Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
16
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
ABSTRACT
The article examines the fact that the conflicting relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Kokhan Khanate will
become more complicated with the formation of the Orenburg-Tashkent trade caravan route.
It has been analyzed that the complete decentralization of the Bukhara Emirate and the inability to subjugate the
independent O'ratepa hokimity hindered the Orenburg-Tashkent trade route.
It is explained that the continuous military raids of the Kokhan Khanate on the Oratepa hokimity are aimed at ensuring
the safety of the Orenburg-Tashkent trade route.
KEYWORDS
Geopolitics, great geographical discoveries, Ocean, caravan trade routes, migration, transit, on the Orenburg caravan
route, the clan of the face, peace, kalmaks, governor, bek, naqib, amir, Okmachit-Kyzil Orda, Saint Father-Jambul,
mining, ecology, agriculture, aridization.
Research Article
STRUGGLE FOR THE NEWLY FORMED ORENBURG-TASHKENT
CARAVAN TRADE ROUTE OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE AND THE
KOKHAN KHANATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Submission Date:
December 01, 2024,
Accepted Date:
December 15, 2024,
Published Date:
December 30, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-05-12-04
Alibekov Umrzok Yuldashevich
Senior Teacher Of Guldu Department Of History, Uzbekistan
Abdumatov Alisher Akhmatkulovich
Teacher Of Guldu Department Of History, Uzbekistan
Rayimjonov Ismailjon Khoshimjon Ugli
A Teacher Of Guldu Department Of History, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://masterjournals.
com/index.php/crjh
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
17
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
INTRODUCTION
Adjacent areas of Bukhara and Kokhan Khanate have
been important since ancient times as the place where
the important branches of the caravan route passed.
The ethnic history of the Uzbek people is directly
related to the history of this region. Despite the
existence of political borders, the population of the
two countries has been in constant ethnic, economic
and cultural relations.
In the history of statehood, the ownership and control
of trade caravan routes became important. Although
the importance of the Great Silk Road in Central Asia is
much less due to the Great geographical discoveries
and the development of transoceanic trade, it is known
that the traditional trade relations of the Uzbek
khanates with neighboring countries continued to
develop during the 60s of the 16th and 19th centuries.
[1.96-99] Existing and new struggle for the emerging
caravan trade routes in the foreign policy of the
Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Kokhan
manifested in detail and left a significant mark on the
ethno-political and migration processes.
The Emirate of Bukhara, which fought for its territorial
integrity, occupied an important place in the trade
relations of Central Asia and Iran during the Middle
Ages and in the XVIII century. He lost the city of Marv
in 1855[2.282] to Khivaliks after long disputes.
Northern Afghanistan (Turkistan Afghanistan), which
gained importance in trade relations with South Asia
and was rich in livestock and grain, became part of
Afghanistan in 1860 after the defeat of the Bukharas.
[3.142-143]
In the current situation, Chorju became an important
transit point for trade and cultural relations with
Eastern countries, and the struggle of Bukhara Emirate
and Khiva Khanate for Chorju continued until the
invasion of the Russian Empire.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The trade and cultural relations of Central Asia with
Eastern Europe have a long past history and were
further developed in the 16th and 17th centuries. With
the founding of the city of Orenburg in the 30s of the
18th century, a new era began in the trade relations
between Russian and Central Asian khanates. Until
that time, the position of the city of Astrakhan, which
had gained importance in the relations with Eastern
Europe and Russia, declined considerably. The city of
Tashkent played a major role in trade relations with
Russia through Orenburg. Not only Uzbek khanates,
but also trade caravans from Southeast Asia, especially
Afghanistan, India, traveled on the Tashkent-Orenburg
caravan route, and the status of Tashkent increased...
Merchants from Kashgar and Badakhshan also came to
Orenburg. The struggle between the Bukhara Empire
and the Kokhan Khanate intensified for the conquest
of the independent city of Tashkent and the acquisition
of the Tashkent-Orenburg trade route.
The neighboring territories between the Bukhara
principality and the Koqan khanates - Khojand, Jizzakh
and Hisar - were independently governed by the
hundred Uzbek clans. This period has been studied
somewhat by historians.[4.]
