Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
42
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
11
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AGES
:
42-51
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1121105677
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ABSTRACT
In the article, comments are made about the expression and structural use of waste water and the lexical units related
to it, which continue to be used to a certain extent in the lexical treasure of the Uzbek language or have completely
gone out of use today. There are pipelines and structures that remove waste water from our houses, and they are
expressed by different words, such as obrez, hanik, tazar, toshnov (dashnov). These words meant the name of a
device or structure built in cities to collect and remove underground, rain and polluted water. These words used in the
history of sewage and treatment system were taken and analyzed as an object of research.
KEYWORDS
Hanik, obrez, waste water, water, water science, sewage, water treatment, tazar, waste water.
INTRODUCTION
Everything and event in nature and society has its
history of development and origin. When the
researcher chooses a specific topic and tries to study it
from a linguistic point of view, he tries to start by
studying the history and origin of his research source.
Based on this, as we begin the scientific analysis of the
terminology of waste water and its treatment system,
which is the object of our research, we consider it
necessary to first look at the lexeme of water and the
history of its formation.
Water is one of the most unique, rare and priceless
resources of nature. It is the source of life and
Research Article
HISTORY OF WASTEWATER TERMS
Submission Date:
November 06, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 11, 2024,
Published Date:
November 16, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue11-10
Khurramova Dilobar Mukhtorovna
Teacher, International Innovation University, Karshi, Uzbekistan
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7420-3942
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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OCLC
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sustenance for all living creatures, humans, flora and
fauna. When talking about water, it is important to
remember that water is the most precious treasure in
nature, a miracle and discovery of nature. Famous
natural scientist, academician V.I.Vernadsky: "Natural
water creates and covers the whole life of a person.
"There is probably no other natural div that can
define its place in society, marriage, and human
existence to such an extent " he wrote. The
importance of water in agriculture and industry is also
proved by the following facts. For example, 1500 tons
for each ton of wheat crop, 1-2 tons for making 1 ton of
bricks, 3 tons for 1 ton of coal mining, and 1 ton for steel
or paper production. 250-300 tons of water will be
needed. During the production of 1 ton of synthetic
fiber, up to 4000 tons of water is required. It takes 10
tons of water to make 1 ton of yarn, while 3,000 tons
of water are needed to make 1 ton of some synthetic
fibers. In our nation, where water is equal to life,
knowledge about rivers and springs has been
preserved in the memory of the people for centuries.
METHODS
Central Asian scientists have made significant
contributions to the development of water science -
hydrology from ancient times to the present day and
recognition as a separate science. Researcher
F.Hikmatov divided the formation and development of
the first ideas about water science in Central Asia into
the following stages:
1. The period from antiquity to the 9th century of the
new era.
2. The period from the 9th century to the beginning of
the 13th century, that is, before the Mongol invasion, is
the period of the Eastern Renaissance.
3. The period from the middle of the 14th century to the
first half of the 16th century is the period of the
Timurids.
4. The period from the second half of the 16th century
to the second half of the 19th century.
5. The period until the beginning of the 20th century.
6. The era of the Soviets.
7. The period of independence.
Waterways used in water science was a widely used
concept by encyclopedists.
Ahmad al-
Farg‘niy has created the manual "Miqyosi
jadid", which consists of a set of tables, instructions,
recommendations on the practical use of the instant
water measuring device
–
"Nilometer". He applied the
achievements of mathematics and geodesy to
hydrology.
The work "History of Bukhara" by Narshakhi, a
historian who lived in the 10th century, is also
noteworthy from the point of view of water science.
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The 10th century, the author of unknown "Kitobi
hudud al-olam minal mashriq ilal maghrib" (Book of the
boundaries of the world from east to west) shows that
water has a special value in the lives of the peoples of
Central Asia. we can also know through thoughts.
"There are two types of rivers, one is a natural river and
the other is an artificial river. The water of natural rivers
is produced by the melting of snow and water that
flows from the surface of the earth from springs in the
mountains. or flows until it reaches a swamp. Artificial
rivers are rivers whose beds have been excavated and
whose water is intended for the development of cities
or for irrigating the crops of the region is conducted.
