Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
137
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Given article is dedicated to actual issues in the sphere of the museum formation in Uzbekistan. Attention is spared
on attempts to the problems of museum pedagogy with that global change, which occurred in world culture. The
questions are considered on searching for the ways of the improvement educational- vospitatelnoy to activity
museum. The author emphasizes the opinion of foreign scientists on the improvement of the system of additional
training in the museum.
KEYWORDS
Museum, education, Uzbekistan.
INTRODUCTION
Today, the number of museums in Uzbekistan is
increasing. In these museums, materials that tell about
the long history of our nation, develop national
ideology and thinking, and are important for raising
national pride and pride among young people are
exhibited. A number of activities are being carried out
in all museums of the country in order to form the
spirituality of young people. However, summarizing
the positive achievements of the museums of
advanced countries in educating young people,
analyzing the positive and negative aspects of the
experience of world museum pedagogy for more than
a century, and developing suitable and specific
programs can be considered as one of the urgent
problems of today. Advanced museums have gone
through several stages of working with young people
Research Article
MUSEUM AND EDUCATION
Submission Date:
July 21, 2024,
Accepted Date:
July 26, 2024,
Published Date:
July 31, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue07-21
Khakimjon Shodmonov
Researcher, National institute Fine arts and Design after named Kamoliddin Behzod, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
138
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
and gained not only practical experience in this matter,
but also created a number of theories and concepts.
While the results of these experiments are studied and
analyzed, it is not necessary to apply them directly. But
the field of museology, which has not yet reached the
level of creating theories, needs to use the models of
world museums. The work done in this regard is
explained step by step below.Improving the
educational system of the republic, increasing the role
of museums in the life of society, training qualified
specialists, solving pedagogical problems in the
museum environment and the educational institution
remains an urgent problem on the agenda. This
situation exists not only in Uzbekistan, but also in most
countries of the world. The practice shows that along
with the growing role of museums in the life of modern
culture and society, the education and training of the
employees working in it lags far behind. Much depends
on
the
specialist's
psychological-pedagogical
preparation, level of knowledge, understanding of
today's socio-cultural situation in working with the
audience.
Scientific analysis shows that public interest in the
museum and its institutional formation began in the
second half of the 19th century. From the same time,
the further development of the museum's work is
connected with the rise of production, industry and the
reform of the educational sector. Today, this
connection is especially manifested in the transition to
information societies by demonstrating modern art
types based on the use of video and computer
technologies.
The interaction of the museum and education is the
result of the cooperation of various fields of science.
Practice shows that the inclusion of the museum in the
general education process not only prepares a person
to live in a rapidly changing world, but also serves to
make him an active participant in the ongoing socio-
cultural processes. D. Reskin and U. Morris, supporters
of the formation of aesthetic taste in human activities
and everyday life, established the first museum of
applied decorative arts in London in 1852. At that time,
the museum's goals were defined as follows:
promotion of art among all categories of society;
raising the level of artistic education; improving the
quality of applied and decorative arts.
In order to create artistic taste in people, museums
start holding events such as lectures-concerts, free
visits, and free public transport. Most importantly, the
process of trying to conceptually explain this type of
activity is observed.
One of the founders of the theory of the educational
tasks of American museums was D. Goodd, who saw
the task of the museum in education as teaching
through objects. Recognizing the differences between
museums of art and natural history, the researcher
emphasized the importance of providing the objects
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
139
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with the necessary written information for the
audience - leaflets, directions, works about the artists.
He also emphasized the need to organize lectures for
the public. In the United States, D. Good's initiatives
were quickly implemented. The first guide to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City was
published in 1906, introducing visitors to the
exhibition. A special manual for teachers was also
published in the same year. Public lectures were held
on weekends. A special issue of the "Metropolitan
Bulletin" on museum education was published, in
which, in addition to discussing the programs
developed for all audiences: students, teachers,
designers, blind and deaf, there was also talk about the
content, level and uniqueness of the public lectures
given to them. Since 1919, specialists have been
practicing in primary and secondary schools and other
educational institutions, taking into account the
specific features of their work.
Taking into account the experience gained in working
with the audience in the United States of America, and
the peculiarities of the goals of art museums, D. Hyde
expressed the importance and activity of the museum
as follows: "The museum should create conditions for
children to gain educational knowledge, and for adults
to have a healthy lifestyle, relax and increase their
knowledge. It should become a treasure of knowledge
for the student and a source of inspiration for the
artist. Its influence should be felt by people in their
homes and reflected in the life of every member of the
society. Based on this experience, specific programs
were developed for different categories of viewers:
public recreation and entertainment; 2. Increasing the
level of knowledge (including art historians, students
and artists); 3. For the benefit of children.
The educational activities of museums in Germany are
characterized by the initiative of some individuals. A.
Lichtwark is considered one of the founders of
European museum pedagogy, not only in Germany.
With his practical work, he greatly contributed to the
spread of educational activities in the field of art and
considered the museum as an educational institution
like a school.
A. Lichtwark began to change the quiet life of the
museum. His successful works include: organization of
amateur courses in fine arts and graphics under the
guidance of professional artists; Forming the
"Hamburg Society of Art Programs" and publishing an
annual
collection,
introducing
art
problems,
photography, artistic decoration of houses, etc. into it;
creating exhibitions dedicated to children's creativity;
create a community of amateur photographers and
create a collection of unique photos; creating a
collection (set) of educational manuals, a toy book
printing machine, etc.; support the work of
contemporary visual arts, including Hamburg artists;
Cooperation in the organization of the Hamburg
Artists' Club; construction of a new large building to
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
140
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
replace the old building of the museum. A.Lichtvark,
who considered the main field of museum work to be
an excursion, tried to organize it on the basis of
dialogue.
