American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
66
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
66-71
10.37547/ajsshr/Volume05Issue04-14
Formation of Adolescent Gender Characteristics in The
Family
Mirvaliyeva Mahliyo Yakubjon kizi
Research Institute of Family and Women, Key doctoral student, Uzbekistan
Received:
14 February 2025;
Accepted:
13 March 2025;
Published:
11 April 2025
Abstract:
This article provides information about the formation of adolescents' gender characteristics in the
family, gender concepts, gender views and gender stereotypes. In addition, the formation of the social role of
adolescents in the family and the gender characteristics that affect it are highlighted. Special emphasis is placed
on issues of gender equality in our country and abroad. The negative and positive impact of gender stereotypes
in various aspects of social life and related issues are described.
Keywords:
Gender stereotype, gender equality, socialization, discrimination, stratification, social role, family
functions, family values.
Introduction:
The family has been forming as a part of
society since ancient times. In the process of a child's
growth and development, the first education and
upbringing is received from the family. The concept of
gender and the associated ideas are also formed
primarily from the family. The family is the place where
a child grows up and receives his first upbringing and
education, and the initial concepts of gender
characteristics are also embodied in the child's eyes
through the relationships of adults with each other.
Since adolescence is a critical and difficult period, if the
child develops the right skills from adolescence, he will
face fewer problems related to gender characteristics
when he grows up. For this, parents must have good
pedagogical and psychological knowledge. They must
be aware of gender psychology, at least partially.
Gender psychology is a branch of general psychology
that studies the patterns and structures of human
socialization and behavior in society, determined by
biological sex, gender, and their relationships. Gender
studies in social psychology study phenomena such as
socialization,
prejudice,
discrimination,
social
perception and self-perception, self-esteem, and the
emergence of social norms and roles. Gender
psychology, unlike sex psychology, studies not only the
differences in psychological characteristics of the
psychological relationship between men and women,
but also focuses primarily on the fate of men and
women, and in general, on the phenomena and
processes that arise as a result of the influence of
gender differentiation, stratification, and hierarchy on
personal development. The negative impact of gender
stereotypes can be observed within the family: strict
social requirements for gender roles impose on women
only such tasks as family, childrearing and household
chores, preventing them from demonstrating their
professional potential. [1].
The greatest danger of the negative impact of gender
stereotypes in various aspects of social life is the
emergence of gender prejudices (gender bias, rigid
ideas about women or men) based on them.
Unreasonably negative attitudes towards a group or
person based on their gender are gender prejudices,
and if a stereotype is an “idea”, then prejudice is a step
towards action. If employers only hire men, then this is
discrimination against female candidates. And vice
versa. The conclusion that “only mothers can take care
of children and
provide appropriate care” is
discrimination against fathers. If gender stereotypes
express opinions, views and assessments about the
differences between men and women, then these
stereotypes contain a discriminatory attitude towards
a particular gender, and in many cases such an attitude
is reflected in practice. In order to determine the level
of discrimination against women when applying for a
job and during their work, the author conducted an
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
anonymous survey via Google Forms on the topic “The
impact of gender inequality and stereotypes on
applying for a job/choice of a profession”. This survey
was published among subscribers of the NeMolchi.uz
(Sukut Sakhlama) Telegram channel and Facebook
pages, as well as on the MyTSUL Telegram channel and
Instagram pages. 333 people aged 16 to 63 (271
women, 63 men) participated in this study. 103 of the
survey participants noted that they had been
discriminated against during the application process.
Most
women
face
gender
stereotypes
and
discrimination during recruitment and throughout their
careers. But there is an unwritten “law” that it is not
appropriate to speak out about this in our society.
Often, women prefer to endure such situations in
silence. The reason is that women are raised from a
young age to be “tolerant” of difficulties and not to
object, as a result of which such situations are
repeated. When asked what actions were taken during
the survey, 100 respondents noted that they quit their
jobs, 30 transferred to another department, 14
contacted management, and 11 contacted the trade
union and human resources department. The rest “got
used to the situation” or “did not take any action.” The
results of the study show that women practically do not
react to the observed gender inequality when applying
for a j
ob and during their work. As long as this “silence”
continues, women remain the shadow “victims” of
gender stereotypes. As for institutional measures for
gender equality, at the same time, a new Committee on
Women and Gender Equality has been established
within the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, which is engaged in harmonizing
international standards in national legislation on
ensuring women's rights and eliminating all forms of
discrimination. In addition, new structures have been
established, such as the Republican Center for the
Rehabilitation and Adaptation of Victims of Violence
and Suicide Prevention, the Center for Women's
Entrepreneurship, and the Scientific and Practical
Research Center "Family" under the Government, in
order to further strengthen guarantees and support for
labor rights and assist victims of domestic violence. An
important aspect of the issue is that all these newly
established institutional mechanisms, together with
the Women's Committee of Uzbekistan, will become a
single integrated mechanism for promoting women's
rights, gender equality and eliminating discrimination
against women in accordance with the UN Convention.