This work is distinguished by the wealth of information
related to hydrology and hydrography.
Of Abu Rayhan Beruniy, such as "Remembrance of Past
Generations", "India", "At-Tafqim", "Kanuni Mas'udi",
"Geodesia", "Minerology" valuable ideas for science
are presented. Scientific views on oceans, seas, bays,
inland waters, rivers, streams, springs, lakes, glaciers,
wetlands, and even groundwater are covered. "India"
contains valuable information on "Oceanology".
Pacific (Eastern Sea or Eastern Environment) and
Indian (Great Sea) oceans, Bontus (Black Sea), Sham
(Mediterranean Sea), Khazarian (Caspian) Sea,
Khorezm (Aral) Sea, Issyk-Kul, Etil (Volga), Nile, Jayhun,
Oksart rivers are described. Beruni’s contribution to
the science of oceans and seas was called "Beruni’s
theory of the seas" by European scientists.
In the work "Baburnoma" you can also find
information about the hydrography of our country -
description of rivers and streams, springs, lakes. It
describes in detail water sources, river depth, freezing,
flow mode, flow rate (how many mills flow). The work
compares running water and black water. "Lexemes
expressing relativeness are of different types: okar aq
is the root of the verb, and the suffix -ar is a form
forming an adjective, that is, a lexeme denoting action,
and black is a word denoting color in modern Uzbek.
However, these lexemes slightly differ from their
meaning in the appellative lexical set and acquire a new
meaning: flowing water is the speed and volume of
flow, small amount of water, flowing water is water
formed by melting snow; black water is underground
water far from the mountain, far from the snowy place.
That is, running water is river water, black water is
spring water.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is known from the researches of linguists that
language units directly related to human life and daily
activities are ancient they are distinguished by their
stable nature, they are very little subject to various
linguistic changes. Among these are the lexical
knowledge representing tools of production,
household items, natural phenomena, kinship, names
of things, etc. Undoubtedly, water and related terms
are one of such layers. Because the formation of man
as a human being is as old as the terms related to
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water. Water, its composition, physico-chemical
properties, as an existing materiality, has been
seriously studied in the natural sciences while in
linguistics, based on a number of methods and
methods, studies aimed at determining the various
properties of the linguistic object at the level of the
concept of water and the lexeme have also been
carried out.
In the lexical treasury of modern sister Turkic
languages, including Uzbek which continues to be used
to a certain extent or from consumption today lexical
units belonging to the old Turkic language, which have
completely disappeared with the fact that the
terminological lexicon also occupies a significant place
in its structure is characteristic.
Accordingly, the changes that took place in the runic
inscriptions and the first ancient Turkic monuments of
the lexeme of water, its structural structure, and the
structure of its creation analyzed based on examples.
For example, suzuk water means "clear, blue-blue
water", tarkin water means "muddy water", et yer
means "soft land"; soft soil ", tatyrlig land "hard land",
kargag "a place without grass and water, kaqrakok",
sargan land "salty land", sagiz topraq "ealthy land",
acuq kok "open air".
In the "Old Turkic dictionary" water [sub≈sug≈cuw≈] s
has its own "water", "moisture", "liquid"; from the
word suva "to water", "to moisten" ( kuru jerig suvaju
–
to water the dry land), from the word suval
"watered" (tarï suvaldï
–
the millet was watered),
from the word suv ar "drink water", "give water"; of
the word suvsa "to be thirsty", "thirst"; "thirsty" of the
word suvsalïq ; It is noted that the word suvsat means
"to make thirsty" ( ol anï suvsattï
–
he made him thirsty
for water) .
