Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
34
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article is written about t
he specific features of “Diwan lugat at
-
turk” written by great Turkic writer Mahmud
Kashgari and provides detailed information about the main content and main idea of the work. For each idea, the
article provides an example from the work itself. Then, factual information about the interaction of the work with
other sciences beside linguistics are given and the presented ideas are justified with the speeches of great scientists
and examples from the work. Tables created based on personal research are presented at the end of the article.
KEYWORDS
Written monument, linguistics, folklore, translation studies, dialectology, lexicology, geography, sociology, theology,
history, politics, religious ceremony, mythology.
INTRODUCTION
The creation of “Diwan lugat at
-
turk”, which is
considered to be one of the bright written monuments
of the 11th century, was the greatest of the works
undertaken by Mahmud Kashgari. Because this work is
completely different from other works, it was created
as a cross section of not only linguistics, but also social
and economic sciences that are not at all close to
linguistic fields. It is mentioned in historical and
linguistic sources that Mahmud Kashgari spent almost
two years on the creation of the work, on which he not
Research Article
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE WORK “DIWAN LUGAT AT
-
TURK” BY
MAKHMUD KASHGARI. ASPECTS OF INTERRELATION OF DIFFERENT
SCIENCES
Submission Date:
July 10, 2024,
Accepted Date:
July 15, 2024,
Published Date:
July 20, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue07-07
Parpiboyev Botirali Rahimjon o’g’li
Namangan State University, Independent researcher, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
35
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
only simply combined these sciences and fields, but he
justified evidential and accurate information for each.
METHODS
However, as we all know, although it took two years to
write down this valuable information, Kashgari actually
spent no less than twenty years for writing the work.
According to the sources, the writer visited all the
Turkic lands starting from Kashgar, Movarounnahr,
Khorezm, Ferghana, Bukhara, and extending to the
present Northern Afghanistan for 14 years. He visited
the cities, villages and pastures of the Turkic peoples,
including the Turkmen, Oghuz, Chigil, Yagmo, and
Kyrgyz. Communicating with ordinary people of
different nations, he learned their dialect and
pronunciation. As a result, the work combined
dialectical elements, therefore, the dialectical
similarities and differences of the above-mentioned
Turkic peoples were presented to the reader with
examples. For example, information about the fact
that “yada stone”, which has different names in
diffe
rent dialects of the Turkish people, is called jai taš
in Kazakhs, yada in Uzbek, Mongolian, Altai, Turkmen
languages, saga in Yakut, and chag tash in Tuvan, is
provided in different sources. As the basis of the
science of linguistics, the writer analyzed the internal
features of the language, compared them with the
literary Turkish language, and collected extremely rich
material for his work. He also deeply studied the
grammar of Turkic languages, in particular, word
formation, tense and person-number, synonymy and
other linguistic phenomena, lexical form-forming and
word-forming suffixes occur in many words which are
given in the dictionary part of the work. For example,
when commenting on the verb “o’rko’ldi” found in the
first chapter of the Diwan: “o’rko’ldi –
o’rko’nch bo’lib
o’rko’ldi –
shov-shuv boshlandi, hatto qochish
boshlandi (o’rko’lur, o’rko’lmak” (he became
frightened - a commotion began, even an escape
began) and added some information as an explanation
as the following: “the word “o’rko’ldi” is used in the
modern literary language in the form of “hurkuldi”
(hurkmoq, hurkish). But in some dialects it is still used
in the form of “urkdi” .
One of the main reasons for writing the work is the
science of lexicology, which makes up about 70
percent of the work. In fact, the book is built based on
vocabulary and terms, and stories, sayings, poems and
proverbs are cited to prove that those words were
actively used in the vernacular, in reality. In the preface
of the book, the scientist writes about
this: “I spent
many years visiting the cities, villages and pastures of
the Turks, Turkmen, Oghuz, Chigils, Yagmos, Kyrgyz,
and collected their dictionaries. I found out and studied
the features of different words. I did these things not
because I don't know the language, but to find out
every little difference in these languages. If not, I was
one of the most mature of them in language, the
greatest experts, the wisest, the old tribe, and the
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
36
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
master spearmen in battle. I paid so much attention to
them that the languages of the Turks, Turkmen, Oghuz,
Chigil, Yagmo and Kyrgyz tribes became completely
familiar to me. I arranged them in a completely
thorough manner” .
These proverbs and wise words were given by Kashgari
not only to justify the words, but also to show how high
the level of folklore studies of the Turkic peoples is.
Because every proverb, saying and poem tells about
the lively life, culture, traditions, legends and myths of
the Turkic peoples. For example, while defining and
commenting on the word "ashaqladi" as a dictionary,
Kashgari writes: ashaqladi: ol ani ashaqladi
–
he
considered it insignificant, small. There is a proverb:
jag’ini ashaqlasa, bashqa chiqar –
if his enemy is
considered small, he will come out, that is, he will
destroy the head. Be careful and don't underestimate
the enemy, they say.
So, in order to explain it more clearly to the reader,
Kashgari decorates each word with the folklore of the
culture of that time. Kashgari writes the following in
the book, “I decorated this book
in a special
alphabetical order with wise words, proverbs,
proverbs, literary pieces called rajaz and prose... I
quoted from the wise words and proverbs used in days
of joy and mourning” .
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
Another surprising aspect of Diwan is that, as
mentioned above, Diwan is not only written in one
direction, that is, it does not only reflect literature and
linguistics, but also entails other fields in general, in
particular, geography, history, sociology, and partly
religion and the evidence of these sciences is perfectly
presented by Kashgari in the work. Below, the relation
of “Diwan lugat at
-
turk” to various subjects is shown in
approximate percentages. (These tables were created
based on the author's personal research based on the
work).
