American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
26-29
10.37547/ajsshr/Volume05Issue04-04
Word Formation by Composition in Uzbek Dialects
Khasanov Abdumannon Majidovich
Senior Researcher Institute of the Uzbek language, literature and folklore of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
Uzbekistan
Received:
09 February 2025;
Accepted:
12 March 2025;
Published:
08 April 2025
Abstract:
This article analyzes the possibilities of compound word formation in Uzbek dialects. In this article, the
skills of dialect representatives to form new words are evaluated through selected examples. Also, through factual
examples, it is proven that the principles of nominativeness in Uzbek dialects are universal with other languages.
Keywords:
Dialect, word formation, nomination, composite formations, naming a new concept, linguistic
perception.
Introduction:
A language has national, social, spiritual,
philosophical, cognitive, axiological aspects, its
enrichment with new words is associated with the
conscious activity of its speakers. When a linguistic
need arises for a new word that names a concept in
thought, first of all, all the possibilities of the language
are used to create a unit worthy of it
–
using the word
in a figurative sense, coining new words, etc.
Something and subjects naming mechanism all sciences
(including logic) and philosophy) for interesting is
considered. Because naming process how to him how
of factors impact to be able to, ultimately, name result
was recognition, popularization, stabilization of a word
very complicated situations ridge Moreover, naming is
usually new, yet to the name has not thing-object name
practice happened because relevant thing-object
(concept) of himself a linguist society representatives
for news is considered and their attention in the center
will be. Various in the fields again new of concepts
appearance to be social mind development product.
Same concepts nominative of words creation and
popularity language for nomination from mechanisms
Awareness is required.
Naming to the processes dedicated in research
nomination main methods (derivation, semantics)
transfer, lexical mastery etc.) all languages that it is
universal for record Also, the nomination in the
processes motivation role and importance regarding
The views are also very weighty to the seat has.
Because, the nomination main condition and
requirements deep without learning standing, his the
reality description difficult
Research on the complex study of naming issues in
Uzbek linguistics dates back to the 1960s. The studies
of such scientists as S.Ibrohimov, R.Doniyorov,
N.Ikromova, T.Tursunova, who conducted research
during this period, contain considerations about the
principles, methods and specific features of naming. In
particular, these works provide a detailed explanation
of the naming mechanisms that operate in the
formation and enrichment of professional lexicon.
S.Ibrahimov's work entitled "Professional Lexicon of
Fergana Dialects" shows the following manifestations
of the naming principles specific to dialects: 1) the
principle of analogy; 2) the principle of attribution; 3)
the principle of attribution; 4) the principle of naming
according to material; 5) the principle of naming
according to function; 6) the principle of naming
according to place; 7) the principle of naming according
to external form and appearance; 8) the principle of
naming according to sound; 9) the principle of naming
according to size; 10) the principle of naming based on
the process and action; 11) the principle of naming
according to the gender and sexual characteristics of
people; 12) the principle of naming according to age;
13) the principle of naming according to order; 14) the
principle of naming according to tradition; 15) the
principle of naming in connection with mythical
concepts and legends; 16) the principle of naming in
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
connection with a historical event [9, pp. 157-168].
These principles are quite universal in describing the
nominative processes in the Uzbek language and folk
dialects, and therefore, in the studies on this subject
created in the later period, there is a sense of
coherence with these principles. In particular, N.
Ikromova cited 9 types of nominative principles [10,
pp.49-51], R. Doniyorov cited 3 types of formation of
Uzbek technical terms [8, pp.81-84], and T. Tursunova
cited 11 methods of naming [13, 69-71]. Another
researcher D. Bozorova Uzbek zoonyms described 13
methods of formation [6, 60-75]. Although the general
mechanisms of the naming process in the works of
these scholars are limited to a specific dialect or field, it
is worth noting that they are general and universal for
almost all nominative processes.
In the works of S. Mominov, who studied issues related
to nomination in our national linguistics, the role of
motivation in occasional speech nomination is
revealed. The scientist noted that it is possible to study
cases related to nomination in a representative form of
language and describe general patterns based on the
studied cases.
The scientist stated that Uzbek in the language 3 types
of motivation active:
1.
Primary motivation: kakku, sharshara;
2.
Secondary
motivation:
kukulamoq,
miyovlamoq, oʻymakor;
3.