Studying the words in "Devonu lug‘otit
-Turk" allows
you to find out that there are more than 1200
hydrological terms in it. There are 218 words in Volume
1, 447 in Volume 2, and 562 in Volume 3 for hydrological
events and processes. 22 water-based lexemes are
recorded. For example: alїš –
29 place (place) where
water is poured into the pool; flow
–
flood; sγzγk sγw
–
clear water; munduz akin
–
a sudden flood; ring
–
water that has slipped out of the ground and turned
into a pool, sizot water; üzük
–
a place where water is
collected; qızı
ǧ
–
sea, stream, valley bank, sand - water
wave, akindi sγw –
running water (I,158), batruş sγw –
muddy water (I,428), s g w qaqaldi
–
water collected
(II, 299), qaq sγw –
water collection, collection, sγw
qo
ǧ
u
š
landi
–
the water stirred . Also in "Devon" water
and water component terms, concepts the meaning is
covered, water and aquaculture, and a large one
related to agriculture volume information, more than
100 names of water sources are also available.
In Ahmad Yugnaki’s work "Hibatul
-haqoyiq" su(v)
–
sw
water
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(хилимлы
қ
су
(
в
)
ын
сач
ол
отны
ө
ч
ү
р
–
gently sprinkle
water and put out the fire).
Yusuf Khos Hajib's work "Kutadgu Bilig" suvsamishka
–
when thirsty, green water - blue water, drink water
–
drink water, eye water
–
shame, worry, aliveness
–
obi
Thank you units are used.
Alisher Navoi skillfully used the words water, water
year, Khizr suyi, suvor, without water, suva, suy, suvol,
suvar, sugurok, suvor, suchi in his works.
In the dictionary of V. Radlov, it is said that the word
сý,
су ≈ суу, суг cуп≈суб≈суw "water", "river", "moistur
e",
"liquid", "juice".
This point, it is worth mentioning the works of
L.Danilova, D.Aytbayev, H. Jabborov, T.Mirzayev. For
example, L.V.Danilova tried to reveal the lexical-
semantic features of words such as dol, kiriv, bulduruk
in her work on the metrological properties of water,
but in her research, she did not have any thoughts
about the ecological aspects of the above terms. There
are no comments. D.Aytbayev talks about water-
related terms and hydrographic information in the
work "Devonu lug'otit turk", and emphasizes that they
are important in clarifying the language of that time.
However, the author did not approach the above
lexemes as ecological terms. As a matter of fact, the
water-related names included in the dictionary by
Mahmud Kashgari indicate that this layer has been
active in Turkic languages, including Uzbek.
Linguist A.P.Madvaliyev in his candidacy thesis entitled
"Uzbek chemical terminology and issues of its
standardization" mentions the following about the use
of water as a chemical term combined with other
words to form a word combination: "Water so'zi is
used in a broad sense in our literary language. But since
it was discovered that this term is water - H2O, i.e.
water in the technical and chemical meaning of
hydrogen and oxygen, it is a salt-free, transparent
liquid (until 1790, this term was not known in the
chemical and technical sense edi) this term began to be
used as a term meaning distilled, "chemically pure
water". It began to be used in a limited sense
compared to the general literary language. He even
gives the following examples, saying that water
compounds created using the lexeme of water differ
sharply in terminology and usage in common literary
language:
In terminology
in universal language
heavy water
cold water
hard water
clear water
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soft water
salt water
water gas
water flow
1
Water with dependent lexicon of units synchronous
study regarding X.Jabbarov scientific research there is.
He is "Uzbek of the language watering lexicon
candidacy work and" Uzbek in the language water of
the lexeme Lug'aviy- meaning noviy features in his
monograph water basis with 468 made lexeme and 60
of phrasing Lug' aviy - meaning noviy and grammar
features about in detail thought conducted Water
lexeme studied more than 700 proverbs, sayings and
expressions. One can fully agree with the opinion of
the researcher that the water stain branched and
formed more than 30 new meaningful words. In
addition, scientist Alisher Navoi analyzed the use of the
word water in his works. The semantics of the concept
of water is also covered in research related to the
analysis of concepts related to it, and geographical
concepts related to water are explained in the study of
I.Islamov . In T. Mirzayeva's research, the semantic
scope of the lexeme of water, the meaning and
symbols of the lexeme in mythopoetic (ancient myths
about the creation of the world, narratives and other
manifestations in folk oral works), folk rituals, the role
of the lexeme in the environment of the nobility and
the palace, it related themes and philosophical essence
are covered. Some semantic and grammatical aspects
of the Uzbek word water A.Sobirov, who analyzed the
characteristics of the nominative word stops and says
that it consists of three phonemes (s+u+v). Uzbek
language is a unit that is actively used in the lexical
layer, and is historically phonetic that the variant form
(s+u) is the main indicator of the speech style
emphasizes. The young researcher M.Muminova
studied the linguo-cultural characteristics of the
linguistic units with the "Water" component in the
Uzbek language.
