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04
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142-149
OCLC
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1121105677
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Servi
ABSTRACT
The article examines the work of Navoi as a classic historian of the Timurid Renaissance, and also talks about such
historical works as “Tarihi Muluki Ajam” and “Tarihi Anbiyo wa Hukamo”, which he skillfully wrote. The names and
works of famous historians
of the East who lived in the past and in their time are mentioned, or “Rauzat us
-
safo”, VII
book of Mirkhond, written under the auspices of Navoi. Navoi
ʼ
s book
“
Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo
”
analyzes the verdicts
dedicated to Hakim Lukmoni and Hakim Fizogurs. Tarihi Muluki Ajam is said to cover the history of Peshdadi, Kayani,
Ashkan and the Sasanian rulers of anciyent Iran. Among the historical and geographical terms used in Navoi
ʼ
s works,
an explanation of Yasi and the history of such ethnonyms as Uygur, Chigatoy, Kungirot, Kiyat is also revealed in a
certain sense.
KEYWORDS
Historian, historical works, style, rulers, skill, history of ethnonyms.
INTRODUCTION
Alisher Navoi is not only a great poet, writer, statesman
of the Timurid Renaissance, but also a classical
historian who made a significant contribution to the
development of historical science. We can study his
historiographical work by classifying it in the following
directions.
As a classical historian of the Timurid Renaissance,
Navoi wrote historical works such as "Tarihi muluki
Research Article
HISTORICAL WORKS OF ALISHER NAVOI
Submission Date:
November 20, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 25,2024,
Published Date:
November 30, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue11-26
Radjabova Burobiya Tangirovna
Uzbek Language and Literature, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Candidate of Philological
Sciences and a leading researcher of the Institute of Folklore, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Ajam" and "Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo." These two
works demonstrate Navoi's mature specialization in
the field of historical science. From this perspective,
"Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo" and "Tarihi muluki Ajam"
are rare examples of Uzbek (Turkic) historiography.
These two historical works are also important
documents in the study of the history of socio-political
relations in Mawarannahr and Khorasan, which were
under the control of the Timurids in the second half of
the 15th century.
2. In his time, Navoi sponsored the creation of many
historical works. For example, he gave a house to a
famous historian to Mirkhand to write the work
"Ravzat us-safo" consisting of the 7th book. He also
established material support. Mirkhand's grandson,
Khondamir, wrote in "The Conclusion of the News"
about how his grandfather Mirkhand created such a
great historical book as "Ravzat Us-Safo" (Volume
VII):..."Amir Alisher gave the room allocated for his
pleasure in the "Khalosiya" monastery to him and
ordered him to write "Ravzat Us-Safo." My
grandfather, relying on the support of the owner of
honor and blessing and the benevolence of Amir
Alisher, who was a guide, made a great effort to write
that valuable book and in a short time completed the
writing of the VII volume of the book that has no equal
in these seven climates. In short, Mr. Amir, the admirer,
honored Mr. Makhdum grandfather both during the
writing of that book and afterwards, gave him valuable
gifts and honored him" [1, 21].
3. In his works, Navoi mentions and acknowledges the
names of famous historians of the East, and we see
that he took great interest and great respect for their
historical books, or emphasized the description of a
historical person or events written by them in certain
images and excerpts of his works. In "Tarihi anbiyo va
hukamo" and "Tarihi muluki Ajam," he mentioned
Tabari, Jafari, Banokati, Kazvini, Juvayni, Ali Yazdi, in
the tazkira "Majolis un-nafois" he wrote separate fiqra
dedicated to Ali Yazdi, Abdurazzak Samarkandi,
Mirkhond, and Khondamir, and in "Nasoyim ul-
muhabbat" he wrote another fiqra for Ali Yazdi. In his
writings in the form of fiqh, zikr, message, reminder,
Navoi not only briefly touched upon the life and
historical activities of these historians, their historical
works, but even tried to illuminate that some of them,
for example, Ali Yazdi, were not only a great historian,
but also a poet, writer, sheikh, and statesman [2, 27-
42]. The famous historian Abdurazzak Samarkandi's
"Matla'i sa'dayn wa majmai bahrayn" is the first
historical work in which the name of Alisher Navoi is
mentioned.
