Volume 04 Issue 09-2024
106
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
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AGES
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106-114
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1121105677
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ABSTRACT
The article examines the types of necrotoponyms in the Republic of Karakalpakstan according to their grammatical
structure.
KEYWORDS
Toponym, topography, topoformant, affix, indicator, necrotoponym.
INTRODUCTION
There are opinions of linguists about the composition
and structure of toponyms in Russian linguistics. While
many linguists wrote about topography and formants,
V. Toporov and O. Trubachev gave initial information
about toponegis formed from topography and
topoformant . V.N. Toporov briefly touched on the
issue of toponesis in theoretical toponomastics and
specially explained topoformant, topography and
topobasis .
In fact, until now, in the field of toponymy, more
attention was paid to the processes of topography,
topoformant, indicator naming and toponymization.
There are different opinions among linguists about the
grammatical structure of toponyms.
METHODS
Prof. Z. Dosimov calls the classification of toponyms
according to their structure structural-typological
Research Article
TYPES OF NECROTOPONYMS IN KARAKALPAKSTAN ACCORDING TO
THEIR GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
Submission Date:
Sep 20, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Sep 25, 2024,
Published Date:
Sep 30, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue09-17
Yusupov San’at Shuxratovich
Independent researcher of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
ORCID ID
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2428-485X
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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107
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
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ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
106-114
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
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classification and in this respect groups toponyms as
follows:
1. Toponyms and root names without affixes: Qala,
Alan, Boz, Jam, Adaq, etc.
2. Affixed toponyms or fake names: Tuyachi, Kosar,
Tasloq, Tangzor.
3. Prefix toponyms: Poyarik, Bevatan, Sardara.
4. Indicative toponyms or toponym-composites.
5. Combined toponyms.
Taking into account the above theoretical ideas, we
analyzed the necrotoponyms in Karakalpakstan on the
basis of our collected materials, dividing them into
three types according to their grammatical structure:
1)
simple
necrotoponyms;
2)
combined
necrotoponyms; 3) compound necrotoponyms.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Simple necrotoponyms
. A toponym is the basis of a
toponym, which is the basis for the creation of another
form. Many linguists call this simple root toponyms.
Such toponyms are also found among necrotoponyms.
For example:
Keneges
–
is located in Abat NCM of Kegeili district.
Ko
ʻ
kcha
–
is located in Kyzylkum NCM of Ellikkala
district.
Qiyat
–
is located in Kuskhanatov village of Bozatov
district.
Khoja
–
is located in Kumshungil NCM of Kegeili district.
37 necrotoponyms on the territory of Karakalpakstan
consist only of topography, that is, they are basic
necrotoponyms.
It is considered the nucleus of the formation of
toponyms in micro and macro toponyms that exist at
the same time in the territory of our country.
In the language, simple artificial toponyms are created
by adding formative suffixes or topoformants to basic
toponyms. Researcher G.S. Zhoraboyeva, while
researching the toponyms of the Fergana Valley from a
comparative-historical and anthropocentric point of
view, expresses the following opinions: "Simply made-
up toponyms are names consisting of a lexical base and
a formative affix. In the toponymy of the Fergana
Valley, it is observed that they are mainly formed by
means of the affixes -i, -lik, -chi, -cha, -ma, -iya:
Such as Kashkari (Baghd. d.), Kashkarlik (Izbosk. d.),
Karateginchi (Jalaq. d.), Naymancha (Torak. d.),
Ko'tarma (Khoja. d.).
Among the necrotoponyms in Karakalpakstan there
are also necrotoponyms formed by means of affixes.
They are mainly formed by means of the following
affixes:
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by means of the affix -li:
Aqbasli (Nukus d.), Biydali (Chimboy d.), Borshekli
(Chimboy d.),
with the suffix -lik:
Birodarlik (Nukus d.),Jedlik (Kungirat d.), Shahidlik
(Tortkol d.)
With the help of
–
chi (in Karakalpak -shi)
Such as Savatchi (Amudarya d.), Garbizshi (Kegeyli d.);
-chik (in Karakalpak -shik):
Like Ko'gershik (Karaozak d.);
-chilik (in Karakalpak -shilik) means:
Like Seytshilik (Takhtakopir d.);
By means of the -bay affix:
Like Artiqbay (Kazakh) (Chimboy d.), Ayiobay
(Karaozak d.).
with the suffix -s:
Christians (Nukus d.), Koreans (Beruni d.)