Tertia
ry motivation: oʻqituvchilik, toʻquvchilik,
oʻsimlikshunoslik [12, p.33].
This kind of motivation various nominative in processes
occurrence word to make system to oneself typical
opportunities and laws with together will be realized.
Other in other words, today of the day nomination
processes general laws in learning motivation and word
construction to the issues attention focus primary
importance has.
METHODS
The emergence of a particular word in a language
occurs on the basis of the interrelation of necessity and
chance [7, 134]. In this process, the position of
necessity is somewhat paramount: a word (name) that
is searched for in the process of communication for the
necessary expression, but is not found (even “on the tip
of the tongue”), can negativel
y affect the achievement
of the communicative goal. Although such a concept
can be explained to the listener through explanations
or comments, in the same process the linguistic need
for the existence of a language unit (word)
corresponding to that concept becomes urgent for the
speaker.
The linguistic need that arises as a result of the constant
development of thinking arises as a result of the limited
possibilities of language for naming all concepts. As a
result of the continuous socialization of language
speakers, the acquisition of new knowledge and
experience, and their engagement in labor, thinking
also develops rapidly. The processes of perception and
understanding, generalization of knowledge that occur
in thinking require the naming of each concept that
appears in it. In this process, as a result of the desire to
express the cognitive activity that occurs in the mind in
language, the linguistic need to name a concept that
does not yet have a name is clearly felt in the process
of communication, and this need is formed from the
proportional relationship of language with the units of
thinking.
The lexicon of language is very active and changeable
compared to other levels. This change occurs mainly
due to linguistic and speech needs. It should be noted
that it is an objective fact that in the consistent
development of thinking, initially the emergence of a
concept and the need to name it arise. In this case, the
need to describe the linguistic and speech need arises.
In the nomination process, attention is paid to the most
important features of the concept involved in naming.
For example, if its significant and differentiating feature
from other concepts is sound, then the above principle
will be of primary importance in naming it. However,
this approach is difficult to apply to all similar cases.
Because there are objects that sound similar to each
other, and this principle is not suitable for naming these
objects. This, naturally, requires that these aspects be
taken into account when naming new concepts for
people who are fluent in the language.
RESULTS
There are also many words in dialects that are
motivated by the likening or comparison of a thing-
object to something else. Such units, created on the
basis of analogy, reflect the specific linguistic
perception of the respective dialect, the linguistic
picture of the world specific to this dialect. After all, as
a cognitive activity, analogy or comparison also has its
own unique and unique aspects in a particular linguistic
community. For example, the wor
d devānätelpäk, used
in the Madaniyat rural dialect of Bakhmal district,
serves to name a type of mushroom with a conical
head. In this case, the shape of the head of the relevant
concept (object) is associated with the word telpäk,
which reminds of it and is similar to it. This unit, which
arose from the combination and motivation of the
meanings of the words devāna (“kalandar”), which is
related to the concept of the “upper part” of the head,
“headgear” –
telpak, and its definition, also
demonstrates the unique linguistic perception of the
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
people of the corresponding dialect. This concept may
be called by a different name in other dialects.
Naturally, in such a case, a representative of another
dialect may not understand what meaning the word
devānātelpāk
expresses.
However,
he
easily
understands that it was formed through analogy and
comparison and is characteristic of another dialect.
These analyses show that the linguistic perception
realized in the process of nomination also has unique
features specific to a particular dialect.
Linguistic operations can be applied to describe the
composition and structure of nominal units formed
using the principle of analogy and comparison. For
example, to show the motive of the word āčjuräk [14,
p.22], it is necessary to understand that the meaning of
the word ōch “there is no food left in the stomach, in
the stomach, in the hunger, in the hunger, in the
hunger” is the state of the stomach, and also that the
word yurak also means the stomach in a metonymic
way. On the c
ontrary, understanding the word ōch in
the meaning of “weak, dull (about color)” or
understanding the word yurak in its own meaning leads
to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the word
āčjuräk and the motives of its formation (for example,
understanding
it in the meaning of “not loving strongly,
with a weak love ”). The conclusion from this is that in
order to explain the formation and motivation of a
particular word, it is first necessary to have a good
understanding of the dictionary meaning (or meanings)
of that word.
