American Journal Of Philological Sciences
130
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
130-132
10.37547/ajps/Volume05Issue04-32
Study of The Phenomenon of Economy in Korean And
Uzbek Languages
Shermatova Sh.A
Korean and Uzbek lecturer of the Department of Korean Philology, Faculty of Oriental Languages, SamSIFL, Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
Received:
18 February 2025;
Accepted:
17 March 2025;
Published:
17 April 2025
Abstract:
This article examines the phenomenon of economy in the Korean and Uzbek languages. It explores the
research works of linguists on language economy, focusing on the shortening of words, phonetic and
morphological reductions. The study compares the linguistic principles of economy, highlighting different
approaches in both languages, including the transformation of word forms and abbreviations. Key concepts like
줄임말
(shortened words) and
약어
(acronyms) are discussed in detail.
Keywords:
Economy, abbreviation, shortened forms,
줄임말
,
준말
,
약어
,
두자어
.
Introduction:
The principle of economy in language
arises from the need of the speaker (individual) to save
their mental and physiological energy by shortening or
omitting linguistic units, reducing the time spent on
communication,
and
eliminating
redundancy.
Examples of this phenomenon can be seen in
expressions such as “Op keling” (come), “buyam” (this
too), and “qong” (stay). The economy in language
manifests in both phonetic and morphological forms.
Phonetic economy includes reductions like “yiri
k-
irik”
(big) or “yigit
-
igit” (young man), where sounds are
omitted. Morphological economy includes cases like
“Olib ber” (give) → “Ober” , “bizim” (our) → “bizning”,
and “sizing” (your) → “sizning”.
METHOD
Economy in language can be categorized as either
linguistic or speech-related. For instance, the direction
case form, which initially was represented as [-qaru],
has today shortened to [-ga]. This is an example of
linguistic economy. Shortened forms like “Olib ber”
(give) → “Ober” , “bizim” (our) → “bizning”, and
“sizing” (your) → "sizning" are examples of speech
-
related economy. In linguistics, there is a tendency to
recognize only speech-related abbreviations as
instances of economy.
The phenomenon of economy serves to ease
communication but does not negatively affect the
scope of the information being conveyed.
The study of language and its changes may have begun
during early human societies, driven by changes in
language systems and the emergence of new
vocabulary, phrases, and expressions. Linguists from
various periods, especially in the 11th century, such as
Mahmud Kashgari, noted the presence of shortened
forms in Turkic languages. For example, Kashgari
described how certain phrases were shortened, like “ol
ewge barag’an ol” (the person who con
tinuously goes
home) and “urag’an” (hit) becoming “uran.”
In the 19th century, as linguistic research developed
into a more scientific field, the need to analyze the
reduction of linguistic units in various languages
emerged. In Uzbek linguistics, the occurrence of
shortened forms was noted as early as the creation of
descriptive and scientific grammars of the language.
Scholars like V.N. Nalivkin, N.P. Ostroumov, A.Fitrat,
and others discussed reductions in words and affixes in
Uzbek. A.N. Kononov’s research in “Grammatika
sovremennogo uzbekskogo literaturnogo yazika”
(Grammar of Modern Uzbek Literary Language)
highlighted the issue of abbreviation and reduction.
V.V. Reshetov’s study "O'zbek tilining fonetikasi" (The
Phonetics of the Uzbek Language) is considered a
significant contribution to the understanding of
phonetic reductions. His research emphasized the
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
131
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps
American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
reduction of vowels and consonants, with an
understanding that such reductions arose to make
pronunciation easier, thus showing a tendency toward
economy in language.
The issue of abbreviation and reduction is also
discussed in the works of contemporary Uzbek linguists
such as D. Nurmonov, whose dissertation focused on
phonetic reductions in the Uzbek language. R.K.
Kungurov and F. Abdullaev also investigated the
stylistic properties of abbreviation in Uzbek, especially
in the case of personal names and other expressions
used in different contexts.
In Korean, abbreviations are classified into two
categories:
줄임말
and
약어
. The distinction between
the two is significant, as junmal refers to all forms of
abbreviation, while yakeo specifically refers to
abbreviations formed from initial letters.
