Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
24
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article reveals the chronology of the emergence and development of a set of terms and hypotheses that reveal
the branches of the knowledge economy from the very beginning of the research. The findings of the first and second
waves of research into the knowledge economy are presented.
KEYWORDS
Economics of knowledge, two waves of research, Information society, information economy, knowledge
management, Network society, Knowledge-based economy.
INTRODUCTION
The use of the term “knowledge economy” began in
1962, meaning a sector of the economy focused on
“knowledge production” and was coined by the
American economist Fritz Machlup.
The realities of a globalizing world open up new
aspects for us to understand this new type of
economy. Moreover, knowledge in it is presented as a
product, a factor of production, an object or means of
distribution, a means of accumulation, a result of
activity, etc. The competitiveness of national
economies increasingly depends on their ability to
produce and use knowledge, since knowledge,
education and innovation are the main indicators of
economic growth. Many countries have adopted
Research Article
FORMATION OF CONCEPTS AND CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMY ACTING AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
REGIONAL ECONOMY
Submission Date:
October 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 11, 2023,
Published Date:
October 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue10-05
Namazova Nodira Djumaevna
PhD Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
25
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
policies related to the production of knowledge and its
transformation into wealth, stimulating the growth
and competitiveness of their economies.
As the results of numerous foreign researchers show,
93% of changes in the path of economic growth in
countries are due to dependence on the knowledge
factor in the economy.
In sequence, these studies examine a variety of terms
used to describe similar concepts associated with:
-
the economy of knowledge (Drucker, 1969-1999);
-
knowledge industry (Mahlup, 1962-1970);
-
information economics (Porat, Rubin, 1977);
-
network society (Castells, 1997);
-
knowledge management (Nonaka, Takeuchi, 1995;
Davenport, 2005).
All proposed terms as a whole constitute the structure
of an economy built on knowledge. However, 60 years
after F. Machlup's seminal work on the knowledge
economy, “Knowledge Production and Dissemination
in the United States” [5], we are approaching an
understanding of this new type of economy with
greater visual practical experience.
THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
According to the conclusions of the American scientist
B. Godin, the results of KE research can be divided into
two periods of research: 1 - work from 1962 to the end
of the 1970s by F. Machlup, W. Mansfield, R. Drucker,
D. Bell, M. Porat and M. Rubin, and 2 - well-known
works from the mid-1990s. to this day I. Nonaka, H.
Takeuchi, Von Krogh, T. H. Davenport, L. Prusak and S.
E. Volpel, Van Dyck, M. Castells and other researchers.
The findings of the second stage of work revived the
research of the first stage in accordance with the
changes in emphasis in the structure of the knowledge
economy.
Analytical work on the study of trends in the
component and structural development of the
knowledge economy of the countries of the United
Nations
Educational,
Scientific
and
Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) and the Organization for
Economic Cooperation for Development (OECD) also
has a certain significance.
Conclusions of the first stage of research into the
knowledge economy.
Fritz Machlup, in his work “The Production and
Dissemination of Knowledge in the United States,”
defined knowledge and defined the category of the
usefulness of knowledge not only for use in production
in creating the knowledge industry, but also in the
multidimensional perspective of the development of
society. In 1970, he, together with W. Mansfield,
proposed the conclusion that it is education that
provides an important impetus in organizing a society
that relies on information and knowledge to create
new jobs and contributes to economic growth, while
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
26
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the importance of the knowledge sector is
increasing.[4, 7]
Peter Drucker, an Austrian economist, coined the term
“knowledge worker” in 1959. Based on the findings of
F. Machlup and W. Mansfield, he published his work
“The Age of Gap,” where the term “knowledge
workers who mainly work with their heads and
produce ideas, knowledge and information” was first
used [4], describing changes in the US economy in the
1930s, when R&D departments were just blossoming in
organizations. American sociologist Daniel Bell, in turn,
put forward a hypothesis about the “information
society” (IS
- Information society) and the importance
of information and education in the creation of
knowledge. [2]
In 1977, Mark Uri Porat and Michael Rubin coined the
term “information economy” (IE), identifying that the
creation, processing and dissemination of information
was rapidly becoming a major economic activity.
Moreover, they revealed the acceptability of this
definition for all countries of the world, regardless of
the level of development. [16].
Conclusions of the second stage of research into the
knowledge economy.
I. Nonaki and his colleagues presented knowledge as
valuable products produced by knowledge workers.
They, based on the philosophical and methodological
concept of the British philosopher Michael Polanyi,
divided human knowledge into “explicit knowledge
and implicit knowledge”. Where "explicit knowledge"
is coded knowledge that can be transferred. And “tacit
knowledge” is acq
uired only on the basis of experience
and is transmitted only indirectly, through analogies.
Von Krogh later hypothesized that successful
knowledge creation activities are supported by the
Nonaka
–
Takeuchi SECI (Socialization, Externalization,
Combination and Internalization) model, an acronym
for socialization, externalization, combination, and
internalization. The works of I. Nonaka, Takeuchi and
Von Krogh serve as the basis for the branch of science
“knowledge management” (KM
- Knowledge
Management) [14].
