Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
29
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article supports the idea that Lodge’s campus novels can be decoded as an argument for tolerance (expressed in
a humorous and playful manner, but utterly serious in its message) towards all the aspects which make people
different from each other, starting from the familial background and the education and reaching profession, social
status, culture and religious beliefs which shape people’s views on life.
KEYWORDS
Contextualization, culture and religious beliefs, intertextual component, intertextuality and interculturality.
INTRODUCTION
The intertextual component of the novels always
brings the readers closer to literary texts. On one hand,
if the intertextual reference hints at texts which are
known to the readers, they feel somehow flattered by
the discovery, even proud that their previous
knowledge helped them to understand the reference,
and they always search for more. On the other hand, if
the intertextual reference is overt enough for the
Research Article
THE INTERTEXTUAL AND INTERCULTURAL REFERENCES IN LODGE’S
CAMPUS NOVELS
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 10, 2022,
Published Date:
November 18, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-05
Aziza Mirzaeva Shavkatovna
BSMI, Teacher Of English Language Department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
30
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
readers to realize which the text in question is, even
though they do not know it, then they become curious
what that text is about, and maybe look for it.
Intertextuality also marks a highly significant aspect,
namely that all texts are connected, which means that
the mentalities which shape them are based on the
same structures. This idea emphasizes the connection
between intertextuality and interculturality.
The contemporary world needs more openness and
tolerance, and these are achieved through enhancing
one’s horizons with the help of education and of
experience. Thus, intercultural exchanges help people
to discover new cultures and to respect their diversity.
The intercultural references included in literary works
encourage openness and acceptance. Moreover, in the
novels, the inherent discrepancies between different
cultures can be easily presented through the means of
devices like irony and humor, thus making it much
easier to overcome the cultural differences and to
restrain from transforming them into insurmountable
obstacles. The main primary sources will be only the
novels which form The Campus Trilogy, but the article
will also incorporate relevant aspects from other works
by David Lodge, focusing on the novels which are
thematically related to the topic of research, as well as
on the theoretical volumes which are significant for the
ideas analyzed. Last but not least, there are always
difficulties in guessing and analyzing the trends in
literature as they are emerging. Maybe this is the
reason for which there are very few critical sources
regarding Lodge’s novels written after 1990. Most of
the critics focus on the two biographical novels he
wrote after this year and not so many critics discussed
aspects of his other works.
The names Lodge chose for the characters are highly
significant from this perspective, as well as the
rhetorical devices he employed. His theoretical works
are very helpful in this endeavour, as Lodge includes in
them examples and explanations based on his personal
experience in novel writing. The next level analyzed in
the second section consists of the structure of the
novels where intertextuality takes the form of pastiche
or parody. The roles of the narrative structures in the
three novels are presented in turns, shifting from one
novel to another, emphasizing the way in which other
novels are parodied or mirrored through the narrative
structures. The irony and the humorous effect are not
omitted as they play a significant part in attracting the
public towards the world of academia. The feminist
component existent in all three novels, on the
explanations of the critical theories embraced by one
character or another, especially as the developments
and notably the rivalries in the field of literary theory
represent one of the themes in the second novel of the
Campus Trilogy. It does not disregard the general
manner in which literary theory is presented
throughout the trilogy
, consistent with Lodge’s own
ideas exposed in his critical works. Finally, the fourth
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
31
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
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11
Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
chapter focuses on the role of academia in the context
of interculturality and globalization. This article firstly
analyzes the manner in which characters from Britain
and America interact with characters from various
European countries and perceive their culture. Then it
proceeds to presenting the complex mechanisms
through which the activity of storytelling is culturally
bound, focusing on the importance of storytelling in
shaping the Self, according to Jerome Bruner, and
analyzing the particular instance when characters from
Britain and Turkey interact. Religious beliefs represent
an important element in the complex constellation of
one person’s cultural background, as
well as one of the
most prominent themes of Lodge’s novels. Religion is
rather a marginal theme in The Campus Trilogy,
however it is present enough to mark interesting