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
37
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
18%
22%
11%
5%
44%
Interactions of the Diwan with various
disciplines
Geography
History
Sociology
Religion studies
Linguistics
22%
33%
14%
31%
The relationship of Diwan to the fields of
linguistics
Linguistics
Lexicography
Dialectology
Folklore
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
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:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
During the above-mentioned 14-year scientific
research, the encyclopedig linguist Kashgari visited the
lands of the Turkic tribes, carefully studied their
geographical location, clearly explained the location of
the tribes so that it would be easy for the reader, and
as evidence, he created a geographical map. This work
of Kashgari, in particular, became the most unique
monument centuries later, because because of internal
and external wars and battles took place between the
Turkic tribes in the 11th century when Kashgari lived
and worked, the geographical location of the nomadic
Turkic tribes has partially and completely changed. The
map presented in Diwan has become one of the
reliable sources proving the geographical location of
the Turkic peoples of the 11th century.
A historical approach to the work “Diwan lugat at
-
turk” once again proves that the historical events are
explained in the work based on evidence. The epics and
poems written by the Turkic peoples presented in the
work are based on reality, and according to their
content, they are very close to the epic narratives
describing the inter-tribal battles of the Arabs during
the period of Jahiliyya. They express the courage of the
Turkic tribes to live, tolerance of various difficulties,
mental and physical courage, the skill of using military
tricks in war and battles, courage and bravery in the
field of political struggle, people's sense of wisdom,
love and anger. Mahmud Kashgari expressed them in
lively, hot verses of poems. Also, the poems and
legends about the hero of Alp Er Tunga, which centrally
unite the historical legends in the work, prove our
word that they are historically truthfully told. For
example, the “Alp Er Tunga funeral dirge” presented in
the work proves that Alp Er Tunga was a great person
from both literary and historical point of view.
From the point of view of science, it is known that
sociology (Latin socius - society, Greek logos -
knowledge, education, understanding) is a science
about society as a whole system and about certain
social orders, processes, social groups, individual and
society relations. The aspect of Diwan’s relationship
with this science is closely related to the way of life,
national character, religious and worldly views and
beliefs of the Turkic tribes presented in the Diwan, that
is, Kashgari did not simply quote any folklore or
sentence mentioned in the work, but they reflect the
uniqueness of the Turks. These folkloristic examples,
created based on the mentality and past of the Turkish
people, emphasize that it is a nation that educates and
encourage people to be gentle and polite, show how
hospitable, respectful, honorable the family and
relatives are, who consider the concept of respect and
mercy as the highest concept, and make their young
men brave and valuable. Therefore, through this
valuable information of the great writer, we can find
out how the entire Turkic people's society was formed
today. And this can be a great source of how various
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
34-40
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
branches of sociology, including the state, politics and
culture appeared and formed in the Turkic tribes.
As we study the relationship of this valuable work of
Mahmud Kashgari with various disciplines, the science
of religion cannot be left out. Because while Kashgari
decorates the dictionaries in his work with various wise
words, proverbs, ritual words; he actively uses the
prophet's words, hadiths, prayers, religious rituals
recorded or transmitted by sahobas in the work. For
example, let’s focus on the following sentence from
the Diwan: “I heard this from a reliable
scholar from
Bukhara and another scholar from Nisobur, who
attributed this word to the prophet: when the prophet
spoke about the signs of the apocalypse, the
conspiracies of the end times, and the attack of the
Oghuz Turks, he said: : learn Turkish because their reign
will last long. The responsibility of whether the hadith
is correct or not is on the person who said it. If it is true,
it is wajib (necessary) to learn Turkish: even if the
hadith is not true, reason dictates the need to learn it”
.
In addition to this evidence, the work also contains
mythological theories about the moon, sun, stars, or
stones that emdiv religious views.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is not an exaggeration to say that this
valuable work was created not only by linguistic views,
but also by the collaboration of various disciplines. As
mentioned several times above, these disciplines are
connected by the writer in such a way that it is natural
that the reader cannot know at a glance which
discipline this work is most related to, although
lexicography dominates in the entire gist of the book.
REFERENCES
1.
Махмуд ал
-
Кашгари. Диван лугат аттурк (Свод
тюркских слов). В 1
-
х томах. Т. 1. Пер. с араб. А.Р.
Рустамова под ред. И. В. Кормушина [Текст] /
Махмуд алКашгари. –
М., 2010
2.
Mahmud al-Kashgari, Compendium of the Turkic
Dialects (Diwan Lugat at-Turk), edited and
translated with introduction and indices by Robert
Dankoff, in collaboration with James Kelly.
Cambridge, Mass. [In: Sources of Oriental
Languages and Literatures, ed. Sinasi Tekin.] Part I:
1982 (Pp. xi + 416)
3.
Махмуд ал
-
Кашгари. Диван лугат аттурк (Свод
тюркских слов). В 3
-
х томах. Т. 1. Пер. с араб. А.Р.
Рустамова под ред. И. В. Кормушина [Текст] /
Махмуд алКашгари. –
М., 2010
4.
Ма
ҳ
муд
Кош
ғ
арий
.
“Девону
лу
ғ
отуттурк”
. 1-3-
жилдлар. Таржимон ва нашрга тайёрловчи
Муталлибов.С. –Т: ЎзФА Фан нашриёти. 1960,
1961,1963.
5.
Sattorova. Z.I. About Uzbek Editions Of Dīwān
Lughāt Al
-Turk . The American Journal of Social
Science and Education Innovations. January 17,
2021 | Pages: 92- 99
6.
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiologiya
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
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ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
7.
Devonu lug’otit turk, indeks
-
lug’ati, Istanbul 1915
-17