“Socialization” is the exchange of
tacit knowledge. “Externalization”
- tacit knowledge is
converted into explicit knowledge by giving it a form
that is understandable to other people. “Combination”
- clearly expressed knowledge takes on even more
complex forms, becomes part of an even larger
system. “Internalization” –
explicit knowledge is
accepted by individuals in addition to the tacit
knowledge they have. Thus, the authors of the SECI
model consider knowledge generation to be a social
process.
Expanding on the research data, T.H. Davenport and L.
Prusak noted that knowledge workers play a more
important role in contributing to business strategy
than to management.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
27
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Dutch information sociologist Jan van Dijk introduced
the term “network society” (NS
- Network society) as
“a social formation with an infrastructure of social and
media networks, providing its primary mode of
organization at all levels (individual, group, public),”
arguing that society is in the process of becoming a
network society. His colleague Manuel Castells argued
that the spread of network logic significantly changes
operations and outcomes in the processes of
production, experience, power and culture" [3]
UNESCO gives preference to the concept of
“knowledge societies” (KS
- Knowledge societies). The
OECD
coined
the
term
“Knowledge
-based
economies”, defining KBE as “an economy that is
directly based on the production, distribution and use
of knowledge and information”, representing the
emergence of a “super” economy based on
knowledge. [18]
The European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD), in turn, promotes the concept of
the knowledge economy as part of economic
development. The key elements here are the Internet
of Things (IoT - Internet of Things) or digitalization. And
to measure the development of the knowledge
economy, the Bank has compiled the EBRD Knowledge
Economy Index, covering 46 countries, divided into
four main components: long-term knowledge
activities: (1) innovation institutions, (2) skills for
innovation, (3) innovation system and (4) ICT
infrastructure.
For example, in 2019 the EBRD published a knowledge
economy index, which assessed 38 countries with
which it cooperates. Among the EBRD's regions of
operations, Estonia has the highest scores - 6.82 out of
10, Russia - 4.93, Turkey - 4.6, Belarus - 5.21, Kazakhstan
- 4.85, Uzbekistan - 3.82 , and the lowest in
Turkmenistan
–
2.26.
The methods were developed by two international
organizations, the OECD and the World Bank. The
World Bank uses a method that includes 148 indicators
for 148 countries. Based on these methods, The KAM
Knowledge Index (KI) and The Knowledge Economy
Index (KEI) were created.
Thus, terms were gradually introduced and continue to
develop to describe the knowledge economy and
society or a variant of such an economy and society:
knowledge industry; knowledge economy; post-
industrial society; information worker, information
society; information industry, information economy;
knowledge management; knowledge-based economy;
network society; knowledge society.
According to L. Brown (2008), the theoretical basis of
the social economy, which includes the knowledge
economy, should be considered as follows:
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
28
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
- is a branch of economics that deals with the
relationship between social behavior, human well-
being and the economy;
is not a heterodox school of economics (such as
classical or neoclassical theories), and it often takes
into account subjects outside the scope of orthodox
economic theories. [1]
Thus, social economics encourages people and society
to use resources to meet human and social needs,
including humanity, changes in educational and
economic development, and the promotion of thinking
and innovation. I. Nasiulasa and N. Marisb join this
opinion.[12]
However, it is believed that a critical aspect has been
missed by both the first and second waves of
knowledge economy research. This is a matter of the
health of the country's population: in order to build a
strong and progressive economy, there must be a
good health care system that needs to be taken care
of, not only for knowledge workers, but also for the
population as a whole. Investing in health is not only
desirable; this is an important priority for most
societies. The Covid-19 pandemic has proven this. The
effectiveness of healthcare depends heavily not only
on the economy, but also on the healthcare systems
themselves. The knowledge economy is generally
considered to be a social economy.
Researchers Kwee Keong Chung, Patricka W. Leung, P.
Aghion, R. Blundell, R. Griffith, P. Howitt and S. Prantl
argue that growing interest in the knowledge economy
means economists are challenged to move beyond
labor and capital as central factors of production.[5]
It follows that the knowledge economy is a branch of
the social economy that is associated with social
innovation, support in knowledge and technology and
the use of new types of production of knowledge
products or the use of new markets that transfer them
to the sphere of economic innovation. In today's
complex, competitive and turbulent environment, the
need for product and process innovation is widely
recognized, and organizations are required to embrace
new technologies and implement timely innovations in
anticipation of changes in the market, rather than in
response to business decline.
CONCLUSION
Thus, activities should be developed to encourage
developing countries to use knowledge, to create and
share knowledge among countries to take advantage
of the benefits that such economies provide.
REFERENCES
1.
Браун, Л. (2008). Университет Маунт
-
Сент
-
Винсент,
исследовательская
сеть
по
социальной экономике и устойчивому
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
29
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
развитию
.
http://www.msvu.ca/socialeconomyatlantic .
2.
Bell, D. (1979). The social framework of the
information society. In M. L. Dertoozos & J.
Moses (Eds.), The computer age: A 20 year
view (pp. 500
–
549). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
3.
Choriyeva M. A. THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE AND
RATIONALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF
FIRDAVSI //European International Journal of
Pedagogics.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 06. –
С. 104
-108.