4. Navoi dedicated separate poetic excerpts and prose
narratives in his works to the history of rulers of the
Pashtadid, Kayani, Ashkani, and Sasanian dynasties of
ancient Iran, as well as to Timurid rulers and princes
such as Amir Timur, Mironshah, Shahruh, Ulughbek
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Mirza, Abulqasim Babur, Abusaid Mirza, Sultan Husayn
Boykaro, Badiuzzamon Mirza, Shahgarib Mirza, and
the Little Mirza. For example, the 7th chapter of
"Majolis un-nafois" is mainly dedicated to Amir Timur
and 21 Timurid princes, their contribution to the
development of literature and art of their time, their
own taste in poetry, some of them even composed
divans from works, and gives examples from ghazals,
couplets, and verses. The 8th chapter of the tazkira is
entirely dedicated to Sultan Husayn Baykara. The poet
analyzes many of his poems from an artistic
perspective, which are a product of his talent and
mastery. In his work "Muhokamat ul-lughatayn,"
dedicated to the comparison of Turkic and Persian
languages, Navoi mentions Sultan Husayn Boykara and
with a sense of pride calls him "Rustami Dastan,"
comparing him to the legendary hero Rustam.
It is known that Navoi's first major prose work after
"Khamsa" is "Tarihi muluki Ajam." Navoi also
mentioned this historical work in "Muhokamat ul-
lughatayn" and named it "Zubdat ut-
tavārīkh." It
contains information about the names, activities,
intellectual and manual inventions of the rulers
belonging to the four dynasties of the Ajam kings, as
well as their innovations in state affairs, their attitude
towards justice, their rules and regulations related to
the development or decline of the state, battles,
conquests, and works in the form of fiqra. In particular,
honoring Nushiravani's high attention to justice as a
ruler, Navoi cites his three wills written for humanity in
his work "Tarihi muluki Ajam": "Va aning soyir salotin
uchun vasiyatnomasi borkim, ne dastur bila saltanat
qilğaylarkim, bu muxtasarda ul gunjoyish yo'qturkim,
borchasin bitilgay, iki-uch kalima bila ixtisor qilindi. And
it is a firm citadel, which neither falls by water, nor is
burned by fire, nor is destroyed by fire. And the just is
that the more you get, the more you get, and the less
you spend, the less you spend. And he is a genius that
does not act secretly, that he cannot reveal, and that
no one can say a word about him, that he cannot tell
his face. In war, it is not necessary to be ignorant
because a little enemy burns a little wood.
Navoi also noted that he used the books of historians
such as Banokati, Juvayni, Tabari, and Yazdi to prove
his thoughts. S. Ganieva and O. Zhuraboev provided
information about the historical sources he used in
their research [4, 5-17]. In some fiqrahs, he also gives
advice to the Timurid rulers. Or he boldly expressed his
scientific and theoretical views, dreams, and
aspirations related to issues of statehood. Navoi
concluded each fiqah with a rubai, masnavi, qit'a or
couplets, which were an expression of his views.
In his "History of Prophets and Judges," Navoi briefly
illuminates the history of prophets and doctors. He
began the work with the history of Adam and
concluded it with the history of Jirjis. He viewed the
history of the prophets as part of human history.
Providing information about the guidance of their
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time, nation, people, nation, and their beliefs, he also
reflected to a certain extent the unique way of life,
justice, mercy, mercy, and the role of the prophets who
were the owners of the heavenly books and the
prophets who acted as caliphs, messengers, and rulers
in the history of statehood. Although Navoi did not
write a separate fiqh or zikr about Muhammad (peace
be upon him) in "Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo," he
mentioned it in some excerpts. And in the "Khamsa"
epics, separate naats
and me'rājnāmas are written.
The second part of "History of Prophets and Judges" is
the history of the doctors. In the part of "Hukamo zikri"
[5, 194-194] Navoi mentions physicians such as
Luqmon, Fisoğurs, Jomosb, Bukrat, Bukrotis, Socrates,
Plato, Arithotolis, Balinos, Jolinus, Batlimus, Sodiq,
Buzurjmehr and cited examples of hikmats spoken by
them.
In literary studies, "Tarihi muluki Ajam" and "Tarihi
anbiyo va hukamo" are highly valued as Navoi's prose
works, and the question of the existence of artistic
texts and poems in these works was studied by S.
Ganieva, N. Mallaev, A. Khaitmetov, L. Khalilov, and Sh.
Sirojiddinov. K. Ergashev wrote a monograph on the
style and mastery of Navoi's prose entitled "Issues of
the style of Alisher Navoi's prose" [6, 235].
In Navoi's works, firstly, the history of dynasties such
as the Peshdodi, Kayani, Ashkani, and Sasani, secondly,
the history of Turkic khans and sultans, and thirdly, the
history of Sahibkiran Amir Timur and the Timurids is
illuminated in both historical and poetic scenes. His
works also contain scenes related to the name and
history of Genghis Khan. For example, the poet-genius,
writing about the transience and infidelity of the world,
used the words "Where is the worldlord Genghis Khan?
Where is the world khan Temur Kuragon?" [7, 253] have
also been written. Or, in the chapter "Vaf'a" of "Hayrat
ul-Abror" and in "Saddi Iskandariy," writing about the
greatness of the virtue of loyalty and the quality of
forgiveness, Amir Timur and Genghis Khan skillfully
poetically interpreted the life event related to the
abolition of the death penalty imposed on them by
submitting to the death of two loyal friends and two
loyal lovers.
