class and other
word classes. They have many kinds of form, meaning
and function.
Research Article
SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC PECULARITIES OF ADVERBS IN
ENGLISH
Submission Date:
January 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
January 11, 2023,
Published Date:
January 14, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue01-02
Khabibullaeva Guljakhan Kenesbay Kizi
A 2nd Year Master Student Of Karsu, Uzbekistan
Seytjanov Jetkerbay Yelubaevich
A Scientific Advisor, Phd Of Karsu, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
6
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
05-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
M. Y. Blokh defines the adverb as a notional word
expressing a non-substantive property, that is, a
property of a non-substantive referent [1.221]. This
formula immediately shows the actual correlation
between the adverb and the adjective, since the
adjective is a word expressing a substantive property.
Properties may be of a more particular, "organic" order
and, a more general and detached, "inorganic" order
[1.221]. Of the organic properties, the adverb denotes
those characterising processes and other properties.
Of the inorganic properties, the adverb denotes
various circumstantial characteristics of processes or
whole situations built around processes.
The above definition, approaching the adverb as a
word of the secondary qualifying order, presents the
entire class of adverbial words as the least self-
dependent of all the four notional parts of speech.
Indeed, the truly complete nominative value is inherent
only in the noun, which is the name of substances [2].
The verb comes next in its self-dependent nominative
force, expressing processes as dynamic relations of
substances, i.e. their dynamic relational properties in
the broad sense. After that follow qualifying parts of
speech
—
first the adjective denoting qualifications of
substances,
and
then
the
adverb
denoting
qualifications of non-substantive phenomena which
find themselves within the range of notional
signification.
The adverb is characterised by its own, specific
nominative value, providing for its inalienable status in
the system of the parts of speech. Hence, the
complaints of some linguists that the adverb is not
rigorously defined and in fact presents something like
a "dump" for those words which have been rejected by
other parts of speech can hardly be taken as fully
justified [1.221]. On the other hand, since the adverb
does denote qualifications of the second order, not of
the first one like the adjective, it includes a great
number of semantically weakened words which are in
fact intermediate between notional and functional
lexemes by their status and often display features of
pronominal nature.
A word as a part of the language system is considered
on two levels:
the syntagmatic level;
the paradigmatic level.
On the paradigmatic level it is the relationship with
other words in the vocabulary system. On the
syntagmatic level the semantic structure of a word is
analyzed in its linear relationships with neighbouring
words.
The differentiation between paradigmatics and
syntagmatics is based on recognition of the linguistic
planes: 1
–
the plane of language; 2
–
the plane of
speech. Language is a system of means of expression
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
7
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
05-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
while speech should be understood as the
manifestation of the system of language in the process
of communication. Language planes are structured
paradigmatically, speech planes
–
syntagmatically.
Paradigmatic relations are relations of contrast. They
exist only in the potential and never in an instance.
From the viewpoint of the text analyst, they express a
contrast between the meaning (and so the form) that
was chosen for use in the text and the one or more
meanings (and so forms) that might have been chosen
(but were not). In other words, paradigmatic relations
exist only in the language that is used to produce a
text-sentence and not in the sentence itself [5. 134].
Syntagmatic relations are based on the linear character
of speech. They enable language to function as a
means of communication. When they are brought into
play, linguistic elements combine to form information-
carrying utterances. They are therefore the functional
relations of language [6, 60].
Adverbs may perform different functions, modifying
different types of words, phrases, sentences. Some
adverbs are restricted in their combinability whereas
others may modify different words, for instance
enough, which may be used in to work enough, not
quickly enough, quick enough. The most typical
function of the adverb is that of adverbial modifier [2].
Adverbs may function as adverbial modifiers of
manner, place, time, degree to a finite or non-finite
form of the verb:
He started his career in St Petersburg - or Leningrad as
it then was.(time)
The south should remain dry, but everywhere else will
have heavy rain.(place)
Adam obviously adored his wife. (manner)
I rather suspect we’re making a mistake. (degree)
The adverb in English undergoes two paradigmatically
relevant classifications:
semantic;
lexico-grammatical.
Semantic classification is based on the meaning of
adverbs. According to their meaning, adverbs fall into
the following groups [3.393]:
Adverbs of time: afterwards, already, at once,
eventually,
immediately, lately, now, presently, soon, suddenly,
then, when, yesterday, yet, etc.:
Our class is going to London tomorrow.
It’s been two weeks now since she called home.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
8
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
05-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Adverbs of frequency: always, constantly, hardly ever,
never, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, three
times, twice, etc.:
There is always somediv at home in the evenings.
They sometimes stay up all night.
Adverbs of place or direction: abroad, ashore,
backwards, below, downstairs, everywhere, far, here,
inside, outside, seaward(s), there, to and fro, where,
etc.:
We’ll have to eat here –
everywhere else is full.
He was famous, both at home and abroad.
A dog began to bark somewhere inside.
I was now far behind the others and I knew I couldn’t
catch up.
CONCLUSION
Taking into account the above-mentioned data, it can
be concluded that adverbs are considered as important
part of speech this is due to the fact that they function
as adverbial modifiers of manner, place, time, degree
to a finite or non-finite form of the verb. Therefore, the
article presented some valuable data concerning the
characteristics of adverbs, as well as its paradigmatic
and syntagmatic pecularities with examples.
REFERENCES
1.
Blokh M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English
Grammar.
–
Moskow, 1983.
2.
Bybee J. Morphology.
–
Amsterdam: John
Benjamins, 1985.
3.
Gordon E.M., Krylova I.P. A Grammar of Present-
Day English (Parts of Speech).
–
Moscow, 1980.
4.
Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English.
–
Moscow, 1965.
5.
Kellner L. Historical outlines of English Syntax,
1999.
6.
Solntsev V.M. Language: a System and a Structure.
–
Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1983.
