Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
33
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
33
-43
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The influence of swimming on the somatometric and physiometric parameters of school-age children was studied. It
is shown that systematic swimming exercises affect div weight, chest circumference, increase the muscle strength
of the back and hands. The data obtained indicate that morphological changes in adolescents depend on the duration
of swimming lessons. Swimming exercises have a healing effect, affect the functions of the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems. The vital capacity of the lungs, the indicators of breath holding in adolescents involved in
swimming, were higher than in non-swimming children.
Research Article
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF
YOUNG SWIMMERS
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 05, 2022,
Published Date:
November 15, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue11-06
Lola M. Saidbaeva
Doctor Of Biological Sciences, Professor Department Of Human Physiology And Life Safety, Andijan State
University, Andijan, Uzbekistan
Madinakhon A. Kholmirzaeva
Phd In Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Department Of Human Physiology And Life Safety Andijan
State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan
Rano A. Aliyeva
Senior Lecturer Department Of Human Physiology And Life Safety, Andijan State University, Andijan,
Uzbekistan
Sokhibakhon Sirojiddinova
Senior Lecturer Department Of Human Physiology And Life Safety Andijan State University Andijan,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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SJIF
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(2021:
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)
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6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Blood pressure indicators after exercise indicate increased adaptive capabilities of the div of young swimmers,
depending on the duration of swimming lessons.
The conclusion is made about the importance of a comprehensive study of somatometric and functional indicators of
the div of children and adolescents involved in swimming to assess the individual level of their health.
KEYWORDS
Swimming, somatomedin indicators, children, teenagers.
INTRODUCTION
The study of the influence of sports physical activity on
the
characteristics
of
the
morphofunctional
development of children and adolescents is one of the
topical issues of age-related physiology. School years
are an important stage in a person's life. During this
period, the development of physiological systems,
especially the motor apparatus, is completed. In the
process of forming the basic motor qualities, it is
important to observe the adequacy of the load to the
age-related functional capabilities of the div
[12,2001], in addition, it is necessary to take into
account the age-sex and individual characteristics of
children and adolescents, as well as the reserve
capabilities of their div at different stages of
development.
Despite the large number of works devoted to the
influence of physical activity on the development of
children and adolescents, there is not enough data
from a comprehensive study of somatometric and
physiometric indicators under the influence of various
sports, including systematic swimming.
The purpose of this work was to study the effect of
swimming
lessons
on
the
morphofunctional
development of children and adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The study involved students involved in swimming in a
special
ized children’s and youth school of the Olympic
reserve in Andijan.
The first group included students of grades
1,3,4,5,6,8,9 involved in swimming.
In the second series, adolescents aged 13-14 were
studied, depending on the duration of swimming
lessons. In this series, one group (I) consisted of
adolescents who have been swimming for 1 month
(initial group). The second included teenagers who
have been swimming for about 6 months. The third
group consisted of teenagers who have been
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VOLUME
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SJIF
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(2021:
5.
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(2022:
6.
015
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OCLC
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METADATA
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
swimming for more than a year. Each group had 12-15
swimmers.
All
subjects
underwent
somatometric
and
physiometric measurements.
Somatometric studies.
The measurements were carried out using carefully
tested measuring instruments: scales, stadiometer,
standing and manual dynamometers, centimeter tape.
Height measurement (div length) was carried out
using a vertical stadiometer.
Determination of div weight was carried out without
outerwear. Weighing was carried out on floor
electronic scales with an accuracy of 0.1 kg.
The circumference of the chest was measured at rest
(breath pauses), during inhalation and exhalation using
a centimeter tape.
The muscle strength of the back and the muscle
strength of the hands were measured using the
deadweight and hand dynamometers.
Methods for assessing physiological functions.
To assess physiological functions, measurements of
blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) ± were
performed using the Korotkov method.
Vital capacity (VC) was measured spirometrically.
Breathing rate and breath holding with a stopwatch.
Measurements were taken before and after standard
physical activity. As a standard exercise.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Swimming is one of the effective means of promoting
health and physical development of a person.
Systematic swimming lessons have a number of
physiological features, which are determined by many
factors such as the physical properties of water,
physical and chemical characteristics: bulk density,
density, viscosity, the child’s div when swimming,
being in a horizontal position, functions in easier
conditions
compared
to
land.
The
relative
incompatibility of the div in water unloads the
musculoskeletal system, develops coordination of
movements, and has a positive effect on the
functioning of the cardiovascular system. The
horizontal position of the div improves venous
outflow and redistribution of blood within the vascular
bed. The absence of static stresses, the massaging
effect of the water flow provides additional blood flow
to the internal organs, including the heart muscle from
the vessels of the skin.
