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ETHNOLINGUISTIC AND ETHNOTOPONYMIC UNITS AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP
Qudaybergenov Mambetkerim Sarsenbaevich
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Head of the Department of
Karakalpak Linguistics, Doctor of Philology, Professor
Yesemuratov Abdumurat Yesemuratovich
Doctor of philosophy in philological Sciences, independent researcher
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12741362
Abstract:
This article describes the definition of the term ethnolinguistic
units and ethnotoponymic units and the appearance of ethnotoponyms in ethnic
forms. Among them, the ethnotoponyms of the world and Karakalpakstan are
also listed.
Key words:
Ethnolinguistics, ethnotoponomics, ethnoculture, areal
linguistics, ethnonym.
Ethnolinguistics (ethno... and linguistics) is a field of linguistics that
studies the relationship and relationship between language and the people who
own the language, the combined influence of linguistic and ethnic factors on the
functional characteristics of language development. The interaction between
language and ethnic characteristics, the influence on each other is twofold: the
influence of ethnic factors (ethnos' customs, national traditions, philosophical,
religious views, etc.) on language development and, on the contrary, the positive
influence of language functional capabilities on the formation of ethnos and
ethnic characteristics. Ethnolinguistics studies how different ethnic groups have
contributed to the language and its development, the features of closeness,
commonality or their separation and distance between ethnic groups in this
process. Ethnic onomastics, areal linguistics, linguistic geography, dialectology,
language history, sociolinguistics, cartography are the fields of linguistics.
Ethnolinguistics.uses the achieved scientific results. Ethnolinguistics is
especially useful in the study of the ethnography of peoples who do not have
writing, in the collection and research of linguistic materials related to the ethnic
characteristics of their languages.
Ethnolinguistics is a branch of the anthropocentric paradigm that studies
the interaction of people's language and culture with each other.
Ethnolinguistics aims to study people's life through their language.
Ethnolinguistics studies how different ethnic groups have contributed to
the language and its development, the features of closeness, commonality or
their separation and distance between ethnic groups in this process. Ethnic
onomastics, areal linguistics, linguistic geography, dialectology, language
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history,
sociolinguistics,
cartography
use
scientific
results
of
ethnolinguistics.Ethnolinguistics is especially useful in the study of the
ethnography of peoples who do not have writing, in the collection and research
of linguistic materials related to the ethnic characteristics of their languages.
It is known that ethnolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the
relationship between a people (nation, people) and its language on the basis of
ethnolinguistics (the principle of ethnic culture and ethnic language
commonality).
It mainly works in two directions:
- study the ethnolinguistic character of the people on a descriptive basis;
- to study the ethno-linguistic character of the people on a recommendation
basis.
The first goal can be conditionally called an external goal, and the second
an internal goal. The relationship between language and ethnic characteristics,
their influence on each other is a two-way process:
- the influence of the ethnic factor (custom, tradition, philosophical, religious
views, etc.) on language development;
- the influence of the linguistic factor on the development of ethnos (and ethnic
characteristics).
Let's say that ethnic features (customs, traditions, philosophical, religious
views) are forgotten in a nation, and correspondingly, the linguistic units that
represent them also leave the active linguistic treasure and become a reality of
the past. As a result, the identity of the nation, people, and people begins to be
damaged. The nation, the people, the people are losing their spirituality. This is
inevitably reflected in the active lexicon. In the lexicon of the language, the
ethnographic microsystem begins to decline. This is the influence of ethnic
factors on the language. Ultimately, the ethnolinguistic gap in the minds of the
children of the nation, which does not have an ethnographic lexicon, is filled
with extraneous linguistic elements. Separation of the influence of language and
ethnic characteristics is only for research purposes, this separation is relative in
nature, in fact it is a continuous and organic process in which they occur as a
whole.
Ethnolinguistics studies the contribution of ethnic groups to the language
and its development, as well as the characteristics of closeness, commonality or
separation and distance between ethnic groups in this process. This is more
important for the first, external goal mentioned above. For the first purpose,
work is done on the basis of a more descriptive research methodology.
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The fields of linguistics, ethnic nomenclature (onomastics), areal
(territorial) linguistics, linguistic geography, dialectology (linguistics), language
history, sociolinguistics, cartography, use the scientific results obtained by this
descriptive method of ethnolinguistics.
Ethnolinguistics, especially in the study of the ethnography of peoples who
do not have writing, and in the collection and research of linguistic materials
related to the ethnic character of their languages, manifests its first purpose
more. The study of ethnographisms is directly related to the sciences of
historical ethnology. If ethnology studies customs, people's way of life and the
historical processes connected with them, the lexicon of customs and traditions
(ethnographic lexicon) is the object of study of linguistics. It is impossible to
imagine the culture of any nation without its customs, traditions and values. The
study of ethnographies united under the name of ethnographic lexicon is
important in the study of national customs and values. Traditions show the
peculiarities of a certain ethnos, have an active place as a linguistic sign in the
entire ethnographic system, and are therefore important for linguistics. In the
lexical macrosystem of each language, there is a system of lexemes representing
an ethnographic concept, which forms a separate microsystem. A special field of
linguistics - ethnolinguistics - was formed to study these lexemes, which, as a
linguistic field, studies both linguistic universals and specific aspects. Therefore,
general and specific ethnolinguistics are distinguished. While general
ethnolinguistics deals with general issues such as the emergence and
development of ethnographic language phenomena, specific ethnolinguistics
studies ethnographies specific to certain languages from this point of view.
In the following years, ethnolinguistic studies became active in the field of
linguistics. Aspects of interdependence of language and culture are revived in
world linguistics as an example of ethnolinguistics in the genres of folk
mentality, spiritual culture, folk oral creativity, mythology, folklore.
Ethnolinguistics emerged as an independent field of science in the 19th and 20th
centuries and developed in the USA in the 1970s. D. H. Hames, H. Hoyer, G. M.
Hoengiswald, and the study of the problem in Russia of the influence of socio-
cultural factors on language in world linguistics is associated with the names of
F. I. Buslaev, A. N. Afanasyev, A. A. Potebnya.
In linguistics, for ethnographic analysis, in most cases, concept names
related to folk customs and traditions are taken as objects. The study of
ethnographies in Karakalpak linguistics was started mainly in the 70s and 80s of
the 20th century. The scientific researches of M. I. Byatushgova, A. K. Apoyev,
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etc. also made a great contribution to the study of ethnographies in Turkish
linguistics.
Toponymy is of scientific and practical importance with a number of
scientific fields. By studying toponyms, it is possible to determine many
historical facts, the territorial boundaries of some peoples and clans, program,
tradition, culture, and language differences, as well as various features of a
specific terrain, flora and fauna, with the help of toponymics.
Only the language can capture and preserve information about ethnos
with a complete source and pass it on to the generations. According to this
feature, we can say that the phenomenon of language is the basis of knowing the
ethnos itself. It seems that all features of the language are completely included in
this concept: language is the basis for the emergence of ethnos, the core of
spiritual-cultural life, and the dimension of self-knowledge.
The emergence, formation and development of ethnotoponymsis a long
and complex historical process, which is connected with various social,
historical and linguistic factors. Geographical names representing the ethnic
composition of the population, which clan, tribe, nation, nation they belong to
constitute a large group among any territorial toponymy.
In conclusion, ethnotoponyms were created on the basis of ethnonyms.
One of the main areas of toponymy is the ethnotoponymy, which can be used to
determine the areas inhabited by ancient peoples. We cannot study
ethnotoponymy without thoroughly studying ethnonyms.
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