G. Freudenthal, who developed the experience of A.
Lichtwark, developed and introduced pedagogical
methods of conducting school classes in the museum
for the first time in the educational activities of
museums. Most importantly, the method provided for
the preparatory and strengthening stages of
pedagogical activity. G.Freudenthal considered the
museum pedagogue as an expert who can organize
the educational process of schoolchildren in the
museum, and recommended introducing the younger
students to local history, natural history and art
museums, and older students to technical and special
museums. In his work, the scientist explains the school
programs of six museum exhibitions in Hamburg. It is
noteworthy that G.Freudenthal was the first to
propose the term "museum pedagogue", he also
emphasized that he should have pedagogical
knowledge and be able to organize the educational
process in the museum environment.
A. Reichwein also dealt with the issue of relations
between the museum and the school. He connects the
success of the pedagogical activity of museums with
the following conditions: the structure of the museum
exposition in harmony with the tasks of school
education; the arrival of the teacher with the class to
the museum must be agreed in advance; good creative
communication between the teacher and the class in
the museum; that teachers focus on the museum in
their creative associations; the participation of the
scientific staff of the museum in the training of
teachers; that the museum should be open to teachers
of various professions as an educational institution . At
the same time, A. Reichwein emphasizes that it is not
necessary to fill the museum with textbooks, but to
create expositions on the topics required by the school
on the basis of the general museum collection.
Germany's contribution to museum pedagogy is
generally positive, and some aspects of it can still be
used today.
A. Bakushinsky, who considered the work in the
museum as a pedagogical process, emphasized the
need to take into account the age characteristics of the
audience, the need to treat the audience not as an
"object of influence", but first of all as a partner. In his
practical work, he paid special attention to the
methods of conducting excursions, and expressed his
thoughts on this in the work "Museum - Aesthetic
Excursions". During the excursion, the teacher must
meet three mandatory conditions: - to fully understand
the importance of the work of art; - knowledge of the
historical-artistic nature of the work of art; - the ability
to find a psychological way to the heart of the
audience.
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
141
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Museums should take into account the theoretical
aspects of education in their activities. In the
educational activity of modern museums, it is
necessary to see three directions: understanding,
creative and social. Art has a special place in the social
formation of a person, and its high examples are
collected in art museums. Art, which is a connecting
tool between times and cultures, increases the
experience of understanding the environment, not
only educates a person, but also first of all gives him
new unknown knowledge.
The next period of educational activities of museums -
the International Organization for Cultural Affairs
UNESCO was associated with the idea of attracting a
wide range of children and adolescents to European
museums. The special "Problem Group" created under
the International Council of Museums started
organizing a number of events and exhibitions, dealing
with children and teenagers. It was not for nothing that
the UNESCO conferences in 1948-1958 (Paris, London,
Bergamo, Berlin, Athens, etc.) were dedicated to the
role of the museum in education. The official organ of
the International Council of Museums, the magazine "
Museum s", published a wide range of opinions and
suggestions on the problem, helping to solve the
practical aspects of the problem. At the conferences of
the International Council of Museums, issues of
working with children in the museum were
approached from the perspective of the problem of
democratization of education. In this regard, special
attention was paid to mutual relations and cooperation
between the museum and the school. The reason is
that it was concluded that the programs for training
qualified specialists for museums do not meet modern
requirements.
One of the efforts to solve the problem was the
publication of the monograph "The Museum and the
Teacher" by the International Council of Museums,
which was intended for pedagogical institutes. It
provides information about the role of the museum in
the educational process, methods of training museum
teachers in different countries. In particular, H. Rose
reveals the possibilities of the museum in mastering
history, geography, literature, natural sciences, art,
design, singing lessons.
Modern concepts of the educational activities of
museums are described from the point of view of the
"communication" theory, which entered the scientific
field in the late 1940s. Its creation can be traced back
to two sources. One of them is the mathematical
theory of communication developed by K. Shannon in
1949, which defines the main elements of information
transmission. The second is the works of the
philosopher M. McLuhan, in which there was a direct
mention of museum communication in the dialogue
between museums and the audience. D. Cameron, the
director of the Calgary City Museum, was a scientist
who directly studied the concept of communication for
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
142
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the museum. The scientist who put this concept into
practice in the 60s of the last century proposed to look
at the museum as a means of communication between
the audience and the exhibits. On the basis of this
process, on the one hand, the viewer's ability to
understand the "language" of objects in the museum,
and on the other hand, the ability of museum experts
to express their own thoughts freely. D.Cameron
developed a number of proposals for establishing
mutual cooperation with the audience, which are at
the center of communication systems in the
organization of museum activities. The process of
increasing the number of visitors to the museum and
"rejuvenating" its contents made it possible to test the
theory of museum communication in practice and to
identify its weak points. During this period, not only the
audience's communication with the museum, but also
the issues of aesthetic development and artistic
education of the young generation grew. The
widespread popularity of museums requires the
renewal of their traditional expositions. As a result of
the demands of the audience, the activity of the
exhibitions increased sharply, especially the interest in
the art of the 20th century, its various aspects, as well
as the technical achievements of the period increased.
Therefore, the connection of museums with general
education schools, firstly, educates students in the
spirit of respect for spiritual heritage, and secondly,
increases the effectiveness of education. Because
interdisciplinary connection with museum expositions
increases students' thinking ability, visual memory,
creative imagination, and aesthetic taste.
In
museums, students are introduced to things that they
read about but have never seen before. Of course, it is
important to pay attention to its specific features when
working with museum expositions.
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Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
143
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
137-143
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
5.
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