Staying in water also affects the thermoregulation of
the child's div. Conducting swimming lessons in
water with a temperature of 26-28, leads to an increase
in metabolism, the development of an adequate
response of the div to increased heat transfer. It is
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SJIF
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)
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6.
015
)
OCLC
–
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METADATA
IF
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5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
especially useful for improving the div's defenses
against adverse external influences.
Swimming also affects the activity of the excretory
organs, which function in water with a greater load
than on land, which leads to an increase and
improvement in the drainage function of the kidneys.
The aquatic environment has a significant impact on
the function of the respiratory system. Mechanical
impact, as well as the difference in water pressure on
the upper and lower parts of the div leads to a
significant increase in the strength of the respiratory
muscles, chest mobility, VC, etc.
Swimming exercises have a positive effect on the state
of the central nervous system, contribute to the
formation of a balanced and strong type of nervous
activity. Evidence of the healing effect of swimming
can serve as examples of the treatment of certain
diseases associated with metabolism, in the initial
stages of diseases of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems, to improve and correct
posture in scoliosis, lordosis, for the treatment of
osteochondrosis [6,2005].
Currently, there are a sufficient number of works
devoted to the study of the physical and functional
fitness of swimmers [4,1996].
In the course of many years of swimming training,
young swimmers aged 8-13 years old showed a
pronounced decrease in heart rate compared to
children not involved in sports; in children involved in
swimming at the age of 12-13 years, a significant
decrease in heart rate was revealed at the stage of
special training.
In a state of relative rest, children from 8 to 13 years old
who go in for swimming show a significant increase in
heart rate.
As a result of numerous studies of sports selection in
sports swimming, ideas have been formed about the
specific requirements imposed by this sport on the
div and motor abilities of athletes and a number of
genetic
morphological
indicators
have
been
determined that allow assessing the prospects of
swimmers at a specific stage of long-term training
[5,2006]. It has been shown that athletic achievements
in swimming depend on the characteristics of the
physique - div size, proportions, constitutional type,
which determine buoyancy and hydrodynamic qualities
and indirectly indicate strength (circumference
dimensions of bodies, the value of muscle strength,
composition of muscle fibers) and functional (VC, ratio
of VC to div weight, active div mass, composition
of muscle fibers) potencies of swimmers. The speed of
swimming in different ways and at different distances
also depends on the characteristics of the physique,
physical and functional fitness.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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SJIF
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6.
015
)
OCLC
–
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METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
However, the forecast of sports fitness in terms of
morphological and physiological indicators in
swimming is still far from the requirements of the time.
This is especially true for the forecast after the initial
training period, the accuracy of such a forecast does
not exceed 30-35%. Therefore, increasing the reliability
and accuracy of an individual prediction of sports
fitness after a period of initial training by including a
complex of physiological and morphological indicators
seems to be relevant.
Therefore, the study of physiological changes in the
div of young swimmers is important for predicting
the effect of this sport on the development of the
child’s div.
In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study
the physiological and morphological criteria for the
selection of students involved in swimming.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the first series of the study, the influence of
swimming on the physical development of students of
various classes was studied.
According to our data, the growth rates of children of
primary school age involved in swimming practically
did not differ from those of students in the control
group: in the first grade it was 123.0 ± 1.5 cm, in the
second - 133.0 ± 4.2 cm, in the 3rd 134.0±6.4 cm. Similar
results were obtained when measuring div weight:
25.6±1.2 kg, 28.0±2.1 kg, 31.0±3.2 kg, respectively.
The volume of the chest in students of grades 1 and 3
at rest differed slightly: 59.3±1.7 cm and 61.6±2.5 cm,
respectively. With a deep breath of 3rd grade students,
it was 65.3±1.5 cm. This indicator was higher than in
children of the 1st grade by an average of 3 cm. With a
deep breath, a similar picture was observed. Significant
changes were observed in students of the 4th grade: at
rest 64.3±2.5 cm; with deep inspiration 68.6 ± 2.2 cm,
deep exhalation 61.3 ± 2.2 cm.
The age period from 5 to 9 classes refers to
adolescence. It should be noted that most modern
teenagers spend almost all their time with the phone in
their hands, as a result of which they develop
hypodynamia - a lack of movement. One of the factors
that strengthen the div is swimming, which affects
not only the physiological, but also the psychological
state of the div.
The growth of students in grades 8 was 153.0±1.2 cm,
in grades 9 - 160.0±0.7. The div weight of students in
grades 9 compared with students in grades 8 was on
average 1.1 kg more. The volume of the chest at rest in
9th grade students was 0.7 cm more than in 8th grade
students. Differences were also found in these
indicators during deep inspiration and expiration.