parallels between characters in different novels by
Lodge and to emphasize the significance it has in
shaping the choices and decisions taken by the
characters in the trilogy. Eventually, the intercultural
relations are considered from a wider perspective,
exemplified through interactions between people who
share the same nationality but belong to different
cultural categories like socio-professional, economical,
educational and so on. The British literature published
in the second half of the twentieth century is marked
by the co-existence of modernist and postmodernist
characteristics which confer it considerable complexity
in terms of both the form and the themes. As the first
novel written by David Lodge was published in the
1960, the British author born in 1935 is among the
writers who successfully combine features of both
literary tendencies in order to shape new and
attractive literary worlds. Lodge published fourteen
novels, one collection of stories, three plays (one of
them was based on his eleventh novel and another was
turned into a novella), twelve works of literary theory
and criti
cism. The author’s most recent volume is his
autobiography and it was published in January 2015,
marking his eightieth birthday. Lodge’s campus novels
represent the main object of analysis for this work
which will present the intertextual references and the
intercultural aspects the author included in this
particular type of novels. Elements of Lodge’s
biography are essential in order to better understand
his choice of topics for the works of fiction he
published. The author obtained a permanent job in
1960 as a lecturer at the University of Birmingham and
sixteen years after, he became Professor of English
Literature at the same university. His academic
trajectory included the University of California,
Berkeley, where he was an Associate Professor in 1969.
In 1987, Lodge chose to retire from his academic career
and to go on with his novel writing. Thus, in his campus
novels, he pictures worlds he is thoroughly acquainted
with and his familiarity with the academic context
makes the novels highly enjoyable. Besides academia,
religion is a theme favoured by Lodge in his novels as
his Catholic education strongly influenced him during
his younger years. Changing Places: A Tale of Two
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
32
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
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Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Campuses, published in 1975, is the first volume of the
Campus Trilogy making the object of analysis for this
work. The main theme of the novel is academia, as
Lodge contrasts the American and the British
universities and ultimately societies. He presents two
university professors, the American Morris Zapp from
Euphoric State, sometimes known as Euphoria, and the
British Philip Swallow from Rummidge, who are both
part of an exchange scheme, each taking the others’
place for one semester. Lodge builds his novel on
binary oppositions, as he alternately presents each
professor’s experience
s in the foreign cultural context.
He points out the strong influence that each society
has upon the visiting professors through alternating
narrative structures. Such structures used are the
traditional narrative, epistolary narrative, pieces of
newspaper articles and flyers, and film script. Just like
the narrative structures evolved chronologically, the
characters’ lives and ideas gradually change when they
encounter different mentalities in a foreign society. If
the human life follows a traditional narrative pattern,
then choosing the film script for the final part of the
novel suggests that the characters’ lives were
thoroughly changed by the visiting scheme. The
visiting professors find themselves thrown in
humorous and unexpected situations when trying to
adapt to the foreign cultures. In his second book of the
Campus Trilogy, Small World: An Academic Romance,
published in 1984, Lodge transposes the myth of the
Holy Grail into the contemporary world which is
moving inexorably towards globalization. Lodge
describes all the details of the academic world, as he is
very well acquainted with them. The readers meet
again Zapp, Swallow and their wives, as well as other
professors; the characters have affairs with their
colleagues and problems with their partners; they try
hard to write something good, and struggle with each
other for a favorable review. Everything happens while
travelling from one conference to another or while
lecturing in various countries, as the global campus
implies mobility and openness. The novel contains
typical humorous contexts: characters facing
unexpected situations, coincidences, and sudden turns
in the development of the plot. As Lodge is thoroughly
acquainted with English literature, he employs plenty
of intertextual references and borrows various
elements from the romance genre, as well as from the
narrative structure of the grail quest. The romance
patterns are transposed onto the “real life” of the
contemporary times, which gives them an old-
fashioned air and thus creates several humorous
situations. The universal symbol of the grail becomes
an allegory which represents the personal quest
pursued by each character striving to fulfill his or her
wishes and at the same time playing a certain narrative
role in the quests of the other characters. In 1988 the
final volume of the trilogy was published; it is the last
novel which features Morris Zapp and Philip Swallow.
