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PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SELECTION FOR TERRITORIES OF
KARAKALPAKSTAN WITH UNFAVORABLE CLIMATES
S.Pirniyazov
independent researcher
Karakalpak State University (Karakalpakstan), Nukus city
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15705635
Abstract:
The purpose of the research is to study innovative foreign and
domestic experience in landscaping in the territories of settlements with
unfavorable geographical and climatic conditions for growing plants and, on this
basis, to develop proposals for the selection of plants for unfavorable climatic
conditions of Karakalpakstan.
Results: In order to solve environmental problems inherent in the
geographical and climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan, which are unfavorable
for growing plants: the movement of desert sands and dust, the decline of the
plant world, the creation of landscapes and their planning, and as a result, the
deterioration of social conditions, the experience of local and foreign countries
in this area was studied, their essence was revealed, and recommendations for
their application in solving the problems of this region were developed. The
main conclusions are: stopping sands carried by strong winds from the desert to
steppes and settlements, strengthening desert soil, selecting and growing plants
that allow turning the desert into forests, creating melon orchards in desert
conditions, and thereby improving the ecology of villages and cities located in
deserts and steppes, improving the landscape in them.
Keywords:
Improving ecological conditions, areas unfavorable for plant
cultivation, scientific articles and references, trees, shrubs, climbing plants
(lian), flowers, herbaceous and dioecious plants.
Main Part. Introduction.
The article covers the issue of organizing
important problems in the selection of plants for climatically unfavorable
regions of Karakalpakstan and is aimed at their solution.
Uzb. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan
dated February 19, 2019 No. 132 "On measures to accelerate the creation of
"green cover" - protective forests in the dried-up areas of the Aral Sea bed,"
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 5, 2019 No.
UP-5611 "On additional measures for the accelerated development of tourism in
the Republic of Uzbekistan." Res. This dissertation research serves to a certain
extent the implementation of the tasks outlined in the Decree of the President of
the Republic of Uzbekistan No. UP-60 dated January 28, 2022 "On the
Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026" and the Resolution of
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the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-60 dated February 12, 2020
"On Measures for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan." This
research, to a certain extent, serves the fulfillment of the tasks defined in the
Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Additional Measures
to Increase the Effectiveness of the Activities of the International Innovation
Center of the Aral Sea Region under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan"
and other regulatory legal acts related to this area.
The research method
is standard and consists of the study of topics and
problems, foreign and domestic experience in their solution, Internet materials
and on-site, generalization, drawing conclusions, and developing proposals and
recommendations aimed at solving the above-mentioned problems.
Results.
The Aral Sea region is considered the most unfavorable region of
our republic for growing and caring for plants, since the natural climate and soil
conditions of this region create a number of difficulties in the formation of the
plant world. In solving this problem, the study of innovative foreign and
domestic experience in landscaping in settlements unfavorable for growing
plants is of great importance. It is known that in the practice of landscape
architecture, decorative plants are mainly used. These include trees, shrubs,
climbing plants (lianes), flowers, herbaceous and terrestrial plants. Tree-like
plants mainly include trees and shrubs (Figures 1-2).
Figure 1. Lians. Figure 2. Trees and shrubs
Trees consist of 3 parts: roots, a single trunk (stem) growing from the
ground, and the upper main part - deciduous branches. Shrubs, however, do not
have a single trunk like trees; they mainly consist of 2 parts: underground roots
and numerous thin trunks that grow from the ground and leafy branches
attached to them. Trees grow taller than shrubs, live longer, and are stronger.
However, it is difficult to draw a clear line between trees and shrubs, since some
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tall shrubs, such as saffron or hollyhock, grow like low-growing trees, while
some low-growing trees are as tall as tall shrubs.
All trees and shrubs are perennial plants and are divided into evergreen
and deciduous groups. Evergreen trees and shrubs, in turn, are divided into
coniferous and deciduous. Conifers are always needle-leaved and are
distinguished from deciduous trees and shrubs by the presence of a bud instead
of a flower during flowering.
Coniferous trees growing in Uzbekistan include oriental biota, thorny
juniper, blue juniper, orizon cypress, marsh cypress, virgin juniper, Zarafshan
juniper, Crimean pine, common pine, Eldar pine, Austrian black pine, while
magnolia and ginkgo can be included in ornamental trees with evergreen leaves
(Figures 3-4).
Figure 3. Eastern biota. Figure 4. Tickle juniper.
Evergreen shrubs growing in Uzbekistan include Turkestan juniper,
Japanese mink, evergreen boxwood, and tree-like Western cypress. The number
of deciduous ornamental trees and shrubs is very large and diverse.
The natural biological characteristics of trees and shrubs include their
height, appearance, shape and color, density of branches, flowering period,
flower color, drought resistance, and viability period.
