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IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGES IN THE LUNGS CAUSED BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND
ALUMINUM OXIDE.
Z.S.Azimova
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after
Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14507122
Annotation.
Food additives have become widely used for a number of
reasons: to extend the shelf life of food products that must be transported over
long distances; to meet the changing tastes and preferences of consumers, the
desire for economy and convenience, which has led to the introduction of
additives such as flavors and colors; and because of the improvement of food
production technologies.
Keywords:
food additive, food safety, nanomaterial, oral exposure,
titanium dioxide, toxicity.
Aim of the study.
To study the morphology of the lungs of outbred white
rats by the influence of food coloring and to compare the results after
phytocorrection
.
Introduction.
The term "food additives" sounds alarming to many, although the
use of some of them, such as salt, acetic acid and spices, dates back thousands of
years. But over time, natural additives have given way to synthetic ones. To
facilitate the identification of food additives with their complex and verbose
scientific terms, a standardized labeling system has been introduced, where each
substance is identified by the letter "E" followed by a numeric code. The letter
"E" here is an indicator of European origin, and the following numbers classify
the additive into the appropriate category, detailing its type and function .
According to their functionality, food additives are divided into the following
categories:
• Dyes from E100 to E182 are involved in changing the color of products;
• Preservatives from E200 to E299 are used to extend the shelf life of food;
• Antioxidants, covering the E300-E399 series, prevent oxidation; Stabilizers
and thickeners included in the range E400-E499 are responsible for maintaining
the texture of products;
• Emulsifiers in the E500-E599 series create a uniform texture and prevent
caking;
• Flavor and aroma enhancers are under the codes E600-E699;
• The range from E700 to E899 is left free for future use;
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• Options from E900 to E999 include antifoaming agents and flame retardants .
Materials and methods.
Serial sections with a thickness of 3 μm were
dewaxed, dehydrated, unmasked and stained with antigens using a specialized
automated system Ventana Benchmark XT, Roche, Switzerland. The study was
carried out with the CD68 antidiv.
The CD68 marker was evaluated according to the criterion of the
presence or absence of cytoplasmic staining in alveolar and interstitial
macrophages, and was assessed by a semi-quantitative method based on the
severity of staining and the number of granules in the cytoplasm according to
the following scheme:
Results of the study.
The lung system of macrophages consists of several
subpopulations that are found in different anatomical regions of the lungs,
including the respiratory tract, alveolar spaces, and resident lung tissue.
Alveolar macrophages make up more than 90% of the lung macrophage
population. CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68, macrosialin – CD68 (clone of
KP1)) is one of the specific markers of macrophages. Alveolar and interstitial
macrophages are the two main subgroups, named after their location. Alveolar
macrophages are responsible for clearing inhaled foreign particles of various
nature. The interaction of alveolar macrophages with the removed particles
through certain receptors determines the severity of the inflammatory response:
from minimal to active inflammation with damage to lung tissueIn our study, it
was found that in the “experimental” groups with signs of fibrotic changes, there
was intense proliferation of CD68. In this case, staining is observed not only of
alveolar and interstitial macrophages, but also of histiocytes located in the
formed peribronchial lymphoid groups. Alveolar macrophages are responsible
for the clearance of inhaled foreign particles of various natures, and their
interaction with the removed particles through certain receptors determines the
severity of the inflammatory response, which can vary from minimal to active
inflammation with damage to lung tissue.
The significant number of interstitial
and alveolar macrophages indicates a strong inflammatory response of the lung
tissue to the combined effect of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles.
Thus, the obtained results indicate that titanium dioxide and aluminum
oxide nanoparticles have a significant potential to induce inflammatory changes
in lung tissue. The combined effect of these nanoparticles leads to a more
pronounced inflammatory response.
Conclusion.
In our study, it was found that in the "experimental" groups with
signs of fibrotic changes, intensive proliferation of CD68 was noted. At the same
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time, staining of not only alveolar and interstitial macrophages, but also
histiocytes located in the formed peribronchial lymphoid groups was observed.
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