In Nice Work, Lodge introduces Robyn Penrose, a
young academic, and Victor Wilcox, the managing
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
33
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
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11
Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
director of an engineering company. Through the
relationships between them, the author presents the
decreasing
importance
of
academia
in
the
contemporary world. Being an academic himself, it
must be hard for Lodge to draw a picture of the sad
situation in which ordinary people living in a world
dominated by mass production and making money,
consider the work of academics’ as having no value
whatsoever. However, he manages to preserve the
humoristic tone throughout his last novel of the
Campus Trilogy. Lodge contrasts academia with the life
of businessmen; while on the level of narrative
structure, he chooses to use a pastiche of the Victorian
industrial novel. The irony triggered by the obvious
contrasts
between
academia
and
company
management create the humorous effect in the novel.
One of the secondary objectives reached by this thesis
is to prove that humour and irony can always bring a
topic closer to the public through their effect of
annihilating any tensions, either overt or latent. These
millennium-old devices acquire a significant role in the
contemporary context of globalization, as they pave
the way towards openness and tolerance. Any kinds of
cultural gaps can be overcome through benevolence
and humour, embracing the differences and accepting
every person’s cultural back
ground. From this
perspective, the thesis supports the idea that Lodge’s
campus novels can be decoded as an argument for
tolerance (expressed in a humorous and playful
manner, but utterly serious in its message) towards all
the aspects which make people different from each
other, starting from the familial background and the
education and reaching profession, social status,
culture and religious beliefs which shape people’s
views on life. Moreover, the fact that Lodge employed
devices like humour and irony in his campus novels
serves the purpose of bringing the academia closer to
the public and of discouraging the malevolent
stereotyping which presents the academics as
detached from the world, hidden in their ivory tower,
without any connection to the realities outside
academia. However biased, this image is unfortunately
widespread, as presented in Lodge’s Nice Work, and
the thesis proves that playful irony and humour
employed by the author in these novels turn them into
a plea for tolerance and a means for reasserting,
through questioning, the importance of academia in
the contemporary world. As a powerful institution of
education, academia plays a crucial part due to its
ability to preach respect and tolerance for anything
which is different, as well as to its role in enhancing the
students’ views and opening new horizons for them.
Therefore, in the contemporary globalized world,
academia is fundamental for educating more and more
generations to be tolerant and to embrace cultural
diversity. The relation between intertextual references
and intercultural aspects represents one of the main
personal contributions, as it brings a new perspective
of analysis in the field, drawing significant connections
between literature and the domain of cultural studies,
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
34
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
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Pages:
29-35
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
and at the same time emphasizing the importance of
education in the world of globalization. The distinction
between the layers of intertextuality presented in the
third chapter and shaped on the mechanisms of
analysis proper to the novels in question is among
other personal contributions included in this thesis, as
well as the choice of relevant and interesting examples
(taken mainly from English literature, but not
exclusively) employed in order to illustrate the
different types of irony. Other personal contributions
worth mentioning here are the connection between
storytelling and culture and the manner in which
storytelling is anchored in the cultural context. Other
directions for future research projects include the role
of the theme of religion in Lodge’s nov
els, a
comparison between the two biographic novels Lodge
wrote, the gradual manner in which the theme of
getting old became more and more present in his
novels, and an analysis of the father-son relationships
as they are presented throughout several of Lo
dge’s
novels. Hopefully, at least some of these various
possible topics will be turned into ample research
projects achieving successful results, as they are both
relevant for the literary world and pleasant to follow
and to work on. These possible research topics would
fill several gaps in the field of literary studies, and so did
the present thesis which compared, contrasted and
connected various aspects which had not yet been
associated among them.
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SJIF
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METADATA
IF
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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