In the middle of the 17th century, the territories of
Oratepa governorate included Khojabakirgansay
(Kyrgyzstan), Khojand and nearby Mahram fortresses
in the east. Starting from Bekobad in the northeast,
including the territory of the left bank of the Syrdarya
and Mirzachol, the city of Jizzakh in the west, bordered
with Samarkand through the Amir Temur Gate, the
border went southwest through the mountain ranges
of Turkestan. Its southern border formed the
territories of Matchoh, Falgar and Panjikent in the
Zarafshan oasis, passing through the Zarafshan
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
18
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
mountain ranges in the direction of the Turkestan and
Molguzar mountain ranges. The increasing role and
influence of the Yuz clan in the local administration in
Oratepa Hokimity can be seen in the following
examples:
In 1745 (1760 in A. Mukhtorov) the Kalmyks attacked
the Fergana region, captured the cities of Osh, Andijan,
Margilon and besieged Kokan. Abdukarimbiy asks for
help from the mayor of Oratepa, Fozilbek. With the
help of the troops of the Oratepa administration, the
Fergana valley was liberated from the enemy, and in
1749 a peace was concluded with the Kalmyks in favor
of the Kokan Khanate.[5]
In 1749, Oratepa's troops under the leadership of
Fozilbek marched against Karshi in cooperation with
Hisar, Nurota, Kishtut and Urgut and defeated
them.[6] In 1758, he marched to the Emirate of
Bukhara,
captured
Samarkand,
Kattakurgan,
Payshanba, Khatirchi and returned from the threshold
of the city of Karmana.
In Oratepa, rulers from the hundred clans of Uzbeks
ruled, and they were called "hokim" by the Arabic
term. Management power was decided on the basis of
succession. This order was violated only when the
governorship was occupied by the neighboring region.
However, in many cases, the candidate recommended
to replace the new governor was appointed only after
the leaders of the Yuz clan expressed their interests.
Also, those who were able to receive this position were
called biy, bek, ataliq, qushbegi and other terms of
positions according to the decision of the rulers of
Bukhara or Kokand parties in different periods. For
example, Amir Haydar gave the title of father to
Muhammad Rahim before conquering Oratepa. In the
1940s, Emir Nasrullo appointed Berdiyar Toksaba as the
governor of Oratepa and gave him the title of
doorkeeper.
The rights of governors appointed by emirs and khans
were not limited, and this situation was explained,
firstly, by the distance of Oratepa from Kokan and
Bukhara, and secondly, by the aspiration of the
appointed governor to manage independently. During
the period of independent hokimality in Oratepa, the
hokim made decisions and laws himself, and heralds
announced on city streets, bazaars and villages. The
mayor determined the type and amount of taxes and
duties based on the specifics of his local
administration. Hokims were also responsible for
appointing
or
releasing
officials
for
local
administration. Even solving the issues of war and
peace, making peace and agreements with other rulers
also came under their authority.
The terms "bek" or "biy" were added to the names of
the mayors of Oratepa. For this reason, in some
research and analysis, it is also called Oratepa Beki. In
our opinion, the word "bek" in the Qarluq dialect is
used with the term "biy" in the Kipchak dialect, and
means "leader of the clan" [7], ruler, leader,
commander, gentleman, etc. used in meanings.
Essentially, the ancient Turks saw the strongest and
most intelligent person in charge of their clansmen, in
the form of their rulers.[8] Mahmud Koshgari used the
word "bek" in the sense of a ruler.[9] In the ancient
Turkic states, "bek" ("biy") was sometimes the second,
third or fourth state official after the khan (khan).
It was during the formation of the Uzbek khanate that
the term "bek" or "biy" was added to the name of the
state ruler. We can see this in the example of the
history of the Kokhan Khanate, which can be seen in
the names of rulers such as Shahrukhbiy,
Abdurahimbiy, Abdukarimbiy, the heads of the first
independent states. By adding the term "bek" or "biy"
to the names of the governors of Oratepa, the meaning
of the formation of a new territorial state is expressed.
