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ABSTRACT
This article describes the socio-economic life of the Samanid period. It also describes the main part of the population
of Movarounnahr and Khorezm in the IX-X centuries engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. In addition, the
factors that led to the change in socio-economic life during the Samanid period are analyzed.
KEYWORDS
Samanid period, Mamun and Amin, Noah to Samarkand, Ahmad to Fergana, Yahya to Shosh, Khorasan, Arab caliphs.
INTRODUCTION
In the IX-X centuries the main part of the population
of Movarounnahr and Khorezm was engaged in
irrigated agriculture. Grain-growing, rice-growing,
cotton-growing, vegetable-growing, melon-growing
and horticulture were highly developed in the
serunum oases irrigated by irrigation networks. The
population grew barley, wheat, millet, mosh, lentils,
sesame, peas, flax, jute and others. Oil was obtained
from flax, sesame and cannabis. Cotton growing
played an important role in the oases. Fine-grained
cotton varieties were grown. In Movarounnahr,
various medicines and dyes were made from plants.
Horticultural culture was widely developed. Grapes,
pomegranates, figs, apples, pears, quinces, apricots,
peaches, plums, cherries, mulberries, junipers and
Research Article
SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE IN THE SOMONIAN PERIOD
Submission Date:
April 20, 2022,
Accepted Date:
April 25, 2022,
Published Date:
April 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue04-01
Kamolidin Ganiev
Associate Professor, Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan
Jurabek Begaliev
Teacher Of The Department Of Social Sciences, Samarkand State Institute Of Architecture And Construction,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
2
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
01-07
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
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015
)
OCLC
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1121105677
METADATA
IF
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5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
many other fruits were grown in the orchards and
gardens. Grapes were used to make magiz, molasses,
vinegar and wine. In Movarounnahr and Khorezm,
vegetables and melons were abundant, and melons
were extremely juicy. Cut melons and melon stalks
were taken to the distant cities of the East. The tax on
agriculture, the revenue from rent, covered a large
part of the state revenue. That is why the Samanids
paid great attention to the development of
agriculture in the country. Irrigation specialists, such
as mirob, joibon and poykor, worked all summer to
deliver water to the farmers.
In the IX-X centuries in Movarounnahr and Khorasan
cattle breeding was at a high level. Herds of sheep
and goats, herds of horses and camels grazed in the
steppes and foothills of the country. In the villages,
especially large horned animals were innumerable. In
the cities, almost all species of domestic animals were
raised. Livestock not only provided the country's
population with livestock products, but also provided
horses for all sectors of the economy. Horses,
donkeys, camels and oxen are used in conjunction
with oxen, carts, oxen and mules. It was especially
important to provide the state's military forces,
especially cavalry, with cavalry.
METHODS
In the cities of Movarounnahr and Khorezm,
professions such as textiles, ceramics, pottery,
coppersmithing, jewelry, glassmaking and carpentry
are developing. As a result, the overall appearance of
cities will change radically. Large high-rise buildings,
workshops,
mosques,
madrasas,
mausoleums,
khanaqahs and caravanserais were erected there.
Now the cities will become a major center of
handicrafts with more than a dozen gates. In the arch
on the hillside of the city, as usual, there was a royal
residence - a dargah, a treasury, a mint and a prison
for minting coins. At its center are the Registan
Square, the devons, the court palace, as well as the
luxurious palaces of nobles, courtiers, priests,
landowners and wealthy merchants, workshops for
making weapons, tools, saddles, handicraft shops and
stalls. . During this period, artisans, merchants and
others from the surrounding villages came to the city,
and new neighborhoods, markets and rastas of
artisans and craftsmen appeared along its entrance.
Cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench, Merv,
Binkat, Kesh, Akhsikat have a large center of medieval
craftsmanship and a dense settlement.
High-quality paper was produced in Samarkand. Shosh
was famous for its leather goods and leather goods,
and Iloq was famous for its silver and lead mines and
its silver coinage. Boat-building is developing in
Khorezm. Boats made in Khorezm and Termez carried
oil continuously along the Amu Darya to the Aral Sea,
lightening the load of traders.
During this period, along with cities, villages also
played an important role in the economic life of the
country. The brown "zandanachi" woven in the village
of Zandana in Bukhara and the fabric made in the
village of Vador in Samarkand were known in the East
as "vadoriy".