In order to better understand and interpret the
meaning and derivational properties of some of these
types of words formed by the composition method, the
researcher must have the appropriate linguistic and
cognitive knowledge and skills. For example, the word
vörtäηteräk [14, p.62] is first The person hearing it for
the first time tries to find the answer to the “riddle” “
What is a vörtäηteräk ?” in order to understand it. Even
if he finds it, he checks what meaning it expresses in the
corresponding dialect, comparing it with his own
answer [1, p.1025]. And then he becomes convinced
that no matter how much the processes of dialect-
specific word formation and nomination gain in
common in the literary language and dialects, in some
cases there are still cases that need to be studied in
describing the aspects related to the nomination of a
particular word.
The middle finger in the word "Vörtäηteräk " as a
poplar, as well as its location “oʻrta” in the middle of
the adjacent "terak", is expressed with great
resourcefulness and ingenuity. Of course, these aspects
are recognized when describing it as a ready-made
name. However, it is difficult for someone who is not
previously familiar with this word to quickly understand
and grasp its lexical meaning.
Some words found in dialects are similar to the calque
of a unit in another language (or the common
language). For example, words such as bāšbäqāj [14,
p.44] (headless) and āptāpparäs [14, p.37] (sunflower)
are such units.
Between head and head in the
word bashbəqaj can be
easily traced. The correspondence between baqay and
pocha requires dialectal description. The word baqay
has the meanings of 1) pocha; 2) ankle; 3) bone, shin
bone in dialects [14, p.41-42]. Therefore, the
correspondence between baqay and pocha also has its
basis on the concept of baqay 1, and this proves the
semantic correspondence between the words
bashbəqaj and kalla
-
pocha. In this case, bashbəqaj It is
natural to wonder whether the word is a copy of the
word kalla-pocha (the word kalla-pocha and its
components are originally units specific to the Persian-
Tajik language [3, p.723]). In our opinion, this is not the
case. Because animal husbandry and cooking have long
been one of the main and favorite activities of Turkic-
speaking peoples.
Similarly, the word āptāpparäs, as a unit formed in
dialects close to the Tajik language, is synonymous with
the word kunabaqar. However, the words paras
(originally parast) - bakar in this word do not have the
same semantic harmony as the above words (and from
this point of view, the word āptāpparäs can be
understood as “sun
-
lover”). These analyses show that
the naming principles of two linguistic communities in
naming the same concept can be both similar and
different. It can also be said that in many cases the
motivational mechanisms that operate in the process
of naming a certain new concept are almost universal
[2, p.162], and this can be evidenced by the use of
words that are the same in meaning (equivalent) in
several languages or dialects to name the same concept
(for example, the concept called belbog in Uzbek is
called waistband in English (waist - bel, band - bag,
strap; and they are not a copy of each other).
The gov- component is used to separately name large,
large types of a particular th
ing or object: gāvzämbur
(big yam), gāvtājpi (big toypi). The use of the Persian
-
Tajik word gov “cow” in such units is associated with
the specific cultural and linguistic worldview of the
dialect representatives [16, p.182]. In many dialects,
the concept
of “big, huge, huge” is used through the
analogy of a cow, a cow. In general, among living
beings, especially among domestic animals, the fact
that a cow has a much larger div and is “familiar” to
young and old, like a horse, ensured the popularity of
this analogy. Also, gov The component comes before
the corresponding words and means "big, large" It can
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
also be proven by the above fact that it is suitable for
expression.
Another unit formed with the word gov is the word
govgum, which is used to express the evening twilight,
the time of darkness [15, p.569]. The word gum in this
word is originally characteristic of the Persian-Tajik
language and has the meaning of “disappearing,
hidden” [3, p.257]. It can be said that the word govgum
was formed from the need to clearly express the state
of darkness at a level where a cow disappears (becomes
invisible). It is known to many that in most villages
engaged in livestock breeding, cattle are joined to the
herd in the morning and separated in the evening.
There are also cases where some of the cattle do not
separate from the herd in the evening, as a result of
which they cannot find their owner (owner's
household), which is probably the reason for the
formation of this word. It's hard to find a better word
to describe the level of darkness that would ensure the
disappearance of a large animal like a deer.
CONCLUSION
In general, the regularities of word formation and
nominativeness in Uzbek folk dialects, like in all
languages, are based on the motivation of relevant
units and the naming of new concepts on this basis.
There are also cases where the relevant dialects should
be described according to their specific linguistic
perception, and the study and generalization of such
differences serve to improve general knowledge of
nominativeness in the Uzbek literary language.
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