When swimming, along with the foot, the hands also
experience a large load. Therefore, carrying out
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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SJIF
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)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
dynamometry, the strength of the hands is an
important indicator of the capabilities of the
musculoskeletal system. It is known that when
performing swimming movements with arms and legs,
almost all the muscles of the div are involved in the
work, which contributes to the harmonious
development of muscles.
In our studies, the greatest increase in the strength of
the hands was observed in students in grades 8-9. The
strength of the right hand of pupils of the 8th grade
averaged 17.6±1.8 kGm, the strength of the left hand
was 13.3±0.5 kGm; in students of grade 9 26.3 ± 0.7 kGm
and 21.8 ± 0.9 kGm, respectively.
Thus, swimming classes affect the morphological
parameters of the div. An increase in growth, div
weight and dynamometry of the hands in students of
grades 8-9 was shown.
Swimming also has a positive effect on the functioning
of the cardiovascular system: it improves blood
circulation, optimizes heart rate and normalizes blood
pressure. As a result of swimming, pressure decreases,
the elasticity of blood vessels increases, and the stroke
volume of the heart increases. Those who
systematically go in for swimming have a decrease in
heart rate to 60 or less beats per minute. In this case,
the heart muscle works more powerfully and
economically. Thus, positive changes in the work of the
heart under the influence of swimming lead to a faster
delivery of oxygenated blood to distant parts of the
div and internal organs, which improves overall
metabolism. However, it must be borne in mind that
the child's heart quickly gets tired when stressed, is
easily excited and does not immediately adapt to the
changed load, the rhythm of its contractions is easily
destroyed, so the teenager’s div needs frequent rest.
These features of the cardiovascular system of a
teenager should be taken into account when choosing
physical exercises [15.2013].
Indicators of maximum blood pressure in students of
grades 8-9 practically did not differ: 95.0±3.4 mm Hg
and 95.0±3.6 mm Hg, respectively. The minimum
arterial pressure was 55.0±3.6 mmHg in 8th grade
students and 60.0±2.3 mmHg in 9th grade students.
The data obtained indicate the absence of deep
differences among students of this age, which
indicates a high reactivity of this indicator. Heart rate
decreased with age.
During swimming, a person takes a full breath and
exhale due to the pressure of the water. As a result,
such breathing exercises strengthen the lungs, train
the bronchi and alveoli, increase the elasticity of the
lungs, increase the size of the chest and the vital
capacity of the lungs.
The vital capacity of the lungs in 8th grade students
was 2500.0±123.7 ml, in 9th grade students it was
2733.0±148.6 ml.
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SJIF
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6.
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In children of primary school age, this figure averaged
1466.6±41.2 ml in grade 1, 1600.0±50.0 ml in grade 3,
and 1800.0±84.6 ml in grade 4. The respiratory rate
decreased with age and amounted to an average of
20.3 ± 0.5 per minute in 9th grade students. With
increasing age, along with a decrease in the frequency
of breathing, the depth and its minute volume
increase.
In the second series, the influence of the duration of
swimming lessons on the physical development of
adolescents was studied. As mentioned above,
adolescents involved in swimming for 1 month (initial
group), 6 months and more than 1 year.
The data obtained showed that in these groups of
subjects, the growth was practically the same: in the
first group it was 148.3±7.2 cm; in the second -148.5±3.3
cm; in the third -151.1±3.0 cm. Similar results were
obtained when measuring div weight: in a child of
the first group - 31.6 ± 7.2 kg; in the second -38.5±2.5 kg;
in the third - 38.4±1.7.
Measuring the circumference of the thigh showed that
as a result of prolonged training, it is significantly
compacted in size. In adolescents of the first and
second groups, these indicators are the same, and in
swimmers of the third group, they are relatively higher
(p ‹0.001). Large differences in the
development of
muscle strength were found in terms of back muscle
strength. So, if in the initial group the muscular
strength of the back was 29.4 ± 0.2 kg, and in the
second - 32.9 ± 0.1 kg, then long-term systematic
swimming lessons significantly increased this indicator
in adolescents of the third group - 45.2 ± 0.1 kg.
The indicators of the volume of the chest at rest during
inhalation and exhalation in adolescents of the first
two groups practically did not differ, in the third group
of subjects an increase in these indicators was
observed (p<0.001).
The data of series 1 and 2 of experiments indicate that
tangible morphological changes in the div in
adolescents manifest themselves through fairly long
swimming lessons.
Swimming is a sport that develops speed, coordination
and strength abilities of the div. The elementary
types of speed abilities include: the speed of a simple
and complex motor reaction, the speed of performing
an individual movement and the maximum frequency
(tempo) of unweighted movements.