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
19
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
These ideas will be more vividly reflected in the powers
of the governor of Oratepa.
The governor of Oratepa is also considered the
supreme commander of the military forces, and his
brothers and children are appointed to the positions of
assistants and commanders of the forces. There is also
the post of bek, who, according to the rules of
administration of the Bukharas, performed the task of
supplying the army. In wartime, the governor of
Oratepa could send 15,000-16,000 Uzbek cavalry into
battle. This situation certainly indicates that there was
a mercenary army of cattle herders in the area. Also, a
special unit consisting of 3-4 thousand troops was
considered the advanced part of the army. At this
point, it should be said that there is also a third type of
army in wars, which are gathered from the surrounding
rural areas in necessary cases.[18]
In the second half of the 18th century, such military
forces were necessary for the economic and political
system of the Bukhara and Kokhan khanates, for the
peace and development of the Oratepa hokimity.
The years 1800-1866 were the most difficult period in
the political history of the Ortepa governorate
(between the cities of Khojand and Samarkand), and it
became a battleground between the Bukhara Emirate
and the Kokan Khanate. During the years 1800-1816,
the Kokan Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate marched
to Oratepa governorship nine times, and it passed from
hand to hand every one and a half to two years.[10]
However, despite this, the Oratepa administration
continued its struggle for independence and continued
to move towards independence.
In the first half of the 19th century, the Bukhara
Emirate and the Kokan Khanate organized about 50
marches to the Oratepa hokimity and changed the
hokim 17 times. If we add Bekmuradbi's 2 times and
Abdugaforbek's 4 times to the throne, we can see that
23 governors have changed.[11]
At the end of 1799, in the early 1800s, when he learned
about the death of Khudoyar, the governor of Oratepa,
Amir Shahmurad (1785-1800) marched to the
governorship and occupied his towns and villages.[12]
The properties of the city of Jizzakh and Panjikent will
be transferred to the Bukhara Emirate. Aware of the
weakening of the border region, Khan of Kokhan
Olimkhan (1798-1810) captured the city of Khojand in
1805.[13] Although it lost two large cities, Oratepa
hokimity maintained its independence until the
invasion of the Russian Empire. In our opinion, since
the Bukhara Emirate could not destroy the Oratepa
Hokimity, it could not enter the Orenburg trade route
through Tashkent.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Kokan khanate strengthened its independence
and expanded its borders in the period up to the
beginning of the 19th century, and the process of
centralization in the khanate intensified. Olimkhan
(1798-1810) first managed to unite Fergana, then
Angren, Tashkent, Shymkent, Turkestan, Sayram.
During the time of Omar Khan (1810-1822). Lands up to
Issyk-kol, Ili valley and Kazakh steppes at the foot of
Syrdarya were also subordinated to Kokhan Khanate.
In 1817, the Okmachit (now Red Horde) fortress was
built in the territory connecting Bukhara, Khiva and
Tashkent, Astrakhan and Orenburg by trade route. In
the 20s of the 19th century, the fortress-city of Avliya
Ota (now Jambul) was founded, and later Beshkek
fortress...
During the reign of Muhammedal Khan (1822-1842),
the Kokhan Khanate tried to overthrow the power of
the Chinese Sins in Kashgar in 1826 and 1830. Although
this plan did not materialize, it gained a number of
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
20
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
economic trade privileges in Eastern Turkestan, an
important trade route with China.[14]
By 1834, Kokan's neighbors occupied Karategin, Kolob
and Darvaz, rich in rare underground minerals. In a
word, according to Mirzaolim Mushrif, by the time of
Umar Khan, "China paid taxes to the Koqan Khanate.