By means of -mes/-bes affixes:
Like Eslemes (Karao'zak d.), Terbenbes (Karao'zak d.).
with the affix -da:
Like Amanda (Takhtakopir d.).
with the affix -laq:
Like Taslaq (Takhtakopir d.).
with the affix -sha:
Like Shorsha (Nukus d.).
Combined necrotoponyms.
There are both simple toponyms and compound
toponyms made from the combination of two words in
the modern Uzbek literary language. It is known that
words made up of more than one base are called
compound words in linguistics. Their formation is
called composition or syntactic method of word
formation. In linguistics, this way of forming words is
known by various terms, such as word addition, base
addition, morphological method, analytical method,
composition method.
A. Turobov, a linguist who studied the ethnonyms and
ethnonyms of Samarkand, writes: "The formation of
compound ethnonyms is one of the oldest ways of
forming words in the language, it ranks second in
terms of productivity after the morphological method,
and plays an important role in enriching the vocabulary
of the language.". In fact, in the Uzbek language word
formation, word formation using the method of
composition is one of the most productive ways.
However, there are not many joint toponyms among
the necrotoponyms, especially the necrotoponyms of
Karakalpakstan.
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Most of the combined necrotoponyms look like a word
combination in the form of "determiner-defining". For
example, necrotoponyms such as Aqqum (Uzb.
Oqqum), Kokloki (Uzb. Ko
ʻ
klo
ʻ
ki) are a combination of
white and sand, blue and loki and a compound word. In
this case, a natural word is a word formed from the
union of two root morphemes, but from a genetic
point of view, it is two independent words that entered
into a grammatical relationship.
In toponymy, compound words consisting of two roots
become one toponym as a result of toponymization
and serve to indicate the name of a certain object.
The necrotoponymy of Qolbergan Ota (Amudaryo d.)
is composed in the form of noun+verb adjective form
and is formed by joining the parts of hand and gave. It
expresses the meaning of "He gave his hand to the Pir
to become a murid". Like the necrotoponymy of
Sheremgan (Ellikqal'a d.).
Compound noun necrotoponyms formed on the basis
of the demonstrative-observant syntagm pattern
reflect the noun+noun relationship. In this case, the
meaning of the first component is related to the
meaning of the second component. The first
component is in the unmarked nominative case, and
the second component is in the nominative case. For
example: Dermenqul (Takhtakopir district), Eshimqul
(Kegeili d.), Januqul Eshon (Qanlikol d.). There is also a
form in which the first component, based on this
template, takes the unmarked nominative case, and
the second component takes the possessive suffix in
the third person singular: Hakimquli ota (Kegeyli d.).
The necrotoponyms of Januquli Eshon and Hakimquli
Ota included eshon and ota indicators. There are
compound necrotoponyms in which both components
are unmarked, but the first component contains a
demonstrative case, and the second component has a
possessive affix. For example: Arazqal'a (Tortkol d.),
Eshonqal'a (Kegeyli d.). The indicated necrotoponyms
received the qal’a indicator. These originally
appeared
on the basis of Oikonim. Necrotoponymy is also called
oikonym, since the population entered the area of
residential address.
Qangliqum necrotoponymy (Takhtakopir d.) is also
based on the above pattern. It means "sand belonging
to the qangli clan". Kangli is the name of a clan of the
Turkic peoples, and the Karakalpaks also have this clan.
The necrotoponymy of Sheikhizamon Bobo (Ellikqal'a
d.) is based on the Tajik isofa. Both components belong
to the noun group and are formed in the noun+noun
pattern. The first component is the sheikh religious
title, which is often used as an indicator in
necrotoponyms.
The necrotoponymy of Javakhashar baba (Takhtakopir
d.) is composed in the form of noun + verb adjective
form.
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The necrotoponym of Jigarband Baba (Beruniy d.) is
formed in the form of noun + adjective.
The necrotoponyms of Dagirata (Kungirot d.),
Janbobek (Chimboy d.), Shermanbaba (Kungirot d.)
are formed in the noun+noun pattern.
