ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
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PRESERVING THE FERTILITY OF MOUNTAIN SOILS
Aliboeva Malika Alimovna
E.mail: malika.aliboeva@gmail.com
Fakhrutdinova Mashkura Fazliddinovna
E.mail: mashkura.fakhrutdinova@mail.ru
ORCID
0000-0002-7722-7620
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13148970
Relevance of the topic.
In the current period of population growth,
sustainable development of agricultural production in Uzbekistan is extremely
important. It is crucial to conduct research aimed at improving soil composition,
creating a healthy ecological environment for all living organisms, and
producing clean bio-products necessary for humanity. To solve these issues, it is
first necessary to enrich the soil with humus, create conditions for it, and
improve its humus state. This requires conducting research in the area to
protect against erosion processes, preserve, and optimize its nutrient-water-
heat-air regimes.
Increasing and maintaining soil fertility and addressing soil degradation
problems are among the main pressing issues awaiting solution worldwide
(3,5,6). To solve problems related to soil fertility, it is important to reveal the
humus state of the soil, the microbiological processes occurring in the soil, and
their interrelationships. This is because soil humus plays a crucial role in
preventing various negative consequences in the soil, especially erosion. In the
formation of humus, the role of flora, climate, and slopes (exposure) is
enormously significant.
The strategy for the development of agriculture in the Republic of
Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 serves to implement the tasks mentioned above
1
.
The aim of studying "The decrease of humus and humus layer in soil, its
exposure to wind and water erosion, and measures to combat it" is to use land
rationally and protect it based on scientific principles, considering the interests
of present and future generations. This especially involves enriching the soil
with humus substances, increasing the thickness of the humus layer, preventing
various erosion processes, and implementing appropriate measures.
Studying mountain soils in mountainous regions is very complex, as one can
observe the impact of all natural factors on soil formation. Natural factors have
1
Ўзбекистон Республикаси қишлоқ хўжалигини ривожлантиришнинг 2020- 2030 йилларга мўлжалланган
стратегияси ПФ-5853-сон 23.10.2019
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an enormous influence on humus formation, particularly the thickness and types
of vegetation cover, relief, soil-forming parent rocks, and climate effects are
clearly visible. Humus, in turn, affects the formation of soils and all their
physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological properties (7,8).
According to Russian scientists I.V. Tyurin, M.M. Kononova, S.S. Dragunov,
V.V. Ponomareva, L.N. Alexandrova, and others, the composition of humus
mainly consists of the following three groups of organic substances.
1.
Initial substances in the composition of not yet decomposed plant
and animal residues (proteins, carbohydrates, lignins, fats, etc.).
2.
Intermediate products turning into humus (amino acids, hydroxy
acids, phenols, monosaccharides, etc.).
3.
Humus substances, which are the main specific part of humus,
constitute 85-90% of the total humus composition. The first and second groups
of organic substances, which are not specific to humus, make up 10-15% of the
humus.
It is known that along with the formation of the humus layer, to improve the
quality composition of humus, i.e., its fertility, it is necessary to reduce the
degree of erosion and increase the diversity of vegetation cover.
According to data, it is recommended to use the fractional composition of
humus to determine the degree of erosion in mountain soils. V.R. Volobuev also
suggests using data on the group and fractional composition of humus for soil
diagnostics [9].
The study of humus, the main indicator of soil fertility, has been conducted
for over 150 years, and many scientific works have been created. However, there
is very little precise information about the nature of humus, the structural
formula of some of its components, the mechanism of soil humus formation, and
its effects on soil properties and plants. The main reason for this is that humus
itself is a very complex organic substance, and it is difficult to isolate it in its
pure form. This is because the mineral part of the soil is strongly bound to
organic substances, and methods for isolating humus substances have not yet
been thoroughly studied.
The chemical composition of humus has been determined, and it differs in
properties from the composition of plant residues that form humus. According
to the obtained data, currently, the composition of humus substances consists of
humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin (non-hydrolyzable) substances.
Soil humus and its layer are sensitive to various external factors, which can
cause changes in its quantity and quality. Mountain and foothill soils have water-
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
78
resistant structures, which are directly related to humus substances. The state of
the soil's water-air and heat regime, conditions of nutrient supply are also
related to the quality and quantity of organic matter. Different groups of organic
substances in soils (humic acids, fulvic acids, and humins) and their connection
with the mineral part of the soil play a comprehensive role in plant nutrition and
soil formation. From this perspective, practical and theoretical interests
required the study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of organic
matter in soils of eroded slopes with different exposures and slopes planted
with various crop types.
If the amount of carbon in the soil composition is higher than the CO2
emitted into the atmosphere, this means that the amount of organic matter and
humus in the soil is increasing, i.e., the humification process is stronger, which is
characteristic of mountain and foothill soils. Plant roots in the soil produce CO2,
and part of this CO2 occupies soil pores due to its weight. The amount of CO2 in
the soil composition and soil solution primarily depends on pressure, moisture
level, and temperature. Soil fertility should be assessed only based on the
amount of humus reserves in certain soil layers.
Therefore, in the region, due to anthropogenic factors such as improper land
management, unplanned grazing, loss and trampling of grass vegetation, tree
cutting, and lack of awareness campaigns for tourists in recreational areas,
erosion processes are accelerating. This is leading to the deterioration of the
ecological condition of soils and a decrease in fertility. Improving the ecological
state of soils, protecting them, and increasing their fertility - or at the very least
maintaining it as it is - should be the primary duty of every citizen of the republic
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