It is worth noting that the adopted regulatory
documents and practical measures are an important
step in the field of gender policy of Uzbekistan and are
fully consistent with international norms and standards
of legislation and practice, at the same time, some of
them are based on the recommendations of UN human
rights bodies. [2].
METHOD
In today's modern gender concepts, the development
of humanity is moving from the slogan "Women in
Development"
to
the
slogan
"Gender
and
Development". Here, the application of a gender
approach to the participation of different segments of
the population and groups in the development process,
based on their social roles and privileges, is observed.
"In recent years, ensuring the rights and interests of
women, gender equality, protecting the family,
motherhood
and
childhood,
developing
entrepreneurship among women, creating new jobs for
them, improving working and living conditions have
become priorities of state policy in our country." Every
society that aims to develop gender equality develops
a gender development strategy that includes a number
of tasks: - prioritizing and taking into account women's
needs, taking into account their needs; - determining
the status of women in all spheres of society relative to
the status of men; - achieving women's understanding
of their own status, demands and needs; - identifying
obstacles to women's development; - expanding the
scope of women's activities, identifying opportunities
for them to occupy traditionally male professions; -
eliminating the direct causes and consequences of
discrimination and humiliation of women, etc. These
requirements also correspond to the requirements of
the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September
2, 2019 No. О'RQ
-562 "On Guarantees of Equal Rights
and Opportunities for Women and Men". In particular,
this law states that the State shall guarantee equal
rights to women and men in the exercise of personal,
political, economic, social and cultural rights, the State
shall guarantee equal participation of women and men
in the management of public and state affairs, in the
electoral process, in the fields of healthcare, education,
science, culture, labor and social protection, as well as
in other areas of state and public life. Over the past
decade, the world community has seen the
achievement of gender equality as an important
direction in the implementation of other urgent global
tasks in the world, in particular, the goal of sustainable
development. The Millennium Declaration, adopted at
the summit of the UN Member States in September
2000, clearly emphasized that ensuring gender equality
is not only an important condition for reducing poverty
and hunger, but also for development. This principle is
reinforced in international documents, which are also
supported by Uzbekistan. In particular, the above-
mentioned document, approved by 147 heads of state
and government at the Millennium Summit, has
become an important issue on the agenda of the world
community [3]. This document sets out 8 goals for
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
specific areas of development, the third of which is to
combat discrimination against women and promote
gender equality. In addition, gender equality is one of
the 17 global goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable
Development.
The
Sustainable
Development Goals aim to deepen and expand these
achievements by ensuring the complete and universal
elimination of discrimination against women and girls.
Currently, significant gender inequalities in paid
employment opportunities persist in some regions, as
well as significant gaps between men and women in the
labor market. Sexual violence and exploitation, the
unequal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work,
and the persistence of discriminatory elements in some
decision-making
remain
major
obstacles
to
development. In modern philosophical and legal
thought, a new paradigm is being introduced for the
development of an anthropological approach to the
human being and his subjective rights, since human life,
dignity, freedom, justice, equality are widely discussed
as important values in modern scientific and
philosophical disciplines. An important concept and
problem of the humanities is the “person of the future”
- a person who is educated in a modern way, has high
psychophysical, moral and intellectual qualities, has
developed needs and interests, recognizes universal
human values, including gender equality. Today's
modern trends show that the qualitative and effective
use of human potential and opportunities, regardless
of gender, leads the country to development, because
both women and men are equal members of the
construction of a developed society in which every
person, regardless of preferences, religious beliefs, skin
color, age and gender, can realize themselves.
Therefore, the introduction of the primacy of the
individual in the modern conditions of anthropological
trends requires a systematic analysis of such a value as
gender equality. In this regard, research on this topic
should clarify the anthropological approach to
understanding gender equality; analyze the right to
differences in the discourse of the gender approach in
the legal sphere; describe the components of gender
equality; study gender equality as a value of law.
analyze the right to differences in the discourse of
gender approach in the legal sphere; describe the
components of gender equality; study gender equality
as a legal value, analyze the right to differences in the
discourse of gender approach in the legal sphere;
describe the components of gender equality; study
gender equality as a legal value. In natural law,
according to the main content and idea of positive law,
the highest value is directed to the individual. The
discussion about the nature of law is related to human
nature. Along with the concept of “human”, the
concepts of “person”, “individuality” are equivalent
and, first of all, characterize the specific feature that
distinguishes a particular person as a person from
everyone else, including natural ones. There are
physical, mental and social characteristics that have
arisen in the process of human development,
hereditary and acquired, including gender, which is
considered an integral and basic feature of a person,
inextricably linked with his nature. Gender is such a
specific feature of a person that cannot be ignored. A
person feels his biological nature, his immutability,
primarily in gender. Gender governs, determines,
emphasizes and reassures a person and his
relationships. It preserves, protects relationships, is a
source of energy, inspiration. In contrast to the true
biological
(genetic-morphological,
anatomical,
physiological) characteristics of sex, which characterize
sexual lifestyle, behavior, intentions and aspirations,
etc., the concept of “sex” is used to determine the
socio-sexual
characteristics
of
sex.