Korean linguistic research on the phenomenon of
abbreviation includes the works of scholars such as
Min-seop Woo (1974), Seung-myung Li (1987), Cheol-ui
Song (1993), Geum-hyeon Moon (2000), Li Ji Yang
(2003), and others. Woo Min-seop, for example,
distinguished
between
broad
and
narrow
abbreviations, categorizing them into five types:
1.
생략
(Omission): Abbreviation through the omission
of syllables, compound words, particles, or endings.
2.
탈락
(Elision): Omission of consonants or vowels.
3.
변이
(Variation): A form of change in the word
structure.
4.
축약
(Shortening): Reduction of the word.
5.
생략과
변이
(Omission and variation): Combining
omission and variation processes.
Seung-Myung Li (1987) classified abbreviation into two
types based on the syllable and phoneme level,
highlighting syllable and phoneme reductions.
Cheol-ui Song (1993) argued that the term abbreviation
should be more precisely defined due to its broad
scope. He proposed that the relationship between
abbreviation, morphology, and phonology be
considered in greater detail.
Li Soyong (1996) and Geum-hyeon Moon (2000)
focused on the occurrence of abbreviations in spoken
Korean and how certain forms tend to appear more
frequently in oral speech.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The phenomenon of language economy, characterized
by the shortening of words, forms, and structures in
both Korean and Uzbek languages, demonstrates
common trends and distinct features. In both
languages, linguistic economy is driven by the human
need to optimize communication, saving time and
effort while maintaining the clarity of meaning. This is
particularly evident in the process of word and affix
reduction.
In the Korean language, the phenomenon of economy
manifests in two primary types of reductions:
줄임말
and
약어
.
줄임말
refers to the general shortening of
words or phrases, which occurs frequently in informal
speech, while
약어
refers specifically to abbreviations
formed from initial letters of words. The study shows
that Korean scholars, such as Woo Min-seop (1974) and
Seung-myung Li (1987), have categorized reductions
based on their phonetic and morphological
transformations. This distinction is important for
understanding how Korean speakers simplify their
speech,
particularly
in
casual
and
digital
communication.
On the other hand, in the Uzbek language, reductions
have been observed both in phonetic and
morphological forms. For example, the dropping of
vowels and consonants in certain word forms, such as
“bizim” becoming “bizn” and “sizing” becoming “sizn”,
reflects a phonetic economy that simplifies
pronunciation without losing the essential meaning of
the words. The research highlights that such reductions
are common in colloquial speech, especially in fast-
paced or informal communication.
Both languages, while showing similarities in the
phenomenon of economy, reveal differences in the
types of reductions and the linguistic rules governing
them. In Uzbek, the focus is often on phonetic
simplification, while in Korean, there is a more defined
structure for abbreviations based on their function
(e.g.,
줄임말
vs
약어
). The study emphasizes that these
linguistic phenomena play an essential role in
enhancing communication efficiency, especially in
modern and informal contexts, including digital
communication.
The research also points out that while linguistic
economy aids in faster communication, it does not
necessarily lead to any loss of information. In fact, it
often makes language more accessible and relatable to
speakers, particularly in fast-paced or casual
environments. Additionally, the study stresses the
importance of understanding how these phenomena
evolve with changes in society, technological
advancements, and shifts in communication patterns.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the phenomenon of economy in both the
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
132
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN
–
2771-2273)
Korean and Uzbek languages demonstrates the
dynamic nature of language as it adapts to the needs of
its speakers. Further research could explore how
technological developments, such as texting and online
communication, continue to influence language
economy and the creation of new forms of
abbreviations and reductions. The phenomenon of
economy, as observed in both the Korean and Uzbek
languages, showcases how speakers tend to simplify
their speech for greater efficiency. This simplification
does not reduce the scope of communication, but
rather makes it easier and quicker to convey
information. The study of abbreviations and reductions
in both languages highlights the universal nature of this
phenomenon and the different ways it has been
studied and categorized by linguists across cultures.
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