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THE PLACENTA AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN CONTROLS
PREGNANCY
Oripova Shakhnoza Asadullayevna
Bukhara city maternity complex, Bukhara state medical institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13336057
During pregnancy, the placenta produces major protein hormones, each of
which is biologically and immunologically similar to pituitary and hypothalamic
hormones. Those similar to the hypothalamic hormones produced by the
placenta include: gonadotropin-releasing, corticotropin-releasing, thyrotropin-
releasing hormone, and somatotropin. Similar to pituitary hormones: chorionic
gonadotropin, placental lactogen, chorionic corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic
hormone. In addition, the following growth factors are produced: insulin-like
growth factor (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet growth factor
(PGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor R (TGFP),
inhibin, activin . The following are synthesized from cytokines: interleukin-1 (IL-
1), interleukin-6 (IL -6), colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
Pregnancy-specific proteins: beta1 - glycoprotein (SR1), eosinophil major
protein rMVR, soluble proteins RR1-20, membrane binding proteins and
enzymes. Proteins produced by the mother's organism, that is, by the decidual
tissue: prolactin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFBP-1), interleukin 1,
colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), progesterone-associated endometrial
protein.
Chorionic gonadotropin is the main hormone of pregnancy, its glycoprotein
composition is similar to lactotropic hormone (LG). Like all glycoproteins, it
consists of alpha and beta chains. The alpha chain is identical to all
glycoproteins, and the beta chain is identical to every hormone. Chorionic
gonadotropin is synthesized by syncytiotrophoblasts. The alpha chain of this
hormone is controlled by a gene located on chromosome 6, and the beta chain is
controlled by a gene on chromosome 19. Chorionic gonadotropin appears on the
8th day after ovulation, on the 1st day after implantation under the influence of
sex hormones, releasing factors, growth factors, inhibin and activin.
The activity of chorionic gonadotropin is multifaceted: it controls the
development and functioning of the corpus luteum until the 7th week of
pregnancy, affects the adrenal gland and sperm testosterone. Human chorionic
gonadotropin gene expression has been detected in the kidney and adrenal
gland from fetal tissues, thus confirming the involvement of these organs in
growth. Receptors for chorionic gonadotropin are found in the myometrium and
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its vessels, so this hormone controls the uterus and its vascularization. The
maximum amount of chorionic gonadotropin is observed in the 8-10th week of
pregnancy, and its amount is 100,000 IU, then it decreases, and in the 16th week,
1000-2000 IU, this amount remains until the 34th week of pregnancy. After the
34th week of pregnancy, the second peak period of hormone growth is observed.
Its daily production amount is 1 gram.
According to Kaplan S., placental lactogen is the main metabolic hormone,
which provides nutrition to the fetus, and its amount increases in the later
stages of pregnancy. Placental lactogen is an insulin antagonist. Ketone bodies
are the main source of energy in the fetus. Increased ketogenesis occurs due to a
decrease in the amount of insulin under the influence of placental lactogen. As a
result, the utilization of glucose in the mother slows down, and the supply of
glucose to the fetus increases. Chorionic growth hormone is produced by
syncytiotrophoblasts and is detected in the mother's blood only in the II
trimester of pregnancy, and its amount increases until the 36th week. Its
biological effect is similar to placental lactogen.
The placenta produces a large number of peptide hormones whose mechanism
of action is similar to pituitary and hypothalamic hormones, including: chorionic
thyrotropin, chorionic adrenocorticotropin, chorionic gonadotropin, and
releasing hormone. The mechanism of these hormones of the placenta is not
fully revealed, they can also act in a paracrine way, similar to the hormones of
the pituitary and hypothalamus. Recently, there has been increasing attention to
the effects of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
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