Young trees are divided into trees of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd sizes depending
on their height[1]:
The height of trees of size 1 is 20 m and higher. These include, as a rule, the
thorny juniper, the common pine, the Crimean pine, the white poplar, the white
poplar, the plane tree, the common oak, the cultivated maple, the common ash,
the large-leaved linden, etc.;
Trees of the 2nd size range in height from 10 to 20 m: Elder pine, field
maple, juniper, false chestnut, Western cypress, American ash, and others are
examples of such trees;
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Trees of the 3rd size are from 5 to 10 m tall. These include Canada spruce,
Lenkoran acacia, ginal maple, lilac, willow, hawthorn, Japanese pagoda tree,
common juniper, and others.
Trees below 5 m in height can be classified as shrubs from 0.5 m to 5 m in
height based on their decorative characteristics. Shrubs are divided into three
groups according to their height:
- tall shrubs (2-5 m): common juniper, bundenej chingizi, common lilac,
amorpha, eastern biota, yellow acacia, etc.;
- medium-sized shrubs (1-2 m): ornamental peony, ligustrum, lilac,
normashuk, Wen-Gutta, etc.;
- dwarf shrubs (0.5-1 m): Kazakh juniper, magonia, spirea bumalda,
Japanese spirea, Japanese ayva, deity, snowdrop, and others.
Among the trees, there are sun-loving species, that is, those that do not
grow well in shaded places (birch, oak, maple, jasmine, poplar, common pine,
black alder, etc.) and those that can grow in shade, that is, shade-tolerant species
(kashtan konsky, Tatar wind, lipa, plane, boyarishnik, jimolost, kalina, etc.).
A quick way to achieve a landscape effect is to plant fast-growing trees and
shrubs in the designed area. Such fast-growing plants include eucalyptus, black
poplar, pyramidal, Canadian, balsamic, osina, ailanthus, honey locust, bindweed,
maple, weeping willow, green lentil, common pine, white acacia, birch, buzina,
chubushnik, jimolost, lox, golden currant, and others. On steep slopes of the
earth, there are plants with wide roots that contribute to the preservation of the
soil, such as field maple, Tatar locust, yellow acacia, common leshina, red elder,
boyarishnik, narrow-leaved lox, honey locust, and others.
In the conditions of Uzbekistan, taking into account the need of trees and
shrubs for moisture (water) is of great importance. In this respect, they can be
divided into 3 groups[2]:
1) moisture-demanding plants (swamp cypress, willows, lapina, poplar
turanga, black alder, etc.);
2) plants with moderate moisture requirements (Amur velvet, downy birch,
smooth vetch, cedar, sharp-leaved maple, small-leaved lime, magnolia, common
lentils, thorny vetch, silver vetch, berry thistle);
3) plants that are less demanding of moisture (Japanese ayva, ailand,
blackcurrant, white acacia, amorpha, common elm, boyarishnik, glidichiya,
byota, thorny willow, virgin juniper, Cossack juniper, Crimean pine, common
pine).
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Trees and shrubs resistant to saline soils, such as solyanka, chingil,
grebenshik, saxaul, and milnoye derevo, are capable of growing in chlorinated
saline soils [3]. (Figures 5-6)
Figure 5. Saltwort Figure 6. Saxaul
Jasper, lipa, noble laurel, European olive are even known soil-demanding
tree species. Aylanthus (Chinese jasmine) can grow even in oil-contaminated
soil. Therefore, if it is not possible to improve the soil when planting plants, the
most correct way is to choose a plant suitable for this soil.
Trees and shrubs growing on saline soils include jasper, lime, noble laurel,
European olive, and ailander, as mentioned above.
It is known that trees and shrubs also perform the function of protecting
territories from external environmental influences. At such times[4]:
For protection against noise - cloves, common bindweed, small-leaved lime,
common vetch, Siberian plantain, Tatar jimolost, yellow acacia, Siberian
boyarishnik;
For protection against gases - Pencil Clove, Lechynia, Castanese Chestnut,
Manchurian, Trifoliate Gladice, Grey and Black Poplar, Canadian Poplar, White
Acacia, Biota, White Silk, Virgin, Cossack Juniper, Common Birch, Felt Linden,
and others;
To protect against dust, it is recommended to choose vetch, white weeping
willow, chestnut, gray maple, Tatar maple, field maple, Canadian poplar, Bolle
poplar, white silkworm, green and common lentils, yellow acacia, common birch,
narrow-leaved lox, and Van Gutta spirea.
To block the wind and shade the area, it is recommended to choose dense-
branched oaks such as common oak, konsky chestnut, acute and field maple,
common vetch, cherry oak, honey locust, magnolia, small-leaved lime, and
others. (Figures 7-9).