Mining, which has been going on in the mountainous
regions of Movarounnahr since ancient times, finally
developed in the IX-X centuries. Iron, copper, lead,
gold, silver, turquoise and other precious stones were
mined in the Zarafshan mountains. Ilak region was
one of the major centers of silver and lead mining.
Iron, lead, silver, mercury, copper, tin, turquoise and
novshadil were mined in the mountains of the
Fergana Valley. Even coal and oil were found and used
in Fergana at that time. Near the mines were villages
of smelters and miners who smelted ore. In the IX-X
centuries, the country's domestic and foreign trade
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expanded. Wells will be dug along the old caravan
route, and rabots will be built at each station.
Caravanserais will be built in the cities and villages
where the caravans pass. They had rooms for
merchants and tourists, barns for their cattle, barns
for camels, horses, mules and donkeys, and necessary
fodder and food.
RESULTS
Gray, clothes, saddles, bows, swords, utensils, jewelry,
medicines, dried fruits, sesame seeds from the towns
and villages of Movarounnahr to Southern Siberia and
Mongolia via the northern route. and flax and other
similar goods. A variety of valuable furs, livestock and
livestock products were imported from Siberia.
Bottles and glassware were exported to China. Silk,
silk fabrics and porcelain were imported from China.
Rice, dried fruits (walnuts, raisins, apricots, etc.),
cannabis oil, sweets, salted fish, boza, mushkanbar,
cotton, silk fabrics, movut from Itil, Khazar and Bulgor
to Movarounnahr and Khorezm , quilts, carpets and
sheets, bows, as well as goods imported from China,
India, Iran, Asia Minor, Iraq and other countries.
Valuable furs, as well as wax, candles, arrows, caps,
fish oil, honey, sheep and cattle were brought from
Bulgaria and the Caspian Sea.
Therefore, at a time when works in local languages
were destroyed in Movarounnahr, Khorezm and
Khorasan, and local scholars were persecuted, many
of the country's scholars went to the central cities of
the caliphate - Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, Kufa and
Basra. and have to create in Arabic. At that time,
Baghdad was a major center of science and culture in
the East. In the ninth century, the city was home to
the Oriental Academy of Sciences "Bayt ul-Hikma"
("House of Wise Men"). The House of Wisdom had a
large library and observatories for astronomical
observations in Baghdad and Damascus. In addition to
research, the student is involved in the collection,
preservation, and translation into Arabic of the vast
heritage of ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian
scholars. Among the many scholars and scholars of
this world-famous scientific institution, which has
been operating for almost two centuries, there are
many translators who are fluent in several foreign
languages, such as Masarjavayh, Muhammad Fazari,
Fazl Navbakht, Yaqub Kindi and many others.
During this period, the scholars of Movarounnahr and
Khorasan, such as Musa Khorezmi, Yahya ibn Abu
Mansur, Khalid Marwarudi, Ahmad Fergani, Abdullah
at-Turk, Abu Khalid Soguni, Qaffol Shoshi, wrote in the
Bayt ul-Hikma. make a great contribution to the
development of science, in particular, mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, chemistry and law.
Muhammad Ibn Musa Khorezmi (783-850) was born
and raised in the ancient land of Khorezm. He
received his primary education and knowledge in
various fields from many teachers in his hometown of
Khorezm and Movarounnahr. He then served as the
viceroy of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid in Khorasan and
Mawarounnahr, and later as the director of the
Ma'mun Academy, known as the House of Wisdom
during the reign of Caliph Abdullah ibn Harun al-
Rashid Ma'mun (813-833). shows. In Baghdad, he has
worked with scholars from Syria, Iraq, Iran, Khorasan,
and Movarounnahr. Among them were Yahya ibn
Mansur Marwazi, Ahmad Fergani, Habash al-Marwazi,
Khalid ibn Abdumalik al-Marwarudi, Abul Abbas al-
Jawhari, and others, along with Khorezmi. Together
with contemporary Khorezmian scientists, he is
involved in determining the circumference, length and
radius of the Earth, as well as mapping.
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As a famous mathematician, astronomer and
geographer of his time, he made a great contribution
to science. Khorezmi writes more than 20 works. Only
10 of them have reached us. These books are a short
book on algebra and al-muqabala arithmetic, a book
on Indian arithmetic, or a book on addition and
subtraction, ie arithmetic; "Kitab surat ul-arz" - a book
on geography about "surat surat"; Astronomical
works such as "Zij", "Book on working with Usturlob",
"Book on making Usturlob", "On determining azimuth
using Usturlob"; also known as the Kitab ar-ruhoma,
the Kitab at-Tarikh, and the Booklet on Determining
the Calendar and Holidays of the Jews.
