438
6-SHOʻBA
GLOBAL TRANSFORMATSIYALAR SHAROITIDA IJTIMOIY
TADQIQOTLAR VA ZAMONAVIY FILOLOGIYANING
DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI
THE MAIN FEATURES OF EXPRESSIVE SYNTAX IN MODERN ENGLISH
LITERATURE
Prof., Korableva Ekaterina Alekseevna
Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Russia
Abstract:
the article is devoted to the study of the features of expressive
syntactic means in modern English-language fiction. Examples of various expressive
syntactic means are given, the most frequent of them are analyzed. The conclusion is
made about the important contribution of the considered means to the creation of
expressiveness of modern English fiction.
Keywords:
expressiveness, syntax, modern fiction, the English language
Expressive syntax plays an important role in the organization of a literary text.
The study of expressive syntactic means is relevant, because their importance in
English-language fiction is beyond doubt, but it seems interesting to study the features
of their use by a modern author.
According to the analysis of the research material [5] parenthesis is one of the
most frequent means of expressive syntax in modern fiction. Parenthetical insertions
contribute to the expression of feelings and experiences of the characters, indicate their
desires, assumptions, thoughts, emotional state, reactions to events, etc. Using the
classification of O.V. Alexandrova [1, p. 30-34], we distinguish parentheses related to
the category of reference (Shall I not ask, then?), exemplification (Obviously there
were only two choices, but he'd presume that, say, Cassie's mother might vote
differently from Cassie's father.), deliberation (It was, after all, a future open to most
able-bodied people in the world, whether they chose to exploit the opportunity or not.).
From the point of view of structure, there are one–word parentheses (Anyway, I'll beat
both of you.), parentheses – combinations of words (They were talking about famous
people a decade older than Lucy (and his mother).), parentheses – sentences (She
wasn't ready – and this time she was going to make some kind of effort – but she
showed him around and introduced him to the boys, who were playing Xbox.). As can
be seen from the examples given, parenthetical additions differ in terms of the position
in the sentence and punctuation: they may be divided from the rest of the sentence by
commas, dashes and brackets.
Ellipsis also plays an important role in the expressiveness of a modern literary
text. Elliptical sentences help the author to express ideas briefly, focus on the most
important information, they have an "emotional impact on the reader" [4, p. 195].
Among the elliptical sentences in the research material, syntagmatically replenished
sentences [3] (What are you looking for? In a man?) and paradigmatically replenished
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sentences [3] (Your turn.) are distinguished. The missing element(s) may be the subject
(Didn't like him.), predicate (All of us.), part of the predicate (You sure?), subject and
predicate (Out of England.), subject and part of the predicate (Great.).
Interrogative sentences are also among the expressive syntactic means which are
important for a literary text. They are used in order to imitate colloquial speech, make
the content of the text close to the modern spoken language. There are various types of
interrogative sentences in the text under discussion: general questions (Is it too late?),
special (pronominal) questions (Why don't you meet her somewhere?), tag questions
(He works in the building trade, doesn't he?), alternative questions (In a café or
somewhere?).
Exclamation sentences are also used in the research material. Various types of
exclamation sentences can be identified, in particular, imperative (Think what we could
do with that!) and declarative sentences (A hundred and sixty-one million a week,
Joseph!); extended (And the other one is Alex Iwobi of Arsenal!) and unextended
sentences (Sixty-EIGHT!). They play an important role in imitation of colloquial
speech, pointing out the emotions of the characters and, undoubtedly, strengthening the
expressive potential of the literary text.
Syntactic repetitions are also common means of expressive syntax in English
fiction. According to I. V. Arnold, repetitions convey significant additional
information of emotionality, expressiveness and stylization and often serve as an
important means of connection between sentences [2]. They also help to imitate
colloquial speech, to focus the reader's attention on important information, to set a
certain pace and rhythm of reading. In the research material repetitions of
homogeneous members of the sentence (And everyone – kids, parents, uncles and aunts
–saw football as a way out) and parallel constructions (‘Because of their meat
obsession?’ ‘Because of his knowledge of football and his skills on the Xbox.’) were
identified.
Another important means of expressive syntax used for the creation of a modern
literary text is parcellation, i.e. the division of an utterance into two or more parts due
to the communicative intention of the speaker. From the point of view of composition
and syntactic construction, various types of parcelled constructions were identified in
the research material, in particular, constructions including full or elliptical basic
elements (The problem was, I didn't actually ask you a question. About Joseph. / Yeah.
Sort of. I suppose. Christian.) and different number of parcels (I'm babysitting. For
Lucy./ England, probably. Like Brighton or wherever. Susssex. Dorset.). Parcelled
constructions are used to give emotionality, conciseness and colloquial character to
statements.
A variety of punctuation marks play an important role in creating an expressive
text. In the analyzed work they are often used to clarify, explain, express the attitude
of the author or characters to certain events, words, actions. Punctuation also enhances
the expressive potential of some syntactic constructions. In addition to the traditional
punctuation marks the research material contains unusual for classic works of literature
marks, for example:
He laughed, to show a) that he got it, b) that he was friendly and c) that he
absolutely wouldn’t need a gun to his head.
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Joseph wondered how Earl Sweatshirt and A$AP Rocky and ?Love and all the
others managed it.
£Man remixed the track he’d made with Jaz
‘Gonna drive / gonna sit behind the wheel / gonna drive / wanna check that life
is real.
All of the mentioned above means of expressive syntax are often used in
combination with each other. This enhances the emotionality of the analyzed literary
text.
Overall it can be stated that various syntactic expressive means make the text
emotional, help the author to imitate spoken language, to make the thoughts and speech
of the characters as clear as possible for readers. Thus, expressive syntactic means play
an important role in the creation of a modern English literary text.
References
1
.
Alexandrova O.V. Problems of expressive syntax. - Moscow: URSS, 2009.
2. Arnold I.V. Stylistics of the modern English language. - Moscow:
Prosveshchenie, 1990.
3. Barkhudarov L.S. The structure of a simple sentence in the modern English
language. - Moscow: URSS, 2008.
4. Galperin I.R. Essays on the stylistics of the English language: the experience
of systematization of expressive means. - Moscow: URSS: LIBROCOM, 2011.
5. Hornby N. Just like you. - Dublin: Penguin Random House, 2021.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ВАРЬИРОВАНИЯ
МОЛОДЕЖНОГО СЛЕНГА НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
В СЛОВАРЕ Э.Х. ПАРТРИДЖА
Доц. Неудахина Юлия Николаевна
Тульский государственный педагогический университет им. Л.Н.Толстого,
Россия
Аннотация.
В статье рассматривается лексикографирование молодежных
сленгизмов в словаре новозеландско-британского лексикографа Э.Х.Партриджа
под углом описания их географических свойств. Исследование охватывает
заголовочные слова, географически ограниченные ареалами, территориями,
регионами, городами и учебными заведениями (университетами, академиями,
колледжами и школами). Делается вывод, что основным средством описания
географического варьирования молодежных сленгизмов в словарной статье
является ареальная или территориально-локальная помета.
Ключевые слова:
географические пометы, молодежный сленг,
социальная лексикография.