In general, Navoi, illuminating the history of prophets,
doctors, and rulers, presented his life lessons,
conclusions, and teachings to the rulers and
contemporaries of his time, as well as to future
generations. For example, in the chapter of "Farhad
and Shirin," dedicated to Shahgarib Mirza, Navoi,
under the pretext of the Timurid prince, set the
enlightened Shah Mirzo Ulugbek as an example for the
rulers of his time and future generations.
If Navoi skillfully used saj in his historical works, then he
skillfully used verbal and spiritual poetic arts in his
poems, which he presented as symbols at the end of
fiqh and zikr.
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As proof of our above thoughts, below we want to
dwell on the information given by Navoi in "Tarihi
muluki Ajam" about Lukmoni hakim, Fisogurs hakim, as
well as the historical geographical term Yassi in
"Nasoyim ul-muhabbat" and some ethnonyms used in
the text of other works and their history.
Luqmoni hakim is mentioned in the "Anbiya" section of
the work "Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo" with a separate
fiqra. Referring to the fact that Navoi saw many
historical facts related to him, he said: "Some people in
history did this in a certain way." And most people call
him a prophet," he writes and mentions him in the
name of both prophets and judges. In a certain sense,
the information and stories about Lukmoni hakim,
quoted by Navoi, are traditional in nature. For example,
Lukmoni hakim, being a slave, gives the following
traditional story about how he was freed from slavery
by his intellect: "Another one is bo'kim, xo'ja anga
buyurdikim, kunjid ek! He planted barley. How can you
plant barley and find sesame? I said that because you
did an unwise thing and desired mercy and paradise
from the Almighty, I also said: if we plant barley, we will
find a sunflower garden. Khoja mutanabbih bo'lib, ani
ozod qildi.... aning so'zlaridaninkim, to'rt ming so'z
bitibdurlar va to'rt so'z bila ixtisor qilibdurlar. Two must
always be remembered, and two must be forgotten.
One of the former two is the good he has done, and the
other is the evil he has not done."
In his lyrical works, Alisher Navoi also referred to the
wisdom, wisdom, and intellect of Lukman Hakim
through the art of talmeh.
Phi-saghur hakim (Pifagor) was an ancient Greek
mathematician and philosopher. He lived from 530 in
Krotone, Southern Italy, and later in Metapont. A pre-
Socratic philosopher, he was considered the father of
mathematics and the founder of the philosophical
movement of Pythagoreanism. He founded a
philosophical school in Kroten, formed a political party
and a union of Pythagoreans. According to Navoi,
Pisagurs was a disciple of Luqmoni hakim. He lived
during the reign of one of the Mashhad rulers,
Gushtosb. He preached on the science of music. He
elevated the science of music to the level of science
and discovered new methods. ..."Lukman is a student
of the doctor. Some say it was in Gushtosb's time. The
science of music is its essence. We don't know who
invented this science before. And the sound is also its
summary and is fully independent of the definition. In
his words, if a person says his own hymn, if it is true, it
is disgusting, and to swear by idols is a sign of lies, and
to endure misfortune is the misfortune of the
shamotator" [9, 191]. After that, he quoted two
hikmahs of the doctor in the fiqrah.
In "Saddi Iskandariy," the image of physicians such as
Aristotle, Socrates, and Luqmani hakim was widely
interpreted as Alexander's advisors. But in history,
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compared to them, the name of Physagur hakim has
lived for a long time as the father of mathematics.
In the text of Navoi's works, there are many historical
and geographical terms that express the history of a
certain city, country, address, and place. One of them
is Yassi. Yassi (originally - Saksi) is the ancient name of
the city of Turkestan. Information about Yassi as a
historical and geographical toponym is found in
historical and literary sources. Ahmad Yasawi's great
name, his work "Devoni Hikmat" and the majestic
mausoleum built by Amir Timur in Yassi in his honor
(1396-1397) made Yassi famous to the world in a certain
sense.
In the tazkira "Nasoyim ul-muhabbat," Yassi is also
mentioned as a historical and geographical toponym. It
is mainly found in fiqra dedicated to Ahmad Yasawi and
some of his followers, and in some places Yassi is
written in the style of "Turkestan, in a place called
Yassi," from which it can be understood that Yassi and
Turkestan are one historical and geographical
toponym. For example, in his fiqh "Khoja Ahmad
Yasawi": "Sheikh ul-mashaikh of Turkestan property.
"His status is high and famous, his prophecy is holy and
unknown," - writes the author, and again in this
opinion:..."A'ning mozori Turkistonda, Yassi degan
joyda, aning mavlid va mansha'dur, voqe' bo'lubdur va
Turkiston ahlining qiblai duosidur," - he mentions in the
form of Yassi.
