Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
22
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
22-28
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article aims at defining functions of lexical-stylistic devices used to create image in fiction by analyzing excerpts
from English and Karakalpak literary works. It exposes the role of figurativeness, detalization, informativeness,
implicativeness and comparative function in picture generation in both languages.
KEYWORDS
Lexical-stylistic device, image, imagery, figurativeness, detalization, informative function, implicative function and
comparative function.
INTRODUCTION
The question on the stylistic function of language is
one of the most important issues of contemporary
stylistics. The notion of “stylistic function” is not clearly
defined because the word itself, i.e. “function” is
considered from different sides, and has various
contents.
Stylistic function is determined as expressive potential
for interaction of linguistic means in the texts which
Research Article
FUNCTIONS OF LEXICAL-STYLISTIC DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND
KARAKALPAK LITERARY WORKS
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 05, 2022,
Published Date:
November 17, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-04
Adimova Nilufar Kamiljanovna
Trainee Teacher Of English Linguistics Department, Karakalpak State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
22-28
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
make evident both the logical content of the text and
its expressive, emotional, evaluative and aesthetic
information.
The word “function” has broad meaning, and has to be
defined more accurately in all these combinations. It is
a notion of purpose and dependence of nature of the
use of any element in the system of wholeness, i.e.
integrative relations, that is invariant of all its use.
A number of scientists investigated the notion of
stylistic function several times. Most of them suppose
that, on one hand, function is a specific way of
transferring the thoughts and feelings of a writer with
the help of this device, but on the other hand, it is
stated that stylistic device gives a psychological
influence upon the reader. In the style of language of
the work of art these two sides of stylistic functions
unite. Thus, the goal of stylistic function is to transfer
different stylistic information. Most of the stylistic
devices, used in the novels, definitely pass certain
stylistic information.
The brightest stylistic function of an epithet,
metaphor, simile is the creation of figurativeness.
Figurativeness or imagery may be used in order to
allow the reader to form a clear picture in his mind that
represents an idea the writer wants his reader to
understand or accept. Imagery is often quite
emotional, so it can also be used to express certain
feelings or to evoke an emotional response in the
reader.
The stylistic devices with function of figurativeness
mean creating perceptible conception about a
described subject or phenomenon [1,115].
A broad variety of peculiar and unique epithets used by
Hemingway in novels generate bright figurativeness of
things. The most common forms of figurativeness are:
“The motor car climbed up a slight rise and went on
through the trees and then out into a grassy prairie-
like opening and kept in the shelter of the trees along
the edge, the driver going slowly and Wilson looking
carefully out across the prairie and all along its far side”
[2, 137].
“There was a heavy dew and as the wheels went
through the grass and low bushes he could smell the
odor of the crushed fronds. It was an odor liked
verbena and he liked this early morning smell of the
dew, the dew, the crushed bracken and the look of the
tree trunks showing black through the early morning
mist, as the car made its way through the untracked,
park -like
country” [2, 162].
Here in these examples, writer speaks of “a
grassy opening” as “a prairie
-
like” and of “the
untracked country” as “park
-
like” thus giving a new
feature to the natural elements described.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
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11
Pages:
22-28
SJIF
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(2022:
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OCLC
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1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
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Indeed, Hemingway's comparisons and figurative
language constitute different means towards this
same description of scenes, involving the reader
imaginatively, engaging his listeners, not just informing
them.
Furthermore, well-known Karakalpak writer T.
Kayipbergenov’s works have a wi
de range of unusual
and distinctive similes that provide a brilliant figurative
quality. The most prevalent types of figurativeness are
the following:
“
-Iras-
aw, qızım, —
dedi ol eziwinen kúlіp. Onıń bul
kúlkisi, solı
ǵ
an gúl birden ash
ı
l
ı
p, ústine nurl
ı
quyash
túskendey, jıyrıq
-
jıyrıq júzіn jaynattı. —
Házirgi
zamanda at qoyıw tań emes, qızım... ” [7, 376].
“Bir jola Vera degen qızdı anası ertip keldi, Vera
bunnan bir ay ilgeri
ǵ
ana meni
ń
menen bir stolda ot
ı
r
ı
p
awqatlanatu
ǵ
ı
n ed
і
. Túnde bir krovatta jatatu
ǵ
ı
n edik.
Qarasam, kiyimleri ózgerip ketken. Qarday aq jipekten
kóylek kiyip, shash
ı
na aq jipekten lenta ta
ǵ
ı
pt
ı
. Misli aq
gúbelek bol
ǵ
an. Qol
ı
nda rezinka qoyan
ı
bar...
Hammen
іń
háwesi ketti
”
[7, 366].
We can see how the author enhanced the image of her
smile and dress by using figurative language, which
helps the reader visualize via his senses, in the example
above.
