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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WORKS OF RUSSIAN
HISTORIANS COVERING THE ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL RULERS OF
CENTRAL ASIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE INVASION OF THE
ARAB CALIPHATE IN THE 7TH-8TH CENTURIES.
Boymirzayev Ismoiljon Hasanovich
researcher at the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization, National Research University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15852156
Annotatsiya
Rus tarixchilarida Askajuvar va Chagʻon bilan bir odam ekanligini
ta’kidlagan. Arab xalifaligi qo‘shinlarining Sug‘d va Farg‘ona vodiysiga qilgan
yurishlari. Xorazm tangalari va mahalliy hukumdorlar tarixi. Yazdigardning
arablar istilosidan Farg‘onaga qochishi va Xurosonga qaytishi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
V.V.Bartold, A.N.Bernshtam, B.I.Vaynberg, O.N.Smirnova,
Yazdigird III, 644-704 гг.
Annotation
Russian historians claim that he is the same person as Askajuvar and
Chagan. The campaigns of the Arab Caliphate troops to Sughd and the Fergana
Valley. The history of Khorezm coins and local rulers. Yazdighart's escape from
the Arab invasion to Fergana and his return to Khorasan...
Key words:
V. V. Bartold, A. N. Bernshtam, B. I. Weinberg, O. N. Smirnova,
Yazdigird III, 644-704 yy.
Аннотация
Русские историки утверждают, что он одно лицо с Аскаджуваром и
Чаганом. Походы войск Арабского халифата в Согд и Ферганскую долину.
История монет Хорезма и местных правителей. Бегство Йездигарта от
арабского нашествия в Фергану и его возвращение в Хорасан.
Ключевые слова:
В. В. Бартольд, А. Н. Бернштам, Б. И. Вайнберг, О. Н.
Смирнова, Йездигирд III, 644-704 гг.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent
states, the science of history developed to varying degrees. In Tajikistan,
scientific research of various content and levels dedicated to the Arab conquest
period was written and defended. Although most of them were defended in
Tajikistan, all of them received the degrees of candidate of sciences and doctor
of sciences by the decisions of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian
Federation.
In 2010, Abdunazar Khaqnazarov defended his doctoral dissertation
entitled “The Struggle of the Tajik People against the Arab Caliphate”. The
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research consists of 4 chapters. This dissertation discusses the formation of the
Islamic religion, The establishment of the Muslim state, the conquest of Iran, the
end of the Sassanid dynasty, the occupation of Khorasan and Transoxiana,
popular movements against the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the
establishment of the Samanid state, and other issues are covered. Some
information about the activities of Gurak and Divashtich is recorded.
1
.
Under the scientific supervision of Abdunazar Khaqnazarov, who received
his doctorate in 2010, Radjabov Saidnigmon Mulodjanovich will defend his
candidate's dissertation on the topic "The Struggle of the Peoples of
Maverannahr and Khorasan for Independence (VII - first half of the VIII
century)". The struggle of the peoples of Maverannahr and Khorasan against the
Arab invaders in the VII-VIII centuries is a very complex historical period: the
resistance of the inhabitants of Maverannahr and Khorasan to the Arab invaders,
their struggle for freedom and independence, and information about some local
leaders in it are recorded.
2
.
The scientific works belonging to the second group are also extensive in
terms of time and geography. Most Russian historians, in their works devoted to
the history of Central Asia, briefly touched upon the history of the activities of
local rulers in the struggle against the Arab Caliphate invasion in the 7th-8th
centuries. Among the major studies related to some aspects of the topic under
study during the Russian Empire and the Soviet period, we can include the
works of V.V. Bartold, A.N. Bernshtam, B.A. Litvinsky, B.G. Gafurov, H. Ne’matov,
T. Kadyrova, R. Nabiyev, O.I. Smirnova, Sh. Kamoliddinov, S.G. Klyashtorniy.
Since the main focus of these works is not the history of the activities of local
rulers in the struggle against the Arab Caliphate invasion in the 7th-8th
centuries, they contain only brief information on the topic we have chosen.