The scientific significance of the Khorezmian heritage,
especially the book Algebra and Al-Muqabala, is
enormous. With this book, he became the first person
in the history of mathematics to study algebra. Even
the term ‘al-gebra’ is an exact expression of the
abbreviated name of this book, which is abbreviated
as ‘al-jabr’. The Khorezmian name is expressed in
mathematics in the form of the term "algorithm". For
centuries, his book, Algebra, has served as a guide for
generations in surveying, digging canals, building
buildings, distributing heritage, and a variety of other
calculations and measurements.
This Khorezmian treatise was translated into Latin
and reworked in Spain in the 12th century. Later, over
the
centuries,
European
scholars
reworked
Khorezmi's work and wrote textbooks based on it.
Khorezmi's treatise on arithmetic is of great
importance in the spread of the decimal positional
system based on Indian numbers in Europe and
around the world. Thus, our great compatriot laid the
foundation of Khorezmian mathematics and left an
indelible mark on history.
At the beginning of the ninth century, Yahya ibn Abu
Mansur of Marw was another scholar who wrote in
Bayt ul-Hikma. In 828, by order of Caliph Ma'mun, he
led the construction of an observatory in Baghdad's
Ash-Sha-Mosiah neighborhood. The director of the
Bayt ul-Hikma reports to Khorezm on the work of the
observatory and the results of observations. Yahya
ibn Abu Mansur wrote an astronomical work called
"Az-Zij al-Ma'muni al-mumtakhan" ("Tested Dense").
He died in 831 in Baghdad.
Khalid ibn Abdumalik al-Marwazi, one of the scholars
of Bayt ul-Hikma, ran an observatory built in 831 AH on
Mount Qiyasyan near Damascus. He also writes his
own Zij. directs the measurement of the length of the
Earth's meridian.
Ahmad ibn Adbullah al-Marwazi, a mathematician who
collaborated with Khorezmi in Baghdad, was known
among contemporary scholars by the nickname
Abyssinian al-Hasib ("Abyssinian accountant"). He
composes two ‘Zij’. His zigzags were widely used by
medieval astronomers. According to the researchers,
the Abyssinian al-Marwazi introduced the functions of
tangent, cotangent, and cosecan to the science of
handasa (geometry) and gave their tables.
Another scholar who worked on the House of Wisdom
was the great astronomer, mathematician, and
geographer Ahmad Fergani (c. 797-8-b5). His full name
is Abul Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-
Farghani. Born in Fergana, he is known in the East as
Al-Farghani and in Europe as Alfraganus. Ahmad
Fergani lived during the reigns of the caliphs Ma'mun
(813-833), Mutasim (833-842) and Mutawakkil (846-
861). He studied astronomy, mathematics, and
geography, first in Merv, then in Baghdad, Damascus,
and Cairo, and wrote a number of scientific and
practical works. He is mainly in charge of creating a
new Zij to determine the movement and position of
celestial bodies at the Damascus Observatory. In 832-
833, he took part in measuring the length of one
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degree of the earth's meridian in the Sanjar steppe in
northern Syria and between Ar-Raqqa. In 861, under
his leadership, the ancient Nilometer, a river flow
measuring structure built on the banks of the Nile
River on the island of Rawza near Fustat (Cairo), was
restored, as was the scale of the Nile and its level.
Ahmad Fergani was one of the first scientists in
history to prove the roundness of the earth.
Eight works by Ahmad Fergani have survived to the
present day, none of which have been translated into
modern languages. On the occasion of the 1200th
anniversary of Ahmad Fergani's birth, some of his
pamphlets have been published in Uzbek and Russian.
Among them is his Kitab al-Arakat al-Samawiyyah and
Jawami 'ilm an-Nujum (The Book of Celestial
Movements and General Science Nujum - the
Fundamentals of Astronomy). This book was
translated into Latin as early as the twelfth century
and began the development of astronomical science
not only in the Muslim East, but also in European
countries through Spain. Ahmad Fergani's name was
later Latinized and he became famous in the West as
"Alfraganus". His book, Fundamentals of Astronomy,
has been used as a basic textbook on astronomy in
European universities for centuries.