Function of detalization is another function of lexical-
stylistic devices creating image in fiction. Literary
details are very important, and they even take a core
place in creating some features. A literary detail is a
depiction of features or characteristics of the subject
or phenomena as the basis for calling up the whole
picture of description in its wholeness and
completeness by reader. Following the literary details,
the reader can recreate a described picture either by
drawing logical conclusion or by his/her own
imagination. It makes the reader think about the
picture, to reveal those features that were hidden or
just tacit. Literary detail is often called as a sign of
laconic and brief style. Detail saves figurative means
and creates an exhaustive image owing to one of its
feature. Detail is an actualisation of lexical unit and the
signal of figurativeness that makes reader not only to
experience events with the writer but also to create
his/her own creative aspirations. A detail plays an
important role in portrayal of the main characters’
appearances. Thanks to it, their appearance is
individualised and detailed.
In n
ovels, writer’s artistic skills were shown in creation
of portraits. The portraits of Hemingway are various.
This is the one of them:
“One of my friends, an extremely underfed
-looking
painter, who was obviously to Madame Duzinell
neither well brought up, of good family, nor a
sportsman, wrote me a letter asking if I could get him
a pass to get by the concierge so he could come up and
see me occasionally in the evenings” [3, 53].
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
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11
Pages:
22-28
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
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445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It is the detailed portrait with the exact description of
the individual external signs. Main function is to create
impression of visual sensation of object. A great
attention in this particular example is given to the look
of a painter expressed by a compound epithet
–
“extremely underfed
-
looking”. Here we may observe
the expressiveness which is achieved by lexical means,
i.e. the word “extremely”.
We should pay attention to the function of the epithets
used to describe the characters’ features such as “flat,
cold eyes” in the following example:
“So she woke him when she came in, Wil
son thought,
looking at them both with his flat, cold eyes” [2, 231].
By describing eyes these epithets (“flat, cold”) reveal
other peculiarities of the person, that is his inner world
which at that very moment was filled with the air of
indifference and detachment.
“Bir kúni bir hayal keldi. Ózi júdá tompaq eken. Tolı
qanarday deseń de boladı, tek parqı qıymılda
ǵ
an
ayaqlar
ı
bar. Ol hámmeden ótip kelip, meni
ń
qas
ı
ma
irkildi. Iyegimnen kóterip, betime
úń
ildi. Yelena
Semenovna
ǵ
a qarad
ı
m. Ol bas
ı
n iyzep, kúlimlep, állá
nárseni maqullap turdı... ” [7, 367].
In this extract, woman’s overweight is compared with
filled sack generating a bright visual imagery.
“ —
Ooo, Perixan!
—
dedi asa quwanısh penen. Biziń
keń jaylaw únsiz japalaq kibi qusları menen emes, keń
dala
ǵ
a siymay, as
ı
r sal
ı
p oynaytu
ǵ
ı
n asaw tay kibi,
shaqalaqla
ǵ
an kúlkisi búlbúl sestine megzes Perixan
menen gózzal eken!
”
[7, 130]
In fact, detalization assists reader in considering the
image, revealing characteristics that were previously
concealed or just unspoken. Due to one of its
characteristics, detail preserves figurative means and
generates a comprehensive image. A detail is vital in
the representation of the key characters' looks. It
allows them to have unique and intricate looks.
The notion of stylistic function and the semantic
characteristics are closely connected. In addition to the
subject - matter of a word, transmitted by logical
characteristics,
the
semantic
characteristics
complements the word by some more information.
This additional information is called stylistic
information.
Such stylistic devices as epithet, metaphor, simile
widely used in novels, perform informative function.
They are used to transfer new information about the
characters of a novel, having thus a key value. The
epithets supplement portraits by some information
about the social position, nationality, life experience
and “inner world”, physical condition and age.
Let us investigate the following example:
“She had high cheekbones, merry eyes and a straight
mouth with full lips”
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
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11
Pages:
22-28
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
[2, 54].
Here the key word for writer's evaluative attitude is
manifest in such combination as “merry eyes”. It is the
writer who sees the person being of a joyful nature and
immediately presents this fact to us.
According to Stepanov, stylistic information is an
addition to the keynote of an utterance that is the
subject of “inner stylistics” of a language.
The specificity of Hemingway is expressed in the use of
various epithets, covering a subject or phenomenon
from the different sides. It is interesting to mention the
apt use of epithets which give emotional colouring to
whatever episode the writer describes.
Implication plays an important role in the novels, as it
creates implication (external feature pays attention to
the depth sense). Hemingway, brightly describing the
face, eyes, nose, hair of the heroes, also gives the
description of their clothes.
