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STUDY OF ABBREVIATIONS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (SLANGS)
Abdumannabova Zakhro
Student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages
Mukimjon Akhunov
Scientific supervisor:
(PhD) Doctor of Philosophy in Philology, Associate Professor
E-mail: muqumjon.axunov@bk.ru
Tel: +998979977443
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14179125
ABSTRACT:
this article provides full information about the linguistic
features of the general concepts of the study of abbreviations in linguistics
(slangs) and is one of the tools of image and expression in the field of study of
abbreviations in linguistics (slangs) . It is the discovery of phenomena, which
consists in making a scientific conclusion and giving a wider understanding to
the information about images and means of expression.
Key words:
slangs, phonetic, lexical, lexicography, semantics, dictionary.
Linguists know that words are the most basic and central unit of language. The
sum of each word in our language and their vocabulary, internal and external
possibilities are considered as the object of various fields. In particular, the
phonetic possibilities of words are studied in the phonetics department, while
the formal and semantic structure of words is reflected in the lexicology
department.
The task of the lexicography department is to study the vocabulary of the
word. A dictionary is a set of words collected and arranged for a purpose. It
should be noted here that "the task of lexicography is to develop the principles
and methodology of dictionary compilation, to organize the work of
lexicographers, to create and systematize and maintain card files that serve as a
basis for dictionary compilation..
It should also be noted that abbreviations in lexicographic sources are
very important and of great practical importance. Various abbreviations found
in all types of dictionaries help the lexicographer greatly in saving words and
space. “Abbreviation, which first appeared in English in the 16th century to
achieve economy in writing, first appeared in spoken speech, and then gradually
began to move to written speech.”
If a word is abbreviated by more than one letter and is originally written in
lowercase letters, it does not need to be capitalized. However, when only the
first letter of each word abbreviates the resulting phrase, all letters are
capitalized. Abbreviation of capital letters used in the names of offices,
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institutions, organizations or countries consisting of several words is one of the
most common abbreviations.
In the textbook "Sovremenniy russkiy yazik" to abbreviation: "Among
compound words, short compound words, that is, abbreviations occupy the
main place. The method of creating abbreviated compound words is called
abbreviation. “The formation of a word by the method of abbreviation is valid
only within the group of nouns”. In addition, V. Nemchenko's 1984 textbook
“Contemporary Russian Language" and N. Valgina, D. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina's
2002 textbook” Sovremenniy Russian Language" define abbreviation as a
method of word formation.
So, to make our point, an acronym is a shortened form of a certain word or
phrase. Abbreviations can be found in every language or come from other
languages with the meaning understood and have their place in our speech. It is
permissible to admit that abbreviations are artificial words. With the
introduction of new words into our language, that is, at the expense of words
acquired from other languages, the vocabulary of the language continues to
develop in connection with the development of society.
In fact, according to the research conducted within this topic, abbreviations
were found in the first sources of Sumerian culture, and in ancient Eastern
manuscripts, abbreviations were used to simplify letters. Greek abbreviations
are found in the sources of the 3rd century BC. With the introduction of the Latin
alphabet in ancient Rome, Latin abbreviations appeared; they still participate as
a constituent component in the composition of terms related to various fields of
science". Although abbreviations appeared long ago, their linguistic study began
after the 50s of the 20th century. Until now, this linguistic phenomenon and the
linguistic features of the units that represent it have been studied on the
example of functional styles of different languages.
It is not an exaggeration to say that the history of abbreviations and
combinations was formed with the appearance of writing for the first time. A
number of advanced scholars have expressed their valuable opinions that the
process of shortening the word and using it as a noun began in the language of
the Ancient Sumerians in the IV century BC, and it was actively used in Ancient
Greece in the III-II centuries BC.
Based on the above-mentioned sources, from the early Middle Ages (V-XI),
abbreviations began to be widely used in almost all existing languages.
Especially in the European region, people who speak Latin are a minority, but its
abbreviations are actively used in French, English and other languages. It was
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also observed that this process was used in the Eastern countries, including in
the Arabic language, which was at a high level of science at that time, as well as
in the Turkish and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script. The fact that
many abbreviations are found in the manuscripts of the works that have reached
our time serves as a clear proof of our opinion.
If we explain this situation, referring to history, many works need to be quickly
and beautifully copied by several master calligraphers in several copies,
moreover, the works created with abbreviations are mostly people with very
advanced knowledge. it is appropriate to emphasize that it was used for As
mentioned above, it was also widely used in general communication and
correspondence. Over the next several decades, the increasing desire to learn
the language based on the human factor, in addition to the function of
abbreviations to convey important information, the possibilities of expression
related to the personality of the speaker and the speech situation, the expressive
effect opportunities are also being identified. Therefore, abbreviations are used
in the texts as a stylistic figure that shows the above possibilities.
In particular, the researches of O. Kosarev, D. Dunyova and M.
Nechepurenko are devoted to the study of the same features of abbreviations in
journalistic texts. it is said that the increase in the volume of information in a
certain text serves as a means of expressive influence. Or we can note that
additional connotativeness and puns are created by creating abbreviations that
correspond to Russian words in form.
So, based on the sources, the word “abbreviation” – “abbreviation” in
Italian was formed through the Latin verb “abbreviation” - "abbreviation" and
the word "abbreviation" through the Italian language. zi has entered all
languages as a general concept denoting abbreviations and combinations.
Abbreviation is also defined as “removing several letters from a word”, that is, it
is interpreted as an abbreviation formed by taking a series of basic letters that
make up a word.
This method is usually formed from several consecutive letters of the
word. This abbreviation is also distinguished by the use of a period. For example,
a. - Arabic language, and g - gram, nm - nanometer (one millionth of a meter), t/o
- intravenously, AG - hepatitis A, VG - hepatitis V, etc. – and similar (s), e.g. - for
example, etc. These types of abbreviations are mainly found in dictionaries,
scientific works, etc. are widely used and are also called "conditional
abbreviations" in Uzbek.
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