Among the scientific studies included in the second group, the works of the
famous orientalist V.V. Bartold stand out for their scientific value and maximum
use of sources. The author did not conduct a separate study on the history of the
activities of local rulers in the fight against the invasion of the Arab Caliphate in
the 7th-8th centuries. However, in his works dedicated to the history of Central
Asia, he left some notes and expressed his views on this issue.
The section entitled “Central Asia until the 12th century” of V.V. Bartold’s
work “Turkestan in the Age of the Mongol Invasion” (“Central Asia until the 12th
1
Хакназаров А.
Борьба таджикского народа против арабского халифата
диссертация на
соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. – Душанбе, 2010. – C. 42-250.
2
Раджабов С.M.
Борьба народов Мавераннахра и Хорасана за независимость (VII – первая половина VIII
вв.). Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук. – Душанбе, 2010. – C. 21-132.
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century”) contains information about the early medieval historical geography of
the Fergana Valley, as well as several Arab invasions of Central Asia and the
Fergana Valley.
3
.
During the Soviet era, the historian T. Kadyrova conducted serious research
on the history of Central Asia in the 8th-9th centuries, and her monograph
“From the history of peasant uprisings in Khorasan and Maverannahr in the
early 8th-9th centuries” is of great importance. It provides important
information about the activities of local rulers in the fight against the invasion of
the Arab Caliphate in the 7th-8th centuries. Although the researcher did not set
herself the goal of studying the history of the Fergana Valley, in the process of
describing the popular movements of the 8th century, she cites the attitude of
the Fergana people to it. In her work, the author mainly covers the popular
movements in administrative units that were directly incorporated into the
caliphate. Since Fergana was governed by a local dynasty at that time, the fight
against the Arabs in the valley was carried out by representatives of this
dynasty. That is probably why this monograph, written during the Soviet era,
does not cover the history of the struggle against the Arabs in the Fergana Valley
very well.
Another study related to our topic is the treatise “Ancient Fergana (Popular
Scientific Essay)” by A.N. Bernshtam. The treatise is a preliminary study
describing the history of the Fergana Valley from ancient times to the Timurids.
The work does not devote any space to the history of the Hephthalite period. It
tells about the Turkish Khaganate, the conquest of the Arab Caliphate and the
Samanid period in many cases using archaeological materials. In the part of the
work on the Turkish Khaganate, the Arab Caliphate and the Samanid period, first
of all, the history of the valley is briefly described, and then its archaeological
monuments of this period are analyzed. In the work, where the history of the
valley is written with information taken from the works of medieval historians,
almost no references are made to their works.
Both books of the monograph "Tajiks" (Tajiks), published by G. Gafurov,
contain significant information about the history of the activities of local rulers
in the fight against the invasion of the Arab Caliphate in the 7th-8th centuries.
The book consists of two parts, the first of which covers the history of Central
Asia from ancient times to the early Middle Ages. The second part of the work
provides general information about the campaigns of the Arab Caliphate troops
3
Бартольд В. Туркестан в эпоху монгольского нашествия. Соч. 1 – Москва: Восточная литература, 1963. – С.
225 (keyingi o‘rinlarda – Бартольд В. Туркестан...).
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in Sughd and the Fergana Valley, the activities of Gurak, Divashtich and the
Fergana Tsar Alutar
4
.
The researcher B.I. Weinberg was known for his numismatic research
during the Soviet period, and in his monograph “Монеты древнего Хорезма” he
tried to write about the ancient Khorezm coins and through them the history of
local rulers. Coins of the 7th-8th centuries and earlier periods have been studied
in depth by a number of researchers. Although a ruler named Chagʻon, who ruled
at the beginning of this century, is mentioned in Arabic sources, on coins minted
during this period he is mentioned under the name Askarjuvar. B.I. Weinberg
emphasized in his monograph that Askajūvar and Chagʻon were the same
person. However, an analysis of written sources shows that Chagʻon and
Askarjuvar were separate rulers. The coins that are said to belong to Askajūvar
are coins of the “G 11a” type in V. I. Weinberg’s research, and on the obverse of
the coin there is an image of a crowned ruler without a beard.