Epithet helps writer to create bright and alive portrait
of character and the same one may be repeated
throughout the whole novel. In this case the character
secured by a particular sign of description belonging to
him or her by which a reader can easily define the
character. In description of appearances Hemingway
uses epithets formed by compound - derivative
adjectives. More popular of these are epithets
structured by such model as “adjective + noun +(suffix)
ed”, e.g.:
“...the flat
-
faced man, who was called Andres” [2, 89].
With the help of such epithet as “flat
-
faced” formed by
the
above-described
construction,
Hemingway
describes the appearance. We can observe that this
kind of epithet structure is used by many writers as well
as by Ernest Hemingway. It is typical to Hemingway to
give special attention to the description of not only
every person but also each element and object is well
noted.
We find special examples in the novels to show writer's
view of the characters.
“He'd been to an expensive school and he's got good
expensive manners” [2, 10].
Here we see the implicative function of epithet as
“expensive manners” the second part of the sentence
whereas in the first one we see only informative one,
“an expensive school”.
Comparisons are of great importance as they give
something new to the subject. Hemingway scoops the
majority of comparisons from the things and
environment that surrounds a man, for example:
“…the vegetables were as beautiful as snakes” [2,
289].
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
02
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Pages:
22-28
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
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OCLC
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1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.963
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The stylistic choice of describing “vegetables” “as
beautiful as snakes” is the most marked. It is a rare
comparison and refers to a Hemingway style. As the
name suggests, ‘vegetables
- beautiful
–
snakes’
represents objects as patterns of colourful and smooth
shapes. The reader faces some challenge deciding just
how this exceptional stylistic indicator could be
connected with the word. It seems to form a unique
chain. We might imagine these vegetables as
conversion of snake¬like pattern of colours.
Comparative portrait with use of the indirect
characteristic at gradual, concentric disclosure of an
image can be found in the novels. So, writer shows
separate and accurate details describing the heroes.
Thus creating a portrait of his character, Hemingway
thinks of a woman in the following way:
“She had a skin that was as smooth as olive
-colored
ivory, if there were olive-colored ivory, with a slightly
smoky rose-
like cast” [2, 273].
This example features what the woman’s skin is, as if it
were “as smooth as olive
-
coloured ivory”. This
example also shows one-word comparative epithet
“rose
-
like” formed of the noun
“rose” with the suffix
-
word “like”.
It should be noted that Hemingway gives a superb
though laconic description of his characters in his
novels. In this sentence with the help of a comparative
epithet “rose like” in combination with the word
“cast” referr
ed to the skin of woman, Hemingway tries
to inform us that the woman is healthy.
Comparative function of an epithet is evident in such
combination where an attributive word includes the
comparative word "like" thus forming epithets. We can
detect the following one:
Now he dug with it in a steady, almost machine-like
desperation [2, 101].
In this sentence we can find rather a strange word
combination of a comparative epithet “machine
-
like”
and the word “desperation”.
“
-
Ómir degen jańa aralasqan adam ushın t
ikenekli bir
qapırıq. Adamdı kirgizbeydi, ashshı ushlı tikenleri
boladı. Tırnaydı, deneńdi de qanatadi, bıraq batıl kirgen
adam ózine hám basqa
ǵ
a jol ashad
ı
...
—
dedi
”
[7, 373].
“Qız ashıl
ǵ
an gúldey bol
ı
w
ı
kerek, ol sol
ı
ǵ
an gúl,
ǵ
umshalamayd
ı
, erjetkende
jigit almaydı. Aqlıqlı bala
almasam... " dep, jeńislik bermey atır eken” [7, 367].
As it is clear from provided examples, T. Qayipberberov
also used various stylistic devices such as simile and
metaphor by comparing two unrelated objects. It can
appeal to the senses and bring a lifelike quality to
characters or settings in a written work, which often
aids or at least stimulates the reader's imagination.
We have now examined multiple motives for the
stylistic choices and their functions in the novels. Taken
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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(2022:
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all together, they produce an effect far more
impressive and moving than any description of the
same scene in ordinary, careless style. The result of the
investigation shows that all these functions produce
more intense emotional impact on the reader and
promote better understanding of the personages.
REFERENCES
1.
Ashurova D.U "Text Linguistics" T., “Taffakur
qanoti” ,2012.
2.
E. Hemingway. “The short stories of Ernest
Hemingway” Scribner, N.Y., 2017.
3.
E. Hemingway. “The Sun Also Rises” Macmillan
Publishing Company, N.Y., 1986
4.
Galperin I.R. "Stylistics", M., 2001.
5.
Khadjieva D., Djumambetova D., “English
Stylistics” N.
, 2020.
6.
T.Qayipbergenov
“Mú
ǵ
álimge
raxmet
”
“
Bilim
”
Nókis, 2016
7.
T.Qayipbergenov “Tańlamalı shı
ǵ
armalar
ı”
“
Bilim
”
Nókis, 2017