Gender
characterizes not only men and women as individuals,
but also socio-demographic groups and gender
relations in general. This occurs through gender
socialization and personal identification, taking into
account gender roles and stereotypes. Every time we
talk about the concept of gender in modern conditions,
we have to overcome the constantly existing
stereotype of “women's problems”, while emphasizing
that gender problems are, first of all, social problems,
problems not only of women, but also of men, but of
society as a whole.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The institution of the family plays a great role in the
formation of gender characteristics in adolescents. In
particular, the mother plays a key role in this regard in
the family. Our President also expressed his opinion in
his speech on this issue. “Usually, we respect a woman,
first of all, as a mother, a guardian of the family. This is
undoubtedly true. But today every woman should not
be an ordinary observer, but an active and proactive
participant in the democratic changes taking place in
the country.”
As is known, the Law of the Republic of U
zbekistan “On
Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for
Women and Men”, adopted on September 2, 2019, was
approved as a legal protection and legal guarantee
aimed at the place of women in society. The gratifying
thing is that it is the law that addresses the issue of
inequality between women and men in society and the
relevance of legal relations, which have always been
relevant for thousands of years. In particular, as stated
in Article 1 of the law, the purpose of the law is to
regulate relations in the field of ensuring equal rights
and opportunities for women and men. True, while the
current era in which we live is focused on the primacy
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
of human interests in the reforms of Uzbekistan, it is
still true that a large proportion of family disputes are
still caused by the failure of men to recognize women's
rights, and in some cases, insufficient attention is paid
to the rights and opportunities of women in society. In
order to combat such negative situations, Article 2 of
this law stipulates that "Legislation on guarantees of
equal rights and opportunities for women and men
consists of this Law and other legislative acts. If an
international treaty of the Republic of Uzbekistan
establishes rules different from those stipulated in the
legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on guarantees
of equal rights and opportunities for women and men,
the provisions of the international treaty shall apply."
The law also stipulates the concept of gender,
according to which gender is the social aspect of
relations between women and men, manifested in all
spheres of social life and activity, including politics,
economics, law, ideology and culture, education and
science. Thus, the concept of gender does not only
represent the interests of women. Rather, it simply
suggests that both sexes should be given equal
opportunities to boldly pursue their dreams and goals,
to improve their quality of life. One of the requirements
of a developed society is the provision of equal rights
for men and women.
Indeed, ancient Greek scholars such as Socrates,
Aristotle, and Plato considered the best state to be a
polis where equality and justice reigned in society. They
also put forward laws that guaranteed equality for all
as the best laws. The Greek scholar Antiphon, using the
idea of equality between men and women in his works,
noted: “Nature creates everyone: both women and
men, equal, but people develop laws that put people in
an unequal position.” In his work “The City of Virtuous
People,” Abu Nasr Al
-Farabi, one of the Eastern
encyclopedists, noted a state where equality reigned as
a state striving for virtue, while in the Declaration of the
Rights of the Citizen and Women prepared by Olympia
De Gouges in 1791, it was for the first time that women
had the right to think freely and express their opinions.
If we pay attention to the legal development of gender
equality, first of all, it is worth analyzing the historical,
theoretical and legal aspects of the legal framework of
gender equality, international and national legislation.
Of course, we all know that the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly
in 1948, specifically recognizes the equality of men and
women, and Article 1 of the Declaration states that "All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and are therefore entitled to treat one another in a
spirit of
brotherhood."
Another
international
document adopted by the UN in 1966, the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, states in Article 3
that "The States Parties to the present Covenant
undertake to ensure the equal enjoyment by men and
women of all civil and political rights set forth in the
present Covenant." It is this international norm that is
the practical and legal basis for the provision in Article
2 of the Law “On Guarantees of Equal Rights and
Opportunities for Women and Men” that states:
“Legislation on guarantees of equal rights and
opportunities for women and men consists of this Law
and other legislative a
cts.” Therefore, it is reasonable
for our independent state, which has ratified the
above-mentioned international documents, to attach
serious importance to the issue of equality between
women and men in its national legislation, based on the
generally recognized requirements of international
law. Another legal guarantee of this basis is the fact
that Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan states that “Women and men have equal
rights.” Thus, both the international legal and
constitutional legal basis of gender equality is
guaranteed. Gender equality also means social
equality. To ensure such equality, it is not enough to
include the necessary provisions in the Constitution
and laws. Therefore, “Developing a legal culture in
society” "sp
ecial attention is paid to improving health
care." Because, even in such trying days, that is, during
the quarantine period, we have witnessed how
doctors, internal affairs officers, and even National
Guard officers worked shoulder to shoulder with men.