Dashti Kipchak was subordinate to him. He received
greetings from Badakhshan and Kabul. Karategin also
looked at him." [15]
In our opinion, the campaigns of the Kokan khanate to
the Oratepa hokimity did not lead to complete success
until the invasion of the Russian Empire. In the
situation of the current ecological situation, abnormal
climate, and the intensification of the process of
aridization, in many cases, the military campaigns of
the Kokhan Khanate were manifested in the form of
looting. Due to the security of the Orenburg trade
route, the Khanate of Kokan was constantly in military
conflict with the Hokimity of Oratepa.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be drawn from the
above points:
-
During the 17th century, partly in the 18th century,
the central state administration faced a crisis in the
current ecological, socio-political processes, and
the Uzbek clans gained independence in the
management of local clans. From the beginning of
the 19th century to the invasion of the Russian
Empire, the struggle for the centralization of the
state in the Uzbek khanates, the struggle to
suppress popular uprisings of economic and social
importance, left a significant mark on the
migration processes.
-
From the second half of the 18th century, the
period of general growth in the economic life of
the khans began. Gold coins were minted and put
into circulation in Uzbek khanates. Trade relations
of the Khans with China expanded through Eastern
Europe, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, and
Kashgar.
-
From the 18th century, a struggle began between
the independent Oratepa khanate and the
economically dependent Matcho, Falgar, Kokan
khanate and Bukhara emirate for Fan. At the
beginning of the 19th century, with the
establishment of the Tashkent-Orenburg caravan
route, raids to occupy this important strategic
territory intensified. As a result, Turkestan,
Molguzar mountain ranges, Nurota mountain
ranges and the adjacent Mirzachol oasis between
the cities of Jizzakh and Khojand became a strong
ethnomigration area.
-
Due to the lack of centralization of the Bukhara
Emirate and the inability to subjugate the
independent Oratepa Hokimity in the fight for the
newly formed Tashkent-Orenburg caravan trade
route of the Bukhara Emirate and the Kokhan
Khanate at the beginning of the 19th century, they
did not gain full ownership of the Orenburg-
Tashkent trade route.
REFERENCES
1.
Зиёев
Ҳ
.
Исти
қ
лол
-
маънавият
негизи
.
Масъул
му
ҳ
аррир
:
Ғ
.
А
ҳ
маджонов
.
Тошкент
:..
Маънавият
,
1999-
Б
. 96-99
2.
Азамат Зиё. Ўзбек давлатчилиги тарихи
-
Тошкент:.. Шар
қ
, 2000
–Б
291
3.
Иванов П.П. Очерки по истории Средней Азии
(XVI-
середина XIX в.в.).
-
Москва:.. Изд. Восточной
литературы,1958.
-
С. 142
-143
4.
Ахмедов Б.А. История Балха (XVI первоя
половина XVIII в.). –
Ташкент: Фан, 1982. –
Б. 27
-
32;
5.
Чехович
О.Д. Городское самоуправление в
Ташкенте XVIII в. // История и культура народов
Volume 05 Issue 12-2024
21
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY
(ISSN
–
2767-472X)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
11
Pages:
16-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
728
)
(2023:
6.
531
)
(2024:
7.848
)
OCLC
–
1243560778
Publisher:
Master Journals
Средней Азии (Древность и средние века). −
Москва, Наука, 1976. –
С. 46
-52;
6.
Давидович Е.А., Мухтаров А.М. Страницы
истории Гиссара. − Душанбе: Ирфон, 1969. –
С.
33-35;
7.
Саид
қ
улов
Т
.
С
.
Ўрта
Осиё
хал
қ
лари
тарихшунослигидан
лав
ҳ
алар
.
–
Тошкент
:
Ў
қ
итувчи
, 1993.
–
Б
. 92;
8.
Шониёзов К. Ўзбек хал
қ
ининг
шаклланиш
жараёни
.
–
Тошкент
:
Шар
қ
, 2001.
–
Б
. 40-41.
9.
Бобобеков
Ҳ
.
Н
.
Тарихимиздаги
қ
онли
излар
.
(
Ибратнинг
Фар
ғ
она
тарихи
асарига кириш сўзи)
// Ис
ҳ
о
қ
хон
Жўнайдуллахожа
ў
ғ
ли
Ибрат
.
Фар
ғ
она
тарихи
.
Нашрга
тайёрловчилар
.
Ҳ
.
Бобобеков
,
М
.
Ҳ
асаний
.
–
Тошкент
:
Камалак
,
1991.
