Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
195
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
195-198
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, simple and complex paremiological phraseological combinations, concepts of nationality, culture,
mentality are inextricably linked with language, and they are analyzed in different genres of paremiological language.
KEYWORDS
People, culture, image, society, era, language, phrase, proverb, history, speech, work, dictionary.
INTRODUCTION
Simple paremiological units consist of a single
component. By “component,” we refer to relatively
simple clauses within a compound sentence, and the
term “component” is used to designate these.
Additionally, the parts [sentence elements] that make
up each component are conditionally referred to as
“elements.” From this persp
ective, paremiological
units made up of one component are divided into
several types based on the number of elements they
contain: two-element, three-element, four-element,
five-element. Simple proverbs with five or more
elements are rare in spoken language.
However, they must have two centers of intonation.
For example: “A fool’s is in his mouth.” In this
paremiological unit, both the subject and predicate are
expressed, and each proverb has two elements [parts
of the sentence] with two centers of intonation, which
stand out in speech through intonation. When we
expand the above proverb, the following complete
sentence is formed: “A fool’s wisdom lies in his
Research Article
CLASSIFICATION OF SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS
Submission Date:
October 20, 2024,
Accepted Date:
October 25, 2024,
Published Date:
October 30, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue10-32
Fayzullayeva Dilnoza Narimovna
PhD, Associate Professor at Department of Uzbek Language and Literature at Jizzakh State Pedagogical
University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
196
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
195-198
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
mouth.” In forming this complete sentence, intonation
plays a crucial role in filling in the omitted parts.
Additionally, even when the subject or predicate is not
explicitly present in paremiological units, an
intonational separation into two parts still occurs:
“Turn
-
taking is orderly,” “Food needs salt, salt needs
measurement.” Here, intonation plays a k
ey role,
conveying the complete thought by pronouncing
modifiers and complements like “in turn,” “with salt,”
and “with measurement” with a predicative
intonation. Conversely, this phenomenon can also
occur when the subject is not expressed. For example:
“Don’t search for friends, find your friend’s friend,” “If
you don’t like work, don’t give out food,” “Don’t
search for gold, search for skill,” “Don’t associate with
the unworthy, don’t lean on the unloving,” and others.
Paremiological units consist of at least two logical
centers. Words that convey the main content of the
proverb may serve as primary parts or not. Consider
these examples: “A friend is food for the soul,” “The
lazy is a friend to the enemy,” “Gold does not rust,”
“Misguided brings madness,”
“Blessing is in unity,”
“The envious are never happy.” These proverbs consist
of two parts
–
subject and predicate. Proverbs with
two logical centers may contain only the predicate part
but still show two logical centers: “Spur your horse,”
“Return from the mill whole,” “Don’t worry about your
coat at the wedding,” “Trouble is absent in honesty,”
“Respect those you know not.” Some proverbs lack
both subject and predicate components yet still display
two logical centers through intonation, such as “to the
f
ool / a stick,” “to the wise / a hint,” “to the stick / a
cloth,” “to the nag / an addition.” Intonation plays a
crucial role in establishing these two centers. Simple
paremiological units can range from single-element
proverbs to those with six or seven elements.
Analysis of epic language confirms the division of
paremiological units into simple and complex types. As
mentioned earlier, proverbs composed of one
component are referred to as simple paremiological
units. Based on the number of elements in simple
paremiological units used in epic language, we
categorize them as follows:
1.
Three-
element paremiological units: “No
betrayal of trust” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 185].
2.
Four-
element paremiological units: “No
strength in fleeing enemy” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 2
50];
“Comforting the poor is a blessing” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p.
137].
3.
Five-
element paremiological units: “The
nightingale
befriends
the
garden’s
rose”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 137]; “These words are not fitting
for friend or foe” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 156]; “In exi
le,
wounds may come from coin or strength”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 139].
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
197
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
195-198
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Complex paremiological units contain two or more
components. In Uzbek, the majority of paremiological
units range from two to four components. Proverbs
with five or more components are very rare. Notably,
each component of complex paremiological units
resembles simple sentences in structure and
semantics, akin to compound and complex sentences.
Additionally,
each
component
of
complex
paremiological units is made up of several elements,
usually two, three, or four. Complex paremiological
units are categorized into six types based on the
number of components they contain.
In the epic language, complex paremiological units
with two, three, and four components are observed,
while proverbs with five or more components are
absent. Complex paremiological units in the epic
language, based on the number of components, are
categorized as follows:
1.
Two-
component paremiological units: “A piece
of glass cannot value a jewel, only a jeweler knows
gold’s
worth” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 170]; “The childless
day is empty, poverty blinds the generous”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 170]; “Fortune does not return to
the brave, a brave man’s rights are not forgotten by the
enemy” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 154]; “Shortage has its
perfe
ction,
Arrogance
has
its
downfall”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 190]; “Trust, dear, is man’s soul, the
warrior’s heart does not fear the sword”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 160]; “I was wise, I became straw, I
was gold, I became iron” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 186];
“Fear of death is the coward’s work, the brave does
not recall his tongue” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 256].
2.
Three-component
paremiological
units:
“Never walk with the enemy, in sleep, my secret spread
to the world, I entered the arena alone in search of the
brave” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 252]; “The face of the good
is heaven, the deeds of the bad are burdensome,
asking for a horse, seeking lineage, are traditions”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 219]; “The steel spear may not lie
under the snow, if you sharpen your iron spear, it might
break, a
brave man does not leave love”
[“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 177].
3.
Four-component
paremiological
units:
“Troubles fall upon the brave, ‘Who knows unless you
tell, who sees unless you reveal’” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p.
187]; “When protected by God, no calamity, when
cur
sed by God, no cure” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 168]; “Do
not walk the paths of the lesser, my son, do not forget
my advice, do not pass without greeting, do not
burden the weak” [“Kuntug‘mish,” p. 240].
Paremiological units emerge as reflections of life
experiences from a specific era, refined as they pass
from language to language. Some proverbs specific to
a certain period may become outdated and fall out of
use, while others are preserved in a set form, becoming
fixed units in the language. Paremiological units, like
other linguistic units, consist of words and serve to
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
198
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
195-198
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
convey specific meanings, whether literal or
metaphorical. For instance, in the epic “Alpomish”:
“The elder’s bag is ninety, And thus he roams the field
as a storm.” This expression, with its exa
ggeration,
vividly portrays the heroic size of Alpomish.
Paremiology studies various types of expressions
within a language. Phraseology is also part of
paremiology, but there is a notable distinction
between them. Phraseology is limited to studying
stable idiomatic expressions, while paremiology
examines both set expressions and idiomatic phrases
in both literal and figurative senses.
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