Along with the secular scholars, the transcendental
muhaddith scholars also played an important role in
the development of Islamic teachings and ideology
during this period. The contribution of Ismail al-
Bukhari and his contemporary and disciple Isa al-
Termizi in this regard is particularly great. Ismail al-
Bukhari's full name is Imam Abu Abdullah Muhammad
ibn Ismail al-Bukhari. He was born in Bukhara in 810
and had a strong talent and memory. From an early
age, he began to study hadith and devoted his entire
life to the science of hadith. He became a scholar of
hadith and commentary and a historian. He lived in
the Hijaz, Egypt, Iraq, Khorasan and other countries
and collected more than 600,000 hadiths. He selected
the most reliable of them and compiled a 4-volume
collection Al-Jame as-Sahih (Sahih Bukhari). It is the
second largest source in the Islamic world after the
Qur'an and is studied as a major textbook in Islamic
medicine.
The 7,275 hadiths included in this priceless work and
the many commentaries given to them express not
only the rules of the Shari'ah, but also the love,
respect, kindness, honesty, diligence, generosity and
generosity that symbolize human spiritual maturity.
described human qualities such as mutual peace [6 -
138 p].
Imam al-Bukhari, “Al-adab ul-mufrad” (“Adab durdo-
nalari”), “Tarix al-Bukhara” (“History of Bukhara”),
“Al Jo-mi 'al-sagir” (“Summary to 'plam »). He
gathered many disciples and followers around him.
One of his most famous disciples was Imam at-
Termizi.
Imam al-Termizi was born in 824 in the village of Bug,
6 fars (36 km) north of Termez. The full name of this
famous hadith scholar in the Islamic world is Abu Isa
Muhammad bin Isa bin Sawra bin Musa bin az-Zahhak
az-Zarir at-Termizi al-Bughi. He studied the works of
famous muhaddiths in Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv and
other cities, traveled to different cities and countries
of the Islamic world, and interacted with famous
muhaddith scholars of Khorasan, Iraq and Hijaz.
Imam al-Tirmidhi collected hadiths and wrote a
number of works, such as "Jame as-Sahih" or "Sunani
Tirmidhi", "Kitab Ilal", "Kitab at-Tarikh", "Kitab at-
Shamoil an-Naboviya", "Kitab az-Zuhd ”and others.
During this period, the theoretical foundations of
Islam
were
strengthened.
The
scholars
of
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Movarounnahr have also made a great contribution in
this regard. One of the Islamic theorists of this period
was Hakim Ter-mizi. His full name is Abu Abdullah
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn ibn Bashir al-Hakim at-
Termizi. He was born in 820 in the city of Termez. He
spent his life in science and preached mysticism. He is
the author of more than 80 important works: Kitab
an-nahi (The Book of Instructions), Kitab al-Furuh (The
Book of the Fearful of Allah). In particular, his book Ilal
al-Shariat wa Hatm ul-Awliyatun is one of the most
widely read works by Islamic theorists. At-Termizi
made a great contribution to the spiritual life of his
time with his works and the deep thoughts and ideas
expressed in them. That is why his contemporaries
called him Al-Hakim.
CONCLUSION
During this period, he laid the foundations of theology
and made a significant contribution to the
development of Islamic teachings and ideology.
another of the great scholars is Abu Mansur al-
Moturidi. His full name is Abu Mansur ibn Muhammad
ibn Mahmud al-Hanafi al-Moturidi as-Samarkandi. He
was born in about 870 in the village of Moturid near
Samarkand. Very little is known about his life. He died
in Samarkand in 944 and was buried in Chokardiza
Cemetery. In his youth he learned various sciences
from his father. He then studied at a madrasah near
the Rabati Ghaziyan Mosque in Samarkand, where he
studied jurisprudence and theology with his teachers
Abu Bakr Ahmad al-Juzjani and Abu Nasr Ahmad al-
Ibadi.
Abu Mansur al-Moturidi, a well-known medieval
theologian, wrote a number of books on Islamic
etiquette, Sharia law, and the secrets of spiritual and
moral perfection. But many of his books have not
survived to our day. One of his most important works
that has come down to us is called Kitab at-Tawhid
(The Book of the Oneness of Allah), and the other is
called Tawiyyat al-Qur'an (Commentaries on the
Qur'an). These books are one of the oldest works on
theology and one of the most important scientific,
theoretical and practical sources in Islamic studies. In
them, religious teachings and Islamic traditions are
interpreted as the spiritual maturity of man, the
essence of the formation of his worldview. The
teachings founded by Abu Mansur al-Moturwdi call
people to goodness, honesty, patience, modesty,
generosity, and love of country.
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