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LITERARY DISCOURSE AND ANALYSIS OF ITS CATEGORIES
Ruzieva Nilufar Kamtarovna
PhD student of Bukhara state university,
Teacher of Bukhara state pedagogical institution.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13734254
Abstract
. Discourse is a broader concept than text, and consists of both
the linguistic process and the text resulting from this process. The word
"discourse" is based on the understanding of all cognitive and communicative
functions of speech. It is clear that discourse is both a process and a text. The
interpretation of the text as a stable, complete product and discourse as a
continuous process of verbal communication makes them very different. In
linguistic literature, the term "discourse" has no definite meaning, it is used to
describe a wide range of events, from "part of the text" to the entire "speech".
Key words:
discourse, text, discourse analysis, communication
Discourse is the subject of interdisciplinary research, as from theoretical
linguistics to AI, psychology, philosophy and logic, sociology, antropology and
ethnology, literature, semiotics, history, theology, law, pedagogy, translation
theory and practice, politics and other discourse. It is also the main object of
study of related science and research fields. Each of these disciplines approaches
the study of discourse in its own way. According to the modern approaches to
the notion, discourse is complex communicative phenomenon that needs extra
linguistic factors such as thoughts, world-outlook, goals and relationships in
order to understand the text. Nowadays, the term “discourse” became one of the
most frequently used terms in the field of linguistics. Looking back to the
history, this term was first used by the American linguist Z.Harris in 1952 in his
paper entitled “Discourse Analysis”.
Naturally, in the occurrence and realization of any speech communication,
the participation of three main elements is mandatory: the speaker (or writer),
information (text) and listener (reader). In fact, speech condition, means of
information, such as voice, writing, magnetic recording, telephone, the status,
age and other characteristics of the members of communication, as well as
various other non-scientific means play an important role in speech
communication. But these three elements are main pillars of speech
communication, without any of them the communication process cannot take
place. Linguistics, quite naturally, paid primary attention to the issue of
linguistic expression and understanding of information, which is the main
subject of “giving and receiving” between two parties (speaker, listener) in the
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process of communication. After all, the final and main goal of any
communication is the “movement” of this information, and this “movement” is
through language.
According to the interpretation of uzbek linguist A.Pardaev, discourse is
the process in which the speaker and the listener use needed type and form of
verbal or non-verbal tool that they consider to be the most effective one to
exchange ideas and influence each-other. Discourse can be considered as a
process and a type of human activity. It is the process of hundreds of verbal and
non-verbal factors’ harmonious realization for an identical aim.
Discourse can be considered from one or two words such as “no smoking”
or “stop” to the part of novels that can include more than thousands of words.
The volume of discourse lies between the two dimensions mentioned above. [1]
Among western scientists, there are different views on the notion of
discourse in literature. The one who utilizes language sources to communicate,
have to work with discourse. So, the writer, initially, if the aim is to retell the
story or exchange ideas and spread information, should deal with the discourse.
In fact, there would not be literature without discourse. However, not all the
discourse is the same, and literary scholars divide it into four main types:
argument, description, exposition, and narrative. [2]
Argument
. The argument is an attempt that convinces the reader through
logic and reasoning. The writer makes a specific claim and then provides
evidence to support that claim. For example, in academic essays, students use
argumentative speech through general thesis to convince the truth.
Description.
A description is an emotional experience for the reader that is
presented to develop clear mental images of information. For instance, novels,
short stories or poems have this power to excite the reader depending on the
writer’s strength to do so.
Exposure.
The writer informs the viewer about a known fact, but does not
seek to influence the audience’s opinion about this fact. Demonstrative speech is
neutral in language and tone so as not to persuade the reader or arouse
emotions. The purpose is informational only. News stories and more journalistic
articles, comparative analyzes and other research-oriented literature usually
uses exposition.
Story.
A story is a written explanation that presents the story to the reader.
In other words, it is the narrator’s voice. The story makes the reader feel and
engages and draws the reader to the page through compelling language that
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evokes empathy and keeps scrolling. The story is the basis for novels, short
stories and some plays.
Other scholars divide the literary discourse into
expressive, poetic and
transactional
speech.
Expressive speech
reflects the feelings of the writer. The
main focus here is on the development and discussion of ideas and clearly leaves
little or no emphasis on facts or arguments that they try to convince. Works of
expressive discourse are not always fiction, examples are diaries and journals,
blogs and memoirs.
Poetic discourse
is a highly creative approach to artistic
writing. Writer presents thoughts, feelings, events, places and characters in
imaginative, sometimes rhythmic language that appeals to readers’ emotions. In
the poetic speech, emphasis is on the topic, image and feelings. This is the
central component of poetry, but it also appears in most novels and short
stories.
Transactional speech
is less literary, more educational approach. It
usually compels the reader to take action and defines a specific action or plan in
an active voice. Advertising and marketing records, manuals and business
correspondence are considered as common sources of transactional discourse.
In scientific sources it is noted that, special scientific conferences were devoted
to the solution of this problem. Such scientific researches and different views
expressed in relation to the problem of literary discourse indicate that these
aspects of linguistics need to be solved.
References:
1. Сафаров Ш . Когнитив тилшунослик. -Жиззаҳ: Сангзор 2006. -41-46 б
(Сафаров Ш. Когнитивная лингвистика. - Джиза: Сангзор)
2. Дейк Ван Т.А ,Кинч В Стратегии понимание связанного текста / Новое в
зарубежной лингвистике.Вип.23.-М.: Изд-во Прогресс , Когнитивный
аспект языка 1988. 153-211 c. (Dyck Van T.A., Kinch In Strategies for
Understanding Aloqador matn Chet tilshunosligida yangilik.)
3. Хованская З.И. Анализ литературного произведение в современной
французской филологии. – М.:Высшая школа, 1980. -143-144 c (Xovanskaya
Z.I. Zamonaviy fransuz filologiyasida adabiy asar tahlili. Oliy maktab)
4. Миловидов В.А. Текст, контекст, интертекст: Введение в проблематику
сравнительного литературоведение. -Твер: ТвГУ, 1998.-39 c (Milovidov V.A.
Matn, kontekst, intertekst: Qiyosiy adabiyot muammolariga kirish)
5.https://www.supersummary.com/discourse-in-
literaturdefinitionexamples/#discourse-outside-of-literature
6. https://literarydevices.com/discourse/
7.
https://www.supersummary.com/discourse-in-literature-definition-
examples