It is known that in world linguistics, a lot of work has
been carried out on the study of water lexemes,
conclusions based on comparative and comparative
methods have been stated, system-structural studies
have been carried out in several directions. Also, in
scientific works based on field theory, there are
opinions related to water during the research of other
fields.
used in world languages, are studied in a comparative
aspect, in terms of their integration into common
families, the existence of common cultural word forms,
the mutual similarity of both phonetic and linguistic
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signs of the water lexeme in common language
families, and their opinions were expressed that the
linguistic-linguistic structure originates from the same
root. It is noted that the Russian [voda] and English
[water] lexemes of universal character originate from
the common root - [wetV]. In the process of migration
to large language families, it underwent structural and
grammatical changes. These views are interpretations
based on the Nostratic hypothesis, which recognizes
similarities in a number of languages.
G.M.Telejko cited the manifestations of the lexeme
"water" characteristic of common languages and
analyzed the lexeme on the basis of the Nostratic
hypothesis: in the Indo-
European family: dō(w )
-; in the
Altai family: t`uja; in the Dravidian family: ta; in the Ural
family: to
ɣ
e . The linguist also says that in ancient
times, the stem meaning "water" and "rain" had the
meanings of "to give" and "gift" in its semantic
structure.
studied the voda "water" paradigm, structural-
grammatical changes related to the lexeme, scope of
use of hydronyms and non-alternative cases.
Studies aimed at showing the common characteristics
of lexemes expressing the concept of water between
related languages, the similarity in external (phonetic)
and lexical-grammatical signs of the word have also
been carried out. A. Borisova compares the Russian
and Polish words voda/woda and unites the correlative
themes that unite them into five major groups:
1.Water is a liquid, transparent, clear element
chemically composed of hydrogen and oxygen. This
sema is the dominant sema in which the main meaning
of the word is the basis for the emergence of its
derivative semas in both languages.
2. Water
–
space: the names of places where water
accumulates and exists - pond, lake, river, stream,
canal, river, sea, ocean, etc. based on its composition,
it is divided into main and derivative semes.
3. Water
–
air: this group is one of the aggregate states
of water related to the gas state, and reflects
phenomena related to the same state in nature: steam,
vapor, fog. Dividing these units into main and
derivative semes possible.
4. Water
–
a solid div: this group represents one of
the aggregate states of water in the atmosphere as a
solid div: ice, snow, snowflake, sumac, hail. The
composition of lexemes can be divided into primary
and derived lexemes.
5. Water
–
drops - phenomena falling from the
atmosphere in the form of drops: rain, hail. This
classification of A.Borisova is important in the study of
different language families in a comparative, cross-
sectional aspect.
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However, the researches confirm that there are still
many undiscovered facets and aspects of water-
related words, and the semantic branching of the word
water has not yet been completed. For example, its
special meanings (ecological, technological, chemical)
are neglected. In reality, in the microsystem related to
water, two parallel ecological trends have long been
dominant: cleanliness, purity, contamination with
naturalness, pollution, artificiality.
Since ancient times, the sewage system has played an
important role in the life of our people. There were
earthen, wooden pipes, and underground waterways
that removed used water from houses and urban
areas. Specially constructed devices or structures were
used to collect and discharge underground, rainwater
and polluted water to provide municipal services to the
urban population. We can learn from the information
given in some historical sources that the water
purification system was established in order to keep
the water clean and use it wisely without wasting it.