–
Б
. 269;
10.
Мухтаров А. Очерки истории Ура
-
Тюбинского
владения в XIX в. –
Душанбе: Издательство А.Н.
Тажикской ССР, 1964. –
С. 40;
11.
Бейсембиев
Т.К.
Тарих
-
и
Шохрухий
как
исторический источник. − Алма
-
ата, Наука, 1987.
–
С. 9;
12.
Сангирова Д.Х. Му
ҳ
аммад
Азиз
Мар
ғ
илоний
ва
унинг
“Тарихи
Азизий”
асари
(
Россия
империяси
мустамлакачилиги
даврига
оид
му
ҳ
им
манба
).
–
Тошкент: Адабиёт уч
қ
унлари
, 2016.
–
Б
. 16
13.
Мухторов А. Дилшод и её место в истории
общественной мысли таджикского народа в XIX
-
начале XX в.в. –
Душанбе: Дониш, 1969. –
С. 83
14.
Кубатин А. Заметки к энтимологии титула
Бег//Ўзбекистон тарихини ў
қ
итиш ва ўрганиш
бўйича материаллар.”Тафаккур сарчашмалари”
туркуми. Тўплам
-3.-
Тошкент.,Фан,2009.
-
Б.180.
15.
СИГТЯ.Пратуркский язык
-
основа. Картина мира
пратюркского этноса по данным языка. –
Москва.,2006.
-
с.530
16.
Махмуд ал
-
Кашгарий. Диван лугат ат
-
турк.
Алматы.,2005.
-
с.856.
17.
Мирзаолим
Мушриф.Ансаб
ус
-
салотин
ва
таворих ул
-
хавокин (
Қ
ў
қ
он
хонлиги
тарихи
)
–
Тошкент
:
Ғ
афур
Ғ
улом
нашриёти
,1997.
–Б
.19
18.
Абдуматов,
А.
(2024).
АКАДЕМИК
АР
МУ
Ҳ
АММАДЖОНОВНИНГ
ТОПОНОМИКА
ФАНИ
РИВОЖИДАГИ
РЎЛИ
. Talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(1).
19.
Абдуматов, А. А. (2024). АКАДЕМИК АБДУЛА
Ҳ
АД
МУ
Ҳ
АММАДЖОНОВ
ИЛМИЙ
МЕЪРОСИДА
ТАРИХИЙ
ТАФАККУР
МАСАЛАСИ
. Science and
innovation, 3(Special Issue 6), 426-431.
20.
BOSIMOVICH, T. B., & ALISHER, A. (2022). FROM
THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT DEFENSE WALLS.
International Journal of Intellectual Cultural
Heritage, 2(5), 61-65.
21.
Аbdumatov, А., Mamatov, S., & Raimjonov, I.
(2024). THE WALL OF ANCIENT USTRUSHONA
OASIS. Talqin va tadqiqotlar, (5 (42)).
22.
Назаров, О., & Абдуматов, А. (2024).
Ҳ
АДИС
ИЛМИ
РИВОЖИДАГИ ОЛТИН ДАВР. Ilm
-fan va
ta'lim, (3 (18)).
23.
Rayimjonov, I., Abdumatov, A., & Abdualimova, Z.
(2024). FARG ‘ONA VODIYSI ARXEOLOGIYA
YODGORLIKLARI QURILISH TARIXIGA OID AYRIM
MULOHAZALAR. Talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(1).
24.
Abdumatov, A., Ismailjon, R., & Zilola, A. (2024).
The Problem of Protecting Ancient Agricultural
Oases.
Web
of
Synergy:
International
Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 3(4), 79-84.
25.
АЛИБЕКОВ, У. Ю., РАЙИМЖОНОВ, И., &
АБДУАЛИМОВА, З. (2024). УСТРУШОНАДА
СУ
Ғ
ОРМА
ДЕ
ҲҚ
ОНЧИЛИК
МАДАНИЯТИ
ТАРА
ҚҚ
ИЙСИ
ХУСУСИДА
. Analysis of world
scientific views International Scientific Journal,
2(1), 40-49.