Religious degrees are compound necrotoponyms of
the noun+noun type, with the bobo and oxun
components, which are sometimes indicators:
Qazibaba (Shumanay d.), Eshimoxun (Qanlikol d.),
Sultanakhun (Khojayli d.), etc.
A joint necrotoponym formed in the form noun +hana:
Kuskhana (Nukus d.).
Combined necrotoponym with ethnonym+noun
component: Rusmozor (Beruniy d.).
Combined necrotoponym formed in zoonym+noun
form: Tulkibo‘get (Takhtakopir d.).
Combined necrotoponym formed in noun+verb form:
Jolimber (Chimboy d.).
The
first
component
of
some
compound
necrotoponyms consists of adjectives. The second
noun component added to it can express different
meanings.
Necrotoponyms that grew out of
oronym adjective+noun type: Aqqum Avliyo (Moynaq
d), Aqqum ota (Kegeyli d.), Aqqum (Chimboy d.),
Karaqum iyshan (Bozatov d.)., etc. There are also
necrotoponyms Aqkempir (Chimboy d.), Aqkesek
(Kegeyli d.) based on this template..
Combined
necrotoponym
with
blue+horse
component: Kokloki bobo (Beruniy d.), Koklikol eshon
(Kanlikol d.). The meaning of the loki component in the
first necrotoponym is obscured. Kokmanglai (Karaozak
d.).
Necrotoponym, which appeared on the basis of the
ethnonym with Kara + noun component:
Karamangit (Kegeyli d.). Representatives of this clan
are buried here.
Sari(q) + noun is the necrotoponym of father Sarikhoja
(Ellikqal'a d.).
Necrotoponymy with a new (in Karakalpak janga) +
noun
component:
Jangabazar
necrotoponymy
(Kegeyli d.).
Ayri (Ayir in Karakalpak) necrotoponyms with a noun
component: Ayirbakan (Koraozak d.), Ayirmakhan
(Chimboy d.).
The role of numbers in necrotoponymy is special. The
type "Number+noun" expresses the following
semantic relations:
"Count number + noun". When the numbers and nouns
are combined, they clearly indicate the number of the
geographical object:
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Besboydaq (Kungirot d.), Koshterak (Chimboy d.),
Seksenkhoja (Khojayli d.), Tortkulak (Bozatov d.), etc.
Necrotoponyms are followed by necrotoponyms
formed by ordinal numbers.
Ordinal numbers are formed by adding -(i)th (in
Karakalpak -inshi//-inshi) affixes to the count numbers,
showing the specific order of the subject to which it is
connected: Sheyitlik-1 (Kegeyli d.), Sheyitlik-2 (Kegeyli
d.) are located.
Combined necrotoponyms.
There is also a type of toponym formation in Uzbek,
which is made by joining two or more units, and this
method is called syntactic method.
Among the necrotoponyms of Karakalpakstan there
are a number of compound necrotoponyms.
Necrotoponyms with appellative + defining + indicative
composition: Erohun Eshon Bobo (Amudarya d.).
The first component indicates a person's name, the
second a religious title, and the third is a
necrotoponymic indicator.
Also necrotoponyms with appellative + indicator
content:
Sa'd Waqqas Bobo (Ellikqal'a d.). Sultan-Uwais Bobo
(Beruni d.).
Necrotoponyms in the form of determining +
appellative + indicator:
Like Sheikh Abbas Vali (Beruni d.), Khoja Jabr Baba
(Beruni d.).
There
are
also
necrotoponyms
in
the
determiner+appellative form.
For example: Bibi Mushkul Kushod (Ellikqal'a d.). The
bibi component in this is used for women. The word
Mushkulkushad is explained in the dictionary as
follows: MUSHKULKUSHOD [a+f.t] religion. Prayers
and rites performed in order to make a person's
problem easier, to carry out his work" (O'TIL, I, 486).
There is another necrotoponymy with the same name,
which is located in Kokhna Tortkol NCM of Tortkol
district.
Necrotoponyms in the determiner+noun form:
There is also the necrotoponymy of Sheikh Jalil Baba
(Amudaryo d.), the third component of which is an
indicator.
There are also necrotoponyms consisting of all three
indicators. Often, the words haji, eshan and babo are
indicators. Necrotoponyms of Hodji Eshon Baba
located in Kipchak town of Amudarya District and
Khoja Eshon Baba located in Uyshin MFY of Amudarya
District were made based on such a pattern. The xoja
component in the second necrotoponym also often
serves as an indicator.