According to the information given in the informative
brochure "Channels", the people of Khorezm used a
device called a steep pipe to clarify water in the
irrigation system when using water from streams,
canals, and rivers. The length of the vertical pole is
from 50-60 sm to 2 m, the diameter is from 5-10 sm to
30 sm. When the water in the dam (channel) increases,
the flow increases and the range of movement of
heavy particles expands. As a result, these particles
spread to the ditches. At this time, the lower holes of
the vertical column are closed, and the upper holes of
the device are opened so that the upper part of the
flow with less cloudy particles flows. Heavy particles
(sand, stones) sank down, and water flowed into the
ditches. The method of water purification has been
important in the life of our people since ancient times.
Village ruins of the 13th-14th centuries in the area of the
Khoja Ravshan monument in the Mubarak district of
Kashkadarya region, "Tashnov (dashnov)" or "obrez"
is said from the courtyard of Qizbibi house, built in the
30s of the 16th century, with an area of 0,5 hectares,
and the yard of the Qilichboy madrasa, built in 1914 in
the city of Karshi, located 30 km west of Bukhara. , the
remains of a device that served as a special sewage
pipe designed to drain water from the house were
found. Stone is a word with many meanings, the
dictionary defines it as "...a common name for hard,
brittle rocks that are impermeable to water and occur
in a solid mass or fragment ". In the old Turkish
language, this name, which had the same meaning,
was pronounced in the form of ta:sh . Later, the sign of
longing on the vowel a: disappeared and was replaced
by the vowel a : ta:sh-tash-tash . Nov is a Persian word
that means a special channel for water to flow. Used in
the form of ta:sh-nov-tash-nov-tashnov .
In addition, a number of dastsho'(y), hanik, obbandon,
obgoh, obbakhsh, obbandi, obdov, obro'v, obro'ft,
related to today's sewage and water treatment system
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from ancient times. Our people actively used units such
as obeshkhor, obpartov, obrez, obkhona , akindi, tazar,
tashnov (dashnov), tik tokurtka, kholob .
Under the floor of a rich nobleman's house excavated
at a depth of 3,5 m from Dalvarzintepa, 93-98 sm in
length and 42-46 sm in diameter, about twenty tazar
devices were found. Also, from Afrosiyab, from the II-
III centuries Korgontepa Buddhist temple of Tajikistan,
from the Karatepa Buddhist temple in Termiz, from the
ruins of Aikhonim city of Afghanistan, from the IV
century BC, from the ruins of Abdullakhan shaharkala,
the unique "tazar" called "underground water, rain,
sewage and sewage" "special devices made of large,
thick clay clay to collect and take out of the city" were
found. There are written records of the use of tazar in
the construction of arches, hordes, castles, madrasas,
residential architecture, and baths dating back to the
11th-16th centuries.
CONCLUSIONS
So, these words listed above have been widely used in
the daily life of our people, and even now some of
them are found in historical and artistic works. In
addition, it is important to collect words related to
wastewater and its treatment system, which are
widely used in the social life of our people, and to
correctly
classify
them
etymologically
and
morphologically. During the research, it became clear
that wastewater, terms related to it, do not have a
history of special study. Terminological system of the
field is not regulated and lexicographic interpretation
is not developed. There are several sources dedicated
to the study of terms of the field: the terms used in the
course of wastewater and its treatment in textbooks,
training manuals are manifested in different forms and
content in different sources. Certain encyclopedic and
specialized dictionaries containing terms related to
wastewater and its treatment system have some
deficiencies and defects. Dictionaries dedicated to
studying the interpretation of terms related to the field
have not yet been created in Uzbek lexicography. Tazar
the word is not included in the explanatory dictionary,
and the word khalkob is given in the explanatory
dictionaries with the letter x in the form of Khalkob.
There is diversity in the definitions of wastewater and
its treatment system in explanatory dictionaries of the
Uzbek language, and today's lexicography is tasked
with conducting serious research and adapting to the
requirements of the times. The study of these
terminological units related to wastewater and its
treatment system will serve as a resource for the
vocabularies created and created.
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Борисова
А.В.
Особенности
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и польском языке / Филология и
искусствоведение, 2012. –
С. 166
-168.
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