The physiological basis of speed abilities is the optimal
level of excitability and functioning of the central
nervous system, the perfection of the coordination
mechanisms of the motor apparatus, the mobility of
nervous processes, the ability of muscles to contract
quickly and quickly move from excitation to relaxation.
Speed abilities are brought up along with agility and
coordination.
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Publisher:
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Servi
The means of strength training include various
exercises with overcoming opposition. Various
isometric (static) exercises are also used.
The study of the effect of the duration of swimming
lessons on the functions of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems showed that VC in the third
group of adolescents was higher (2000.0 ± 200.0 ml)
than in adolescents of the first and second groups
(1600.0 ± 100.0 ml and 1600.0±220.0 ml respectively).
The indicators of breath holding in young swimmers of
the first and second groups are almost the same, and
the indicators of the third group are significantly
higher. This indicates that systematic swimming
lessons for several years give good results for the
development of the cardio-respiratory system
(p<0.01).
The respiratory rate in swimmers of all three groups
was almost the same after exercise. After physical
activity, the children of the first group showed an
increase in the frequency of breathing, and the children
of the third group had slight changes in the respiratory
rate, since their breathing was not as frequent as that
of the swimmers of the first group.
The results of both series of studies showed that in a
state of relative muscle rest, the rate of gas exchange
and external respiration did not change significantly.
These data indicate a high oxygen cost of a standard
load in young athletes and its decrease in the middle
and older age groups, which can be assessed as a
consequence of age characteristics, as well as the
result of training of highly qualified older athletes. This
can be confirmed by more pronounced changes in
pulmonary ventilation and respiratory rate in young
athletes on a standard load. In athletes of the middle
and senior groups, the increase in minute ventilation of
the lungs was expressed to a lesser extent than this
increase was achieved due to volume indicators as a
result of a pronounced increase in respiratory volume.
The literature contains numerous data on the effective
use
of
chronic
(natural)
and
intermittent
(experimental) hypoxia to improve the physical
performance of athletes [1,2010]. However, the study
of these issues in ontogeny under hypoxic effects is
devoted to single studies [22, 2007].
It is known that the criterion for assessing overall
performance is the level of maximum oxygen
consumption (MOC), which depends on the functional
reserves of the respiratory, circulatory and blood
systems [3,2005].
In our studies, blood pressure indicators during
standard physical activity indicate a normotonic type of
reaction in athletes of all age groups. Systolic blood
pressure before exercise in all groups of subjects is
within the age limits, no significant difference was
found between them.
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SJIF
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The diastolic pressure indicators in all age groups under
these conditions also did not differ significantly. The
level of systolic pressure after exercise indicates an
increased adaptive capacity of the div of swimmers,
depending on the duration of swimming. Thus, the
systolic pressure of the swimmers of the 1st group is
114.9±3.8 mm Hg, this indicator in the swimmers of the
2nd group decreased to 111.6±1.6 mm Hg. In swimmers
of the 3rd group, systolic pressure was 104.2±2.2 mm
Hg.
The level of diastolic pressure in all three groups of
subjects also tended to decrease. This is evidence that
diastolic pressure is less reactive than systolic pressure.
As the cardiovascular system grows and develops, so
do its reactions in children and adolescents to physical
activity. The age-related features of these reactions are
clearly manifested during the formulation of special
functional ones aimed at identifying the state of the
cardiovascular system, and in the process of
performing physical exercises [24].
Thus, the data obtained indicate that the greatest
change in hemodynamics is observed in groups that
went in for swimming for a longer time.
Conclusion
A comprehensive study of such signs as div weight,
height, blood pressure, heart rate, lung capacity, and
other indicators as a result of systematic swimming
lessons makes it possible to more fully study the health
status of children and adolescents. At the same time,
the development of these signs depends on the age
and duration of these sports.
The data obtained allow us to conclude:
-
Systematic swimming lessons affect the growth
and development of children and adolescents.
-
Swimming
is
especially
important
for
strengthening the cardio-respiratory system.
-
Along with a full-fledged balanced diet, the
normalization of the study load, it is important to
keep track of physical activity, depending on the
age and condition of the div of children and
adolescents.
-
A comprehensive study of somatometric and
functional indicators of the div of children and
adolescents involved in swimming allows you to
effectively assess the individual level of health of
students.
-
Swimming lessons are of health value.
-
Systematic swimming lessons contribute to the
harmonious physical development and the growth
of its adaptive capabilities.
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SJIF
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)
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Publisher:
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VOLUME
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I
SSUE
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Pages:
33
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
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OCLC
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METADATA
IF
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5.968
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Oscar Publishing Services
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