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The necrotoponymy of Sari Eshon Baba (Takhiyatosh
d.) in the form of adjective+noun+indicator, denoting
the appearance of people. In this case, sari is a
Karakalpak word and is used in the Uzbek language in
the form of "sariq" (yellow). There is also the
necrotoponym Choloq Eshon Baba (located in Bozyop
Ovul, Amudarya district), which represents the physical
weakness of a person, and it was formed based on the
above pattern.
There is also a necrotoponymy of Malla Donli Baba
(Tortkol d.) composed of adjective+noun+indicator,
representing the color of a person's clothes.
There are also necrotoponyms with a numerical
component.
Necrotoponym Thousand and a half martyrs
(Amudaryo d.) formed in the form of number + martyr.
It was named so because of the burial of people who
died in the war with the Russians in the twenties of the
twentieth century.
There is a necrotoponymy of Qos Makhsim Khoja
(Kungirot
d.)
formed
in
the
form
number+noun+indicator exists, and (in Uzbek
language double makshum khoja) is named so because
two makshum khojas, famous among the people, were
buried in this cemetery.
There is a necrotoponym Ush kiz apay (Chimboy d.)
formed in the form number+noun+noun, which is used
in the Uzbek language as Uch kiz opa.
There is also a Necrotoponymy of Yuz Boshi Bobo
(Amudaryo d.), which is a word denoting a position
formed in the form of number+noun+indicator.
Necrotoponyms that are written separately and have
two components are also used.
Necrotoponyms formed in the form of a noun +
indicator. Some of them are used with grandfather
indicator:
Like Abdimalik baba (Uzbek grandfather) (in
Diykhanabat APJ of Shomanay d.), Ajinyoz baba
(Moynaq d.), Akpan baba (Uzbek grandfather)
(Shomanay d.).
Appellatives can also include formants: Alamli bobo
(Tortkol d.), Azizler bobo (Nukus d.), Imamjon bobo
(Ellikqa'la d.).
Some are used with the parent indicator. The
construction pattern is the same as above: Abdujalil
ota (Amudarya d.), Latifboy ota (Ellikqal'a d.), Miskin
ota (Amudarya d.).
Shaykh (Shayyq in Karakalpak) is also used with the
indicator. In this case, proper noun+indicator: Murat
shayiq (Karaozak d.).
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The necrotoponymy of Four sheikhs (Ellikqal'a d.)
formed in the number+indicator pattern is also found.
There are also necrotoponyms with a proper noun +
maksum (maksim in Karakalpak) such as: Musa maksim
(Kungirot d.), Nasrulla maksim (Moynaq d.), Serimbet
maksim (Chimboy d.).
Necrotoponyms with a noun + akhun (Akhun in
Karakalpak) indicator: Nurimbet akhun (Kegeyli d.),
Qasimbet akhun (Chimboy d.), Suleymen akhun
(Takhtakopir d.), etc.
Necrotoponyms with noun + xoja indicator:
Nur Khoja (Amudaryo d.), Karshili Khoja (Amudaryo d.),
Qasim Khoja (Chimboy d.).
There is also a necrotoponymy of Piryor vali (Tortkol d.)
in the form of a proper noun + vali. There are also
necrotoponyms
made
by
adding
indicators
representing the quality of a person and profession to
a proper name.
There is a necrotoponymy of Otesh batir (Kanlikol d.)
with the proper noun + botir indicator.
Usta indicator + necrotoponym of Usta Absamet
(Bozatov d.) in the form of a proper noun. Number +
necrotoponym of Uch Terak (Kungirot d.) in the form
of a noun.
CONCLUSIONS
When studying the grammatical features of
necrotoponyms in the territory of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, we can see that most of the original
necrotoponyms are clan names of the Karakalpak
nation, or necrotoponyms made with affixes occupy a
very
important
place.
We
find
that
joint
necrotoponyms in the territory of Karakalpakstan are
formed
in
different
patterns.
Among
the
necrotoponyms of Karakalpakstan there are a number
of compound necrotoponyms. We can see that
indicators play a very important role in the combination
of compound necrotoponyms of the studied area.
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