In Navoi's works, we see information about the names
of many nations, peoples, tribes, that is, about the
history of ethnonyms. Specifically, the Uyghur
language is an ethnonym of one of the ancient Turkic-
speaking peoples living in Central Asia. Historical
sources and documents related to Central Asia and
China contain information about the language, culture,
bakhshi, nature, literary and diplomatic relations of the
Uyghur people, and Uyghur khagans. The poet's works
also contain little information about the Uyghurs.
There is such information in the "Waqfiya." That
is:..."Uyghur" qualified bakhshi and "Uyghur" chargalik
yaxshilar and...boyrilik ayyomida xizmatkorlik qilgan
jonsiporlar" [8, 183].
Chagatai is a Turkic tribe, clan name, ethnonym.
Historical and literary sources and documents provide
extensive information about the Chagatai people.
There are also accounts in Navoi's works as the names
of Turkic peoples and tribes. The poet used them for
various purposes. Navoi used Chagatai in the form of
words and Chagatai words, Chagatai ulusi, Chagatai
writers. This ethnonym is found in the text of his prose
works such as "Navodir un-nihoya," "Majolis un-
nafois," "Khamsat ul-mutahayyirin," "Holoti Sayyid
Hasan Ardasher," "Nasoyim ul-muhabbat." It is found
in the form of a chigatai word in the ode of a seven-
bayt ghazal from the divan "Navodir un-nihoya," which
begins with the matla "Muhandise topayu egnima
qanot yasatay, Uchub havosida qushlar aro uzumni
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qotay." In "Mezon ul-avzon" it is given in the form of
the Chagatai people: "Yana turk ulusi, bataxsis chagatai
xalqi aro shoyi' avzondurkim, alar surudlarin ul vazn
bila yasab, majolisda ayturlar" [11, 69].
Speaking about the interlocutors of Sayyid Hasan
Ardasher in "Kholati Sayyid Hasan Ardasher," Navoi's
teacher "conversation and words are good" Sayyid
Hasan Ardasher mentions the beks of the Chagatai
Ulus along with the scholars and dignitaries and imams
of his time: "The scholars and dignitaries of the century
always discussed and the highest number of beks of
the Chagatai Ulus were great and great and equal, they
bowed to their honor according to their nafs [12, 96]."
It is known that Navoi began his tazkira "Majolis un-
nafois" with a fiqra written in honor of Qasim Anwar.
Speaking about Qasim Anwar's departure and his
return to Herat, his students and admirers, he
emphasized that among his admirers there were also
Chagatai scribes: "Going to Balkh and Samarkand, they
became eternal, and once again they made a high rank,
and again the Chigatai princes, perhaps the pure
people of the nation, became murids and began to
attack. Their lips were pure and their breath was
flaming.
Kungrad is the name of a Turkic tribe, ethnonym.
Historical and literary sources mention and report the
name of this tribe. In his work "Waqfiya," written in
both literary and historical directions, which is
considered a document in a certain sense, Alisher
Navoi listed the term Kungrat among the names of
Turkic tribes and clans such as Barlos, Qiyot, Arloti,
Tarkhan, and Uyghur. In the expression of this term,
the "Kungrad" hassalik mutamakkinlar" [8, 183-184]
mentioned, who achieved a high position not by nasab,
but by hasab.
Qiyot - a Turkic tribe - name of a clan, ethnonym. Many
historical and literary sources and documents contain
information about the Qiyat. It is also used in the works
of Alisher Navoi in this sense. Qiyot is found among
other clan names in the poet's works. He used the term
qiyot in the verse of his ghazals in the divan "Navodir
ush-shabob":
Men tilab husn vale shoh tilab aslu nasab,
Menga lo‘li bila hindu, anga qo‘ng‘irotu qiyot [12, 46].
One of the characteristics of Alisher Navoi's style is that
he uses the names of clans and tribes almost side by
side, and in this verse he also used the qiyot together
with the Kungrat.
The conclusion is that Navoi, as a classical historian, not
only wrote historical books, illuminated the images of
famous historians, but also wrote historical and
geographical terms, names of Turkic tribes and clans,
information, notes, and excerpts related to the history
of ethnonyms, expressing the history of a specific
village, city, country, address, and place in the text of
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his works. If we turn to the genius's works again, we
read about music, chess, medicine, and the history of
books.
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аррир
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Alisher Navoi. Tarihi muluki Ajam. MAT. Vol. 16. -
Тошкент: Фан, 2020.
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Ganieva S. Works recalled by Navoi. - Tashkent:
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"Тамаддун," 2016.
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Ergashev K. Issues of the style of Alisher Navoi's
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аррир
," 2022.
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