5
The study “Essays from the History of Sogd” (Essays from the History of
Sogd) by O.N. Smirnova, although not directly devoted to the history of the
Fergana Valley, contains interesting insights into the history of the valley. For
example, the work includes a chronological table of the rulers who ruled
Fergana, along with other regions of Central Asia.
6
G. Goibov's monograph "Early Campaigns of the Arabs in Central Asia (644-
704 gg.)" (The First Campaigns of the Arabs in Central Asia) tells about the
invasion of the Arab Caliphate in Fergana, as well as in other regions of Central
Asia. G. Goipov's opinion that the information about the last ruler of the
Sassanids, Yazdigird III (632-652), Yazdigird's escape from the Arab invasion to
Fergana and his return to Khorasan, actually belongs to his son Feruz is one of
the noteworthy aspects of the research. G. Goibov's thesis "To the Chronology of
the Bukhara Rulers of the Arab Conquest (VII-VIII centuries)" provides a list of
representatives of the Bukhara dynasty, which is the basis for most Internet
sites today
7
.
4
Гафуров Б.Г. Таджики. Кн I. – 480 c.
5
Вайнберг Б.И. Монеты древнего Хорезма. – М.: “Наука”, 1977. – C. 198.; Ismailov Sh. VIII-XIII asrlarda
Xorazmshohlar tangalari. Tarix fanlari bo‘yicha falsafa doktori (PhD) ilmiy darajasini olish uchun yozilgan dissertatsiyasi
avtoreferati. Urganch, 2024. – B. 14.
6
Смирнова О.И. Очерки из истории Согда. – С. 255.
7
Гоибов Г. К хронологии бухарских правителей арабского завоевания (VII—VIII вв.) // Ответственные
редакторы: Б. И. Искандаров, В. М. Массон, Н. Н. Негматов. Раннесредневековая культура Средней Азии и
Казахстана (Тезисы Всесоюзной научной конференции в г. Пенджикенте Таджикской ССР, 26–31 августа 1977
г.). – Душанбе: Дониш, 1977. – С. 177–178.
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References:
1.
Хакназаров А. Борьба таджикского народа против арабского
халифата диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических
наук. – Душанбе, 2010. – C. 42-250.
2.
Раджабов С.M. Борьба народов Мавераннахра и Хорасана за
независимость (VII – первая половина VIII вв.). Диссертация на соискание
ученой степени кандидата исторических наук. – Душанбе, 2010. – C. 21-132.
3.
Бартольд В. Туркестан в эпоху монгольского нашествия. Соч. 1 –
Москва: Восточная литература, 1963. – С. 225 (keyingi o‘rinlarda – Бартольд
В. Туркестан...)
4.
Гафуров Б.Г. Таджики. Кн I. – 480 c.
5.
Вайнберг Б.И. Монеты древнего Хорезма. – М.: “Наука”, 1977. – C. 198.;
Ismailov Sh. VIII-XIII asrlarda Xorazmshohlar tangalari. Tarix fanlari bo‘yicha
falsafa doktori (PhD) ilmiy darajasini olish uchun yozilgan dissertatsiyasi
avtoreferati. Urganch, 2024. – B. 14.
6.
Смирнова О.И. Очерки из истории Согда. – С. 255.
7.
Гоибов Г. К хронологии бухарских правителей арабского завоевания
(VII—VIII вв.) // Ответственные редакторы: Б. И. Искандаров, В. М. Массон,
Н. Н. Негматов. Раннесредневековая культура Средней Азии и Казахстана
(Тезисы Всесоюзной научной конференции в г. Пенджикенте Таджикской
ССР, 26–31 августа 1977 г.). – Душанбе: Дониш, 1977. – С. 177–178.