4.
Castells, M. (2010). End of millennium, the
information age: Economy, society and culture
Vol.
III.
2nd.
Edition,
Wiley-Blackwell,
Cambridge, MA.
5.
Drucker, P. (1992a). The Age of Discontinuity. N
Y: Guidelines to our changing society. Harper &
Row.
6.
Chorieva M. A. STATE OF STUDY OF THE
PROBLEM AND THE METHODOLOGICAL BASIS
OF THE RESEARCH //The American Journal of
Political Science Law and Criminology.
–
2023.
–
Т. 5. –
№. 04. –
С. 82
-92.
7.
Machlup, F. (1962). The production and
distribution of knowledge in the United States.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8.
Chorieva M. A. STATE OF STUDY OF THE
PROBLEM AND THE METHODOLOGICAL BASIS
OF THE RESEARCH //The American Journal of
Political Science Law and Criminology.
–
2023.
–
Т. 5. –
№. 04. –
С. 82
-92.
9.
Machlup, F., & Mansfield, U. (1970). The Study
of information: Interdisciplinary messages. NY:
John Wiley and Sons.
10.
Nasioulasa, I., & Marisb, N. (2011). Toward the
digital social economy: Institutionalizing
collective action in the ever-evolving web.
Sociology Study, 1(5), 340
–
345.
11.
Нонака И. и Такеучи Х. (2011).
-
Компания
-
Создатель Знания. Зарождение и Развитие
Инноваций
В
Японских
Фирмах.
Издательство: Олимп
-
Бизнес, 2011 г. 384с.
12.
Нонака, И., и фон Крог, Г. (2009).
Перспективно
-
молчаливое
знание
и
преобразование
знаний:
полемика
и
продвижение
в
теории
создания
организационного знания. Организационная
наука, 20 (3), 635–
652.
13.
Porat, M. U., Rubin, M. R. (1977). The
information
economy.
Office
of
Telecommunications Special Publication 77-12,
United States Department of Commerce,
Washington DC.
14.
Dzhumaevna N. N. CHALLENGES OF THE
MARKET IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF
INNOVATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL METHODS
FOR THE FORMATION OF THE LABOR AREA OF
YOUTH //Journal of Social Sciences and
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
30
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Humanities Research Fundamentals.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 05. –
С. 82
-86.
15.
Namazova N. D. Indicative Planning As A Model
For Creating Conditions For Increasing
Interaction Of Economic Subjects In Regional
Management //Journal of Positive School
Psychology.
–
2022.
–
Т. 6. –
№. 8. –
С. 7814
-
7818.
16.
Namazova N. D. WAYS TO SATISFY THE NEEDS
OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE TERRITORIES IN
INNOVATIVE
AND
COMPETITIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR POTENTIAL
OF YOUTH //European International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies.
–
2022.
–
Т. 2. –
№. 08. –
С. 66
-72.
17.
Nizamov A. B., Namazova N. D. Towards
modernization of market competence of
graduates of secondary specialized, vocational
education //55th Science Conference of Ruse
University, Bulgaria.
–
2016.
–
С. 261
-266.
18.
Namazova N. THE ROLE OF THE MODERN
UNIVERSITY IN THE KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
РОЛЬ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ВУЗА В ТРАНСФЕРЕ
ЗНАНИЙ //Proceedings of university of ruse. –
2016.
–
Т. 55.
19.
Намазова,
Нодира
Джумаевна.
"Пути
повышения качественных составляющих
использования
трудового
потенциала
малого предпринимательства." Journal of
new century innovations 3.2 (2022): 197-206.
20.
Намазова
Н.
Д.
ИНДИКАТОРЫ
В
РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ
ПЛАНИРОВАНИИ
КАК
ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ
СОЧЕТАНИЯ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ С
РЫНОЧНЫМ
САМОРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕМ
//Herald pedagogiki. Nauka i Praktyka.
–
2022.
–
Т. 2. –
№. 4.
21.
Намазова Н. Д. Место современного вуза в
развитии
региональной
инновационной
системы //Gospodarka i Innowacje. –
2022.
–
Т.
24.
–
С. 916
-925.
22.
Akhmedova Z. A. THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN
EXISTENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF NATURE IN
THE PHILOSOPHY OF AHMAD DONISH
//Oriental Journal of Social Sciences.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 03. –
С. 53
-58.
23.
UNESCO.
(2003).
Towards
knowledge
societies. (by Abdul Waheed Khan (General
sub-director of UNESCO for ¬Communication
and Information)). In A World of Science 1(4),
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organizations, Paris.
24.
Akhmedova Z. A. THE CONTRIBUTION OF
AHMAD DONISH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EDUCATION IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA
//The American Journal of Political Science Law
and Criminology.
–
2023.
–
Т. 5. –
№. 04. –
С. 64
-
72.
25.
Akhmedova Z. A. PHILOSOPHY IN THE WORK
OF AKHMAD DONISH //Oriental Journal of
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
31
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
24-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
History, Politics and Law.
–
2022.
–
Т. 2. –
№. 04.
–
С. 29
-35.