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Figure 7. Konsky Oak Fig. 8. Magnolia Figure 9. Sharp-leaved
maple
When selecting plants for group planting, it is necessary to pay special
attention to their architectural and artistic features: height, appearance, color,
characteristics of leaves, especially the contrast or nuance of the height and
appearance of trees in the group.
When forming groups, it is necessary to consider the growth and viability of
plants selected for the group composition, that is, fast-growing tree varieties
should not be planted next to slow-growing ones and under shade-giving trees
for sun-loving ones.
-
The use of trees and shrubs in design work, their selection for creating
and planting green compositions, and the study and understanding of their
decorative qualities are of great importance. One such characteristic is their
natural shape and the density of their petals.
-
For the full and effective use of all the possibilities of cultivated plants,
the following basic principles must be observed in their selection [3]:
-
the suitability of the selected plants for the functional purposes of the
landscaped open environment. For example, plants planted along the sidewalk
of a main street must first of all be resistant to traffic noise, gas and dust, create
shade and coolness along the sidewalk, and give an attractive view. Therefore,
for the sidewalk, it is necessary to choose trees with a wide appearance, dense
branches, resistance to gas, dust, and noise, and at the same time, beautiful
decorative trees. For landscaping a promenade around a monument or
memorial, on the contrary, the main green material can be parterre-type
ornamental grass or flowering plants combined with some low-growing shrubs.
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- conformity of the ecological characteristics of plants to the conditions of
the environment in which they are grown. It is necessary to consider the
compatibility of newly selected plants with existing decorative trees (if they are
left at the site of planting) or the biological compatibility of the selected trees
and shrubs with each other, i.e., not harming the growth of one another.
It is also necessary to take into account whether the selected plant (tree or
shrub) corresponds to the natural and climatic conditions of the given territory.
Knowledge of the flowering time and flowering period of woody plants
also greatly contributes to their targeted selection and application: from early
spring to the end of February-March - forzitsiya, Canadian bagryanik; in spring
(April-May) - roses; in summer (June-August) - albitsiya, bryuchina
blestyashaya, dibiskus katalpa, gortanziya, sophora, etc.; in autumn (September-
November) - marshinistaya rose, sipereya siren svetnaya, gibiskus; in winter -
kameliya, zima svet[2].
In landscaping, it is necessary not only to consider the positive qualities of
certain plant species but also to be aware of their potential negative
characteristics. These include the contamination of areas by their fruits (such as
poplar and mulberry), littering caused by needles or leaves (such as plane tree,
gleditsia, and yucca), as well as the toxicity of their fruits and leaves (such as
Cossack juniper). Planting such species in kindergartens, schools, and children's
parks is strictly prohibited.
Ornamental trees are generally divided into two groups based on their
natural form and appearance: trees with geometric shapes and those with non-
geometric shapes. The first group includes trees shaped like pyramids, columns
(fastigiate), eggs, spheres, ovals, and globes. The second group includes trees
with spreading, weeping, umbrella-shaped, tent-shaped, twin-stemmed, and
wide-spreading growth forms (see Figures 10–11).
10-fig. 11-fig.
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The shape of trees and shrubs can change depending on their age and the
seasons. They can also be given various artificial forms through pruning, a
process known as shaping. In creating green compositions, not only the natural
form and height of the plants are important, but also the density of their
branches and leaves, their size, patterns, and colors play a significant role. When
selecting tree-like plants for landscaping, it is equally important to pay attention
to the ornamental qualities of their flowers in addition to their foliage.
Among trees, magnolia, horse chestnut, and acacia are notable for their
attractive flowering, while among shrubs, Japanese quince, roses, lilac, forsythia,
and others possess exceptional beauty and effective blooming capabilities.
Discussion Section of the Research
The article explores the issue of selecting plants for cultivation in regions
with unfavorable climatic and soil conditions. The practical significance of the
research results lies in their valuable contribution to project organizations in
our republic and in Karakalpakstan. Specifically, the findings can be effectively
utilized in landscaping areas of settlements located in extreme climatic zones, as
well as in the development and implementation of urban planning and
landscape architecture proposals for such settlements. This highlights the
substantial importance of the study for practical applications.
References:
1.Винщу И.А. Архитектурно–планировочная организация сельских
населенных пунктов.–М.: Стройиздат, 1986.
2.https://uza.uz/uz/posts/orol
dengizi
mintaqasidagiekologikofatoibat-
lariniyumsha. “Орол денгизи минтақасидаги экологик офат оқибатларини
юмшатиш бўйича ҳамкорликни ривожлантириш” халқаро конференцияси.
29.10.2014.
3.Худоёрова М.Б. Аҳоли пунктларининг жамоат марказлари. - Самарқанд,
2019.
4.http:// www. housebeautiful.com