Despite the quarantine, we have witnessed that there
were no interruptions or shortcomings in the provision
of emergency medical care, due to the fact that they
launched business activities to urgently deliver medical
masks, medical clothing, and necessary equipment. The
age-old Hippocratic oath of our doctors is well known
to everyone. We have also witnessed the joy of our
citizens who have recovered thanks to the hard work of
our doctors who have served day and night for human
health. As a result of such consistently implemented
comprehensive reforms, peace and economic stability
are being ensured in our society. Daily life experience
shows that equal rights for men and women play an
important role in the well-being of the people, peace in
society, and economic stability. Laws and programs
developed at the state level to ensure gender equality
are also important. Even according to the results of a
study conducted by the World Economic Forum (The
Global Gender Gap), women work 35 days more per
year than men. According to studies by the United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), girls spend 35-36
percent more time doing something than boys. This
shows that gender equality is still not achieved in the
world. Therefore, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan
"On Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for
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Women and Men", adopted on September 2, 2019, is a
comprehensive and fundamental legal document
aimed at ensuring gender equality in our country. Non-
discrimination on the basis of gender in the exercise of
legal rights and freedoms does not apply to certain
social relations.
CONCLUSION
Gender equality instillation is a systematic approach
and a long-term process. It cannot be instilled only in a
certain part of education or only through the institution
of the family. Therefore, ensuring the mutual
cooperation of the family-neighborhood-education
system in the formation of a healthy worldview related
to gender in the social consciousness is of urgent
importance. First, let's dwell on the role of the family
institution in ensuring gender equality. It is no secret
that the family plays the most important role in human
upbringing, a child is born in a family, grows up, his
ideas about the world are formed there, and he learns
the first moral rules. In the family, human emotions are
nurtured, views about the world and the place of
people in it appear. At the same time, gender
stereotypes also begin to form in the child's mind. In
the formation of these stereotypes, the decisions and
actions of adults in the early childhood of a child, such
as what kind of clothes to wear, how to comb their hair,
and how to buy a car or doll, play an important role. In
turn, the presence of such gender stereotypes in the
human mind and their reflection in behavior are
supported by adult representatives of society and the
family. A boy who imitates cooking or a girl who is
interested in drawing cars may be reprimanded by
adults. Because gender stereotypes have taken a deep
place in the social consciousness. If we look at our
history, we will see how many great things women like
Tomaris, Bibikhanim, Nodirabegim, Uvaysiy, Zulfiya
have been at the forefront of. They have left their
names in history with their courage, intelligence, and
bravery. The fact that we are the successors of such
figures can cause women to feel a sense of pride and
honor today. After our country gained independence,
attention has increased to the socio-political activity of
women in all spheres. In our country, extensive work is
being carried out to increase the socio-political activity
of women, create the necessary conditions for them to
realize their abilities and potential in various spheres
and industries, ensure unconditional respect for their
rights and legitimate interests, provide comprehensive
support for motherhood and childhood, and
strengthen the institution of the family. In particular,
the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan No. PF-
5325 dated February 2, 2018 “On
measures to radically improve activities in the field of
supporting women and strengthening the institution of
the family” was published. A number of works are being
carried out on the basis of this Decree, including the
work being carried out in the field of increasing the
effectiveness of female leaders in the educational
process in educational institutions, which is
commendable. In general, significant work of state
importance is being carried out in Uzbekistan to
strengthen the role and status of women in society.
After all, the development of society cannot be
imagined without women and their participation.
Therefore, a number of measures have been developed
and implemented throughout our country to ensure
that women can freely operate in the family, in state
and public affairs, and to realize their rights and
interests. At this point, it would be appropriate to dwell
on the work being carried out in Uzbekistan to develop
the regulatory framework in this area. Over the past
years, nearly 100 national and international legal
instruments aimed at protecting the interests of
women have been adopted and ratified. In his speech
at a meeting dedicated to the International Women's
Day on March 8, 2018, President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev said: "In our beloved
homeland, called Uzbekistan, every brave young man,
first of all, wants his loving mother, family, and children
to be happy. As our grandfather Hazrat Alisher Navoi
said, he is ready to